平湖油藏特高含水阶段提高采收率措施研究

平湖油气田花港组油藏经过13年的开发,采出程度41％,油田综合含水96％,处于特高含水阶段。针对平湖油藏在高采出程度、特高含水条件下,剩余油分布复杂且无后备资源接替的情况,结合该油田的实际,提出了以精细分析隔夹层类型及地层对比,建立地质模型,进行数值模拟研究,研究剩余油分布;进行了层系重组、油田卡堵水、老井复查、开发油水同层及含油水层、关井压锥、轮流开采等方法,提高采收率,减缓油田产量递减。通过这些方法的选择运用,在油田生产上取得了较好的效果,为特高含水阶段油田开发措施选择具有一定的参考意义。     

A油田结蜡规律及清蜡方法研究

A油田属于小而肥的高品位油田，埋藏浅、油层单一、胶结疏松、高孔、高渗、稀油、边水活跃、初期产量高，但是原油中含蜡量高达6％左右，开采过程中结蜡容易造成自喷井油嘴堵塞、机抽井卡光杆、地面管残堵塞而影响正常生产。通过开展恒温溶蜡实验，矿场总结单井结蜡规律，采取区别对待，根据油压、套压、回压变化，对自喷井检查油嘴、启抽、热洗井筒及地面管线、机械刮蜡等有效措施，投入开发三年以来没有一口井和一条管线发生过蜡卡事故，油井生产平稳有序，集输管线安全畅通，以甲方12人的经营团队累积产油72×10^4t，采收率50％，自然递减为-7％，综合含水仅1．6％。     

渤海油田泡沫吞吐解堵技术研究与应用

稠油油藏由于储层胶结疏松,原油胶质、沥青质含量高,加上稠油中重质组分与细粉砂、泥质成分混在一起,往往在防砂管柱筛孔处形成堵塞,造成近井地带堵塞,影响了油井产能。常规的有机解堵或酸化增产措施很难解除这种复合堵塞,即使解堵后,效果也不理想。针对上述问题,提出了泡沫流体吞吐解堵技术,进行了室内实验和数值模拟计算。优选的高效清洗剂Po-Ca,在5%浓度时降黏率达到99.28%、对油砂的清洗效率达到94.6%,并通过在渤海油田一口稠油井首次成功应用后该井由停产井变为产量为28-30 m^3/d的高产井,取得了满意的效果。该技术为海洋稠油油藏低产低效井综合治理提供了一种新的技术手段,对渤海油田低产低效井的增产具有重要的意义。     

Development of oil formation theories and their importance for peak oil

This paper reviews the historical development of both biogenic and non-biogenic petroleum formation. It also examines the recent claim that the so-called “abiotic” oil formation theory undermines the concept of “peak oil,” i.e. the notion that world oil production is destined to reach a maximum that will be followed by an irreversible decline. We show that peak oil is first and foremost a matter of production flows. Consequently, the mechanism of oil formation does not strongly affect depletion. We would need to revise the theory beyond peak oil only for the extreme — and unlikely — hypothesis of abiotic petroleum formation.     

指数平滑模型在日本珍珠产量预测中的应用

为了准确地研判日本珍珠产业发展势态,科学地确立中国珍珠产业发展目标,有效地制定中国珍珠产业发展政策,采用EVIEWS5.0软件构建了指数平滑模型,并对日本2008～2015年的珍珠产量进行了预测,预测结果显示日本的珍珠产量持续下降,到2015年日本的珍珠产量达到12.35 t.     

Shifting challenges for British maritime policy: A post-war review

Although Britain may no longer “rule the waves” in terms of national fleet presence, London still maintains its supremacy as the world's leading maritime centre. However, with the decline of the fleet there has been an inevitable decline in the maritime skills-base and a loss of shipping expertise. The authors review half a century of government maritime policy measures and of recurrent challenges confronted with varying degrees of success, and identify the current period as critical for the future of London as a maritime centre and as a crossroads in British maritime policy.     

Enrichment and distribution of shale oil in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation,Songliao Basin,Northeast China

The Songliao Basin is a large-scale petroliferous basin in China. With a gradual decline in conventional oil production, the exploration and development of replacement resources in the basin is becoming increasingly important. Previous studies have shown that the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (K₂qn) has favorable geological conditions for the formation of shale oil. Thus, shale oil in the Qingshankou Formation represents a promising and practical replacement resource for conventional oil. In this study, geological field surveys, core observation, sample tests, and the analysis of well logs were applied to study the geochemical and reservoir characteristics of shales, identify shale oil beds, build shale oil enrichment models, and classify favorable exploration areas of shale oil from the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation. The organic matter content is high in shales from the first member of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (K₂qn¹), with average total organic carbon (TOC) content exceeding 2%. The organic matter is mainly derived from lower aquatic organisms in a reducing brackish to fresh water environment, resulting in mostly type I kerogen. The vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and the temperature at which the maximum is release of hydrocarbons from cracking of kerogen occurred during pyrolysis (T_max) respectively range from 0.5% to 1.1% and from 430 °C to 450 °C, indicating that the K₂qn¹ shales are in the low-mature to mature stage (Ro ranges from 0.5% to 1.2%) and currently generating a large amount of oil. The favorable depth for oil generation and expulsion is 1800–2200 m and 1900–2500 m, respectively as determined by basin modeling. The reserving space of the K₂qn¹ shale oil includes micropores and mircofractures. The micropore reservoirs are developed in shales interbedded with siltstones exhibiting high gamma ray (GR), high resistivity (Rt), low density (DEN), and slightly abnormal spontaneous potential (SP) in the well-logging curves. The microfracture reservoirs are mainly thick shales with high Rt, high AC (acoustic transit time), high GR, low DEN, and abnormal SP. Based on the shale distribution, geochemical characteristics, reservoir types, fracture development, and the process of shale oil generation and enrichment, the southern Taikang and northern Da'an are classified as two favorable shale oil exploration areas in the Songliao Basin.     

From regulated access to transferable harvesting rights: Policy insights from New Zealand

The dramatic decline in yields from many of the world's fisheries has prompted an assessment of traditional regulatory approaches to management. Transferable harvesting rights provide an alternative institutional structure in fisheries management. This paper has two aims. First, it links outcomes in the fishery with institutional structure. Second, the paper identifies several important institutional variables if a transition is to be made to from command-and-control management to tradeable rights. In particular, the transition phase must deal with the expectations that attach to the status quo structure of rights in the fishery. The paper's empirical content is drawn from New Zealand's experience with the introduction of transferable harvesting rights.     

无机硅酸凝胶SC-1的封堵特性室内实验评价

针对渤海油田老区块增油控水的现状,提出在海上油田使用无机硅酸凝胶SC-1调剖体系。室内实验结果表明,该凝胶体系的封堵效率可以达到89%以上,其封堵稳定性与渗透率有关,在渗透率为7.95μm^2时,经过23 PV水冲刷后,封堵效率仍然可以达到99.24%,但是在渗透率为0.152μm^2时,经过22 PV水冲刷后,封堵效率仅为4.13%。在平面非均质并联管实验中,该体系能够高效封堵高渗水层,改善纵向矛盾,提高高、低渗层的采收率,分别为4.92%和6.45%。结合无机凝胶的污染小、成本低的特点,此凝胶体系在海上油田有很广阔的应用前景。     

平湖油气田八角亭构造BG1井低产分析及储层改造

BG1井为平湖油气田八角亭构造一口气井,该井于2006年11月完钻并投产P11层。投产初期BG1井的产能较高,天然气产量最高达到10×10^4m^3/d,但产量下滑迅速,后虽补开P12层,但产量并未有起色,不久产量便下降至数千方。结合地质认识、油藏开发特征以及压力测试等资料进行分析研究,明确了BG1井产量下滑是受储层非均质性、凝析油反凝析、地层水不配伍等多重因素影响。根据方案对比,提出了解堵和压裂联做方案。并于2008年9月对BG1井实施了压裂改造措施,基本解决了井筒附近的污染,产量恢复至3.5×10^4m^3/d,对东海低渗透储层的改造具有借鉴意义。     

海上埕岛油田馆上段提液技术政策研究

针对目前胜利油区埕岛油田单井液量低、产油量低的问题展开提高采液量研究。应用油藏工程和数值模拟等方法，研究了该油藏的提液潜力和适合该油藏的提液时机及提液条件。研究结果表明：油藏具备提液的潜力和提液条件，在含水达到70％～80％时提液效果最佳，提液条件是恢复地层压力到原始压力的0．85倍，恢复压力的最佳注采比为1．1，提液最大生产压差为3．5MPa。矿场应用取得了提液增油的明显效果，对海上同类型油田提高注水开发效果具有积极的指导意义。     

Reassessment of the Rates at which Oil from Natural Sources Enters the marine environment

Previous estimates of the world-wide input of oil to the marine environment by natural seeps ranged from 0·2 to 6·0 million (metric) tonnes per year with a ‘best estimate’ of 0·6 million tonnes per year. Based on considerations of the availability of oil for seepage from the world's known and assumed oil resources, we believe that the world-wide natural oil seepage over geological time should be revised to about 0·2 million tonnes per year with a range upward or downward of a factor of ten leading to estimates between 0·02 and 2 million tonnes per year. Our estimate of the amount of oil eroding from the land and being transported to the oceans is about 0·05 million tonnes per year with an order of magnitude uncertainty. Therefore, while the uncertainties are large, we estimate that the total amount of oil entering the marine environment by natural, geological processes, is about 0·25 million tonnes per year, and the estimate may range from about 0·25 to 2·5 million tonnes per year.     

石油降解菌对石油烃的降解能力及影响因素研究

采取油浓度梯度升高的方法,从胜利油田石油污染土壤中富集分离出以柴油为碳源和能源的优势除油混合菌B4。混合菌中分离出7株可培养菌。混合菌在含油0.5%的无机盐液体培养基中培养7天后柴油的去除率达到90.4%。该菌有较好的耐受性,当盐度达3.5时,油浓度达1.0%,亦有较好长势。混合菌对油污染土壤的修复有较好的效果,特别是加入营养盐,降解率达85.6%。混合菌脱氢酶动态变化的初步研究结果表明微生物活性变化与降解率有很好的相关性。     

海上油田泡沫堵水技术研究与应用

如何有效地实现控水增油是目前海上油田进行高效高速开发所面临的问题。泡沫堵水技术作为一项控水增油的增产工艺措施在陆上油田得到了成功的应用,且近年来泡沫设备的改进使得该技术在海上油田的应用成为可能。此文通过泡沫静态实验、动态实验优选出了适合目标油藏条件的高效起泡剂,并对泡沫的油敏性,封堵能力,提高采收率性能进行了研究。实验结果表明,筛选出的起泡剂就有较好的起泡性能,泡沫具有较好的堵水效果,堵水率最高达到97．8％,且对高渗模型提高采收率幅度达到15．9％。通过在海上油田的应用,该技术实现了控水增油的作用,取得了较好的增产效果。     

Can farmed salmon production keep growing?

Time series data was used to compute 5-year moving average rates of growth in salmon aquaculture production over time for four of the world's leading salmon farming countries, and globally. This analysis reveals a decline of 1.2% per year in global farmed salmon production since it peaked in 1966. Analysis of production data for all farmed finfish, both marine and freshwater, shows a decline of 0.34% per year in the growth rate from the peak year. These results have implications for global fisheries policy because it means that it is unlikely that aquaculture alone can meet the fish protein needs of humans.     

无因次等孔隙体积配产配注方法研究与应用

为了改善注水开发效果差的情况,对无因次等孔隙体积配产配注理论改善注水开发效果的方法进行了研究。针对高30断块油藏,分别使用无因次等孔隙体积法和传统的kh值计算其合理配产配注量,接着采用油藏数值模拟进行了无因次等孔隙体积配产配注法和传统的kh法在该断块油藏注水开发的对比预测。结果表明,相比kh法,无因次等孔隙体积法使油田有效开发时间延长27年,采出程度由22．46％提高到27．94％,提高5．48％,增产原油19．88×10^4t。所以采用无因次等孔隙体积配产配注法比传统kh配产配注法更加符合油藏实际,使有效开发年限更长,最终水驱采收率更高。该方法可以为同类注水开发油藏的合理配产配注提供参考。     

福建罗源湾海水悬浮物的研究

于1986年11月－1987年9月对福建罗源湾海水悬浮的含量的观测结果表明，水动力条件引起的再悬浮过程和生物活分别是罗源湾冬季和夏季悬浮物分布及性质变化的主要影响因素。底部沉积物的再悬浮对水体营养盐的再生和补充及有机碎屑的提供起重要的作用，夏季颗粒有机碳的学降能量一般占水柱浮游植物初级生产量的67－85％，大部分初级生产的有机碳沉降海底。     

Effects of Prudhoe bay crude oil on primary production and zooplankton in arctic tundra thaw ponds

The effects of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, crude oil on the indigenous phytoplankton and zooplankton of tundra thaw ponds were studied under controlled conditions in situ during the summer of 1976. These effects were compared with uncontrolled oil spills on Pond Omega (a year previously) and Pond E (six years previously). In the uncontrolled spills, the phytoplankton species composition of both ponds remained appreciably different compared with control Pond C, although phytoplankton biomass did not differ greatly. Primary production remained low in Pond Omega but had recovered to control levels in Pond E. In controlled subpond experiments, oil caused a decrease of about 90–100% in primary production in five days but recovered to 40–50% of the control level within fifteen days. During that time, phytoplankton biomass decreased initially but recovered within fifteen days. Oil caused a shift in phytoplankton species composition from a predominance of cryptophytes to chrysophytes. Subponds containing two Daphnia middendorffiana and one Brachinecta paludosa per litre of pondwater were also affected by oil, causing zooplankton death within three or four days. After that time, changes in the phytoplankton species composition were similar to control subponds without zooplankton. Oil toxicity to zooplankton or experimental removal resulted in a loss of grazing pressure which caused the elimination of the cryptophyte Rhodomonas sp. This species was still absent from Pond Omega, but was seen in Pond E for the first time, when zooplankton also reappeared after six years. Oil perturbation of tundra thaw ponds causes a loss of zooplankton and a reduction in primary production. Phytoplankton primary production recovers somewhat but algal species composition remains changed because of the loss of zooplankton grazing pressure and the selective effects of oil.     

Unreported fishing, hungry people and political turmoil: the recipe for a food security crisis in Madagascar?

Madagascar, the world's fourth largest island, is one of the world's poorest developing countries, and its people depend heavily on marine resources for subsistence and income. Exports of these resources and foreign fishing access agreements are also important, at least from a large-scale economic perspective. In recent years, concerns have been voiced amongst local fishers and industry groups regarding the growth of the country's fishing effort. Despite these concerns, existing knowledge of the scale, composition and trends of Malagasy fisheries remains poor, and there is negligible information regarding unreported catches and illegal fishing in Madagascar's waters. Small-scale fisheries, which are often substantial in developing countries such as Madagascar, are often unreported or underestimated. Unfortunately, fisheries legislations, management plans and foreign fishing access agreements are often influenced by these incomplete data, leading to serious over-estimations of resource availability. This also appears to be the situation in Madagascar, where the reconstruction of total catches by all Malagasy fisheries sectors conducted here showed that total catches between 1950 and 2008 were twice the volume reported by national fisheries agencies. Most importantly, much of the subsistence sector is missing from official statistics, and signs of decline have already been observed in several stocks, suggesting that current levels of catches are likely to be exceeding sustainable yields. This has profound implications for the economic and ecological sustainability of fisheries, as well as food security in a country where people rely heavily on the ocean for their daily protein needs and livelihoods.     

钙质层发育的普通稠油边际油藏高效开发技术探讨——以Wll-1E油田为例

涠西南凹陷W11—1E边际油田在常规的开发模式和技术下难以投入生产,充分利用现有平台,采用大位移井开发是解决这一问题的有效途径。目前针对发育有钙质层的普通稠油油藏提高采收率方面的研究甚少,主要矛盾是在合理利用水驱能量的同时,最大限度地提高单井产量和采收率但又不至于发生水窜。在水平井参数优化和规避地层原油黏度风险的基础上,充分利用顶、底钙质层对边水锥进的抑制作用,解决了该矛盾。3口大位移水平井投产后效果好,初期产能高,含水率低,最终实现增储上产与高效开发同步进行。