中国草畜平衡状态时空演变指示的草地生态保护格局

中国草原牧区作为重要生态安全屏障和草地畜牧业生产基地,其草畜平衡状态直接影响草地退化与恢复,进而影响草地生态系统服务能力的强弱。本文分析了2000—2015年主要草原牧区草地植被覆盖、牧草供给、草畜平衡状态的时空变化特征,深入探讨草地退化与恢复及载畜压力下草地生态系统保护与恢复空间格局。结果表明：过去16年主要草原牧区草地面积净减少约163万hm²,6.7%的草地出现植被覆盖退化,而5.4%的草地呈现植被覆盖明显恢复。天然草地牧草供给量以增加为主,年增率约0.3 kg/hm²,然而其载畜压力亦持续增加,不考虑补饲的载畜压力指数高达3.8,除内蒙古东北部、青藏高原中部仍有载畜潜力,其余多处于超载状态;考虑实际冷季补饲的载畜压力指数约3.1,内蒙古中东部有所缓解;假设冷季全额补饲则载畜压力指数减至1.9,内蒙古、青藏高原等区域明显缓解。叠加上述数据,本文针对自然保护地、牧区、半农半牧区和农区等不同区域的草地生态保护格局,提出了平衡草地生态保护与畜牧生产利用的不同发展策略。     

基于MODIS的青海草地产草量变化遥感分析

青海省属于全国四大牧区之一,及时监测草地植被长势、准确估算牧草产量对青海牧区可持续发展与生态保护具有重要意义。草地产草量遥感估算主要基于植被指数与地面实测数据的统计关系,但是估算涉及植被指数、统计模型和建模指标等因素,不同组合建立的估算模型的精度不同。本文基于青海省MODIS数据与地面实测产草量数据,选择了6种植被指数（NDVI、EVI、RVI、DVI、RDVI、MSAVI）、5种统计模型（简单线性模型、二次多项式模型、幂函数模型、指数函数模型、对数函数模型）以及3种建模指标（植被指数年度最大值VI_max、植被指数生长季累积值VI_season-cum、植被指数年度累积值VI_annual-cum）,研究不同组合下估算模型的精度差异,并从中选出最优产草量估算模型,用于估算青海省2015年和2016年的产草量。结果表明：（1）6种植被指数中,基于NDVI的产草量估算精度最高;非线性模型的估算精度高于线性模型,尤其是指数模型,适用于大多数草地类型产草量的估算;基于NDVI年度最大值的估算模型对大多数草地类型都具有最高的决定系数（R²）。（2）从干重来看,高产草量区（>1 200 kg·hm^-2）主要位于青海东部的高寒草原,中等产草量区（600~1 200 kg·hm^-2）位于青海南部和东部的高寒草原和禾草草原,低产草量区（<600 kg·hm^-2）位于青海西部和北部的高寒草甸、高寒草原、高寒荒漠和盐生草甸。（3）与2015年相比,2016年青海省干草总产量减少31.60×10⁴ t,减幅为1.36%。其中,禾草草原和高寒草甸的减产幅度最大,而荒漠草原和盐生草甸的产量则有所增加。本文可为草地产草量遥感估算的研究和实践提供参考。     

蒙古国中东部地区2006–2015年产草量遥感估算研究（英文）

蒙古国是"一带一路"倡议"中蒙俄经济走廊"的重要组成部分,也是受全球气候变化影响显著的区域,草地产草量的变化对该地区可持续发展具有深远影响。本文探索适合于蒙古国地区特征的产草量估算最优模型,并对该地区产草量时空分布进行研究。基于EVI、MSAVI、NDVI和Psn Net四种遥感指数,结合地面观测资料,通过统计分析方法建立三种产草量估算模型。在模型评价基础上,选择模拟效果最好的基于MSAVI的指数函数模型(模型精度78%),完成2006-2015年蒙古国中东部6省产草量估算。结果表明,研究区10年间产草量具有明显的波动趋势,前5年产草量缓慢下降,后5年则波动较大,总体略呈上升趋势。研究区产草量(单产)自西南向东北呈逐渐增加的趋势,大部分省份单产均在1000 kg ha~(-1)以上,最大单产地区为肯特省,为3944.35 kg ha~(-1);各省产草量(总量)差异较大,其中肯特省的产草量(总量)最高,为2341.76×10~4 t。研究还发现,中蒙俄铁路沿线产草量变化趋势与研究区6省基本一致。     

中国草原牧区和半牧区草畜平衡状况监测与评价

草原超载过牧是造成我国草原大面积退化、沙化的主要原因之一,草畜平衡监测、评价和管理是实现我国草原植被恢复和重建的关键,也是研究的热点和难点。本文采用遥感和地面调查相结合的方法从宏观上监测和评价了农业部认定的264个牧区和半牧区县的草畜平衡状况,主要结论如下:(1)2008年监测区平均草畜平衡指数为33.58%,总体处于超载状态;(2)120个牧区县草畜平衡指数为27.37%,144个半牧业县为42.07%,半牧区县是我国实行草畜平衡管理的重点和难点;(3)六大牧区中牧区县2008年超载程度排序为:甘肃>四川>新疆>青海>西藏>内蒙古,半牧区县超载程度排序为青海>西藏>内蒙古>新疆>四川>甘肃。本文所得结论可为我国草原资源管理和保护提供参考价值和借鉴意义。     

九成草原生态环境恶化

农业部新闻办公室最近发布了《2006年全国草原监测报告》.报告显示,开垦草原、乱征滥占草原、乱采滥挖草原生态的现象时有发生,全国90%的草原存在不同程度的退化、沙化、盐渍化和石漠化. 农业部有关负责人表示,从监测情况看,草原利用还不尽合理.全国天然草原平均超载牲畜34%左右,其中西藏、新疆、青海、四川、甘肃的非工程建设区超载38%以上,266个牧区、半农半牧区县(旗)有204年存在不同程度的家畜超载情况.     

基于MODIS与AMSR-E数据的中国6大牧区草原积雪遥感监测研究

内蒙古、新疆、西藏、青海、甘肃和四川的草原区这6大牧区是中国重要的畜牧业生产基地,也是雪灾频发的区域,及时、准确地获取6大牧区雪情时空特征对于防灾减灾,指导畜牧业生产有着重要的现实意义。光学遥感与微波遥感各具优缺点,综合运用MODIS和AMSR-E数据构建草原积雪遥感监测模型,以日为监测单元,以旬为多日合成时段,对中国6大牧区在2008年10月上旬至2009年3月下旬间的草原积雪覆盖范围进行监测,并对监测结果进行检验,以此说明MODIS与AMSR-E数据在雪灾监测方面协同监测的可行性,为其他雪盖遥感监测研究提供参考。     

应用遥感方法估算区域蒸散量的制约因子分析

遥感方法估算区域蒸散量应用比较广泛的有两种,一种是完全以地表热量平衡方程为基础．用遥感方法估算出净辐射、土壤热流量和显热通量,然后用余项法求出蒸散量;另一种是以Penman—Monteith方程为基础．结合地表热量平衡方程,直接估算出蒸散量。本文根据国内外的研究现状,对应用遥感方法估算区域蒸散量的制约因子进行了深入的分析,这些制约因子包括(1)图像信息源;(2)反照率、比辐射率和表面温度等地表参数的遥感反演精度;(3)空气动力学阻抗和表面阻抗模型;(4)估算结果的验证方法(5)时间尺度的扩展问题。分析结果表明：长期以来由于这些因子中所涉及到的许多关键技术和难点问题都没得到很好的解决,因而极大地制约着应用遥感方法估算区域蒸散量的发展。通过对制约因子的分析．可以有助于高精度遥感蒸散模型的建立。     

蒙古高原草原火灾风险评价研究

草原火灾是牧区主要自然灾害之一,严重影响社会经济和生命安全。针对蒙古高原草原的特点及成灾机理,以蒙古高原的草原区作为研究区,获取了2000—2016年各盟市的指标层数据,依据自然灾害风险分析原理,从危险性、暴露性、脆弱性和防灾减灾能力4个方面选取23个评价指标,建立了蒙古高原草原火灾风险评价指标体系,并采用主成分分析方法确定指标权重,结合地理信息系统空间分析功能制作了蒙古高原草原火灾风险分布图。结果表明:(1)通过主成分分析得到7个主成分,缩减了指标个数,准确指出草原火灾风险要素来源。(2)蒙古高原草原火灾的高危险区分布在蒙古国中部,呈向四周递减的趋势;高暴露区分布在内蒙古东北部地区;高脆弱区分布在内蒙古北部以及蒙古国肯特省;高防灾减灾区主要分布在内蒙古呼伦贝尔市、兴安盟和鄂尔多斯市。(3)蒙古高原草原火灾风险从整体来看,内蒙古东北部风险高于西部地区,呈现自东向西递减趋势;蒙古国呈现由中间向四周递减趋势。低风险、次低风险、中风险、次高风险和高风险区面积占蒙古高原草原区面积比例分别为4.88%、36.20%、28.37%、11.56%和18.99%。根据中蒙各盟市地理环境特征和经济发展水平来制定防火策略,可以降低草原火灾风险性,为草原畜牧业可持续发展规划提供参考。     

北方农牧交错带草原产草量遥感监测模型

及时准确地了解草原产草量的时空配置状况,对于科学合理地利用、管理草地,保证畜牧业生产持续稳定发展、改善生态环境等具有重要的意义。本文利用2005年的MODIS数据和同期野外实测的668个样方产草量数据,分析了5种植被指数和草地生物量之间的相关关系。研究表明:(1)分区模型优于不分区模型,在分区基础上建模更能反映产草量的实际情况;(2)通过线性、非线性模型和BP神经网络模型的对比,得出BP神经网络模型在拟合精度上优于线性和非线性模型,是最适宜监测北方农牧交错带草原产草量的模型;(3)5种植被指数中,NDVI和SAVI与草地生物量之间的拟合精度最高,是研究区最适宜使用的植被指数。     

陇西黄土高原陆面蒸散的遥感研究

该文以陆面能量平衡过程为基础,基于定量遥感的理论,提出了适合半干旱区(陇西黄土高原)的陆面蒸散估算遥感模型(SEBS)。结合该区域的NOAA/AVHRR数据、气象观测数据、土地利用数据和地形高程(DEM)数据,依据定量遥感的理论和技术,计算反照率、陆面温度、植被指数和地表比辐射率四个重要地表特征参数。应用SEBS模型,估算了该区域的陆面蒸散量。结果表明：该研究具有较好的理论和实践意义,为陆面过程、植被生产、生态环境保护与生态重建等研究提供科学依据。     

青藏高原草地地上生物量和理论载畜量

准确模拟和预测草地地上生物量(Aboveground biomass,AGB)和理论载畜量对于维持草地生态系统平衡、优化放牧管理至关重要。当前很多研究以围栏外草地AGB为基础,估算了青藏高原草地AGB的现存量。但是,牛羊啃食后的草地AGB现存量无法准确评估草地理论载畜量。围栏内草地不受家畜采食影响,其年际变率由环境因子驱动,可视为草地潜在AGB (potential AGB,AGB_p),更适用于草地理论载畜量的评估。本研究以青藏高原345个围栏内AGB观测数据为基础,结合气候、土壤和地形数据,利用随机森林算法构建草地潜在地上生物量估算模型,并对当前气候条件(2000-2018年)和未来20年(2021-2040年)4种气候变化情景(SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP3-7.0和SSP5-8.5)下的草地AGB_p和高寒草地理论载畜量进行模拟与预测。结果表明:(1)随机森林算法可准确模拟当前气候条件下的青藏高寒草地AGB_p(R²=0.76,P<0.001);2000-2018年青藏高寒草地AGB_p平均值为102.4 g m^-2,时间上增加趋势不明显(P>0.05);AGB_p年际波动和生长季降水显著正相关(R²=0.57,P<0.001),和生长季温度日较差显著负相关(R²=0.51,P<0.001)。(2)当前气候条件下,青藏高寒草地平均理论载畜量为0.94 SSU ha^-1(standardized sheep unit ha^-1);在过去20年约有54.1%草地理论载畜量呈提升状态。(3)和当前相比,未来20年青藏高原中部和北部草地AGB_p和理论载畜量呈下降态势。因此,建议未来在厘清气候变化影响下草畜关系的基础上进行有针对性的草牧业规划和管理,以缓解区域气候变化引起的草畜矛盾。     

Temporal and Spatial Dynamics Analysis of Grassland Ecosystem Pressure in Kazakhstan

Affected by climate change and policy factors, Kazakhstan is the country with the most severe ecological degradation and grassland conflicts in Central Asia. Therefore, studying the state of grassland carrying resources in Kazakhstan is particularly important for understanding the responses of grassland ecosystems to climate change and human activities. Based on Kazakhstan's remote sensing data and animal husbandry statistics, this study analyzes the patterns of changes in grassland ecosystems in Kazakhstan based on the supply and consumption of these ecosystems. The results show that: 1) From 2003 to 2017, the number of livestock raised in Kazakhstan showed a trend of sustained and steady growth. Due to freezing damage, the scale of livestock farming decreased in 2011, but a spatial difference in the livestock farming structure was not obvious. 2) The fluctuation of grassland supply in Kazakhstan has increased, while the consumption due to animal husbandry has also continued to increase, resulting in an increasing pressure on the grassland carrying capacity. 3) Between 2003 and 2017, the overall grassland carrying status of Kazakhstan have been abundant, but the grassland carrying pressure index has shown a steadily increasing trend, the grassland carrying pressure is growing, and it is mainly determined by grassland productivity. The greater pressure in lower Kyzylorda state, the southern Kazakhstan state of the cultivated land and the northern Kazakhstan state has gradually expanded to include the agro-pastoral zone and the semi-desert zone.     

Ecological Carrying Capacity of Grasslands and Animal Husbandry Sustainability in Central Asia

Grassland ecosystems are one of the most important terrestrial ecosystems on the earth. Central Asia has the largest contiguous grazing area in the world and good conditions for the development of animal husbandry. However, in the past 30 years, the grassland ecosystem in Central Asia has experienced significant degradation, and the livestock industry has also experienced an overall decline to the point that livestock products are now dependent on imports. The ecological footprint method was used to analyze the change trend and characteristics of grassland ecological carrying capacity and ecological occupation in Central Asia. The grassland ecological capacity in Central Asia was found to be much higher than the global level, and great potential still remains for further development and utilization. The international trade of livestock products in Central Asian countries showed a deficit, and the net import of livestock products increased year by year. Net imports reached 9.5% in 1992-2016, and the dependence on foreign countries increased significantly, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of animal husbandry in Central Asia. In the future, the counties of Central Asia should optimize the aspects of policy, management and technology to improve the productivity of grassland animal husbandry, strengthen grassland ecological protection, and realize the coordinated and sustainable development of their grassland ecological economic systems.     

吐鲁番盆地天然草场资源评价及其合理利用

本文讨论了吐鲁番盆地天然草场类型及其资源评价，利用中存在的问题，并提出几点合理利用的意见。     

新疆伊犁河流域草地类型特征及其生态服务价值研究

以新疆伊犁河流域为研究对象,采用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算公式,参照谢高地等人的中国草地生态系统服务单位面积价值,分析了伊犁河流域草地类型特征和生态系统服务价值。研究结果表明,新疆伊犁河流域草地资源丰富,草地面积占土地总面积的60.88%以上,草地产草量及载畜能力均处于全疆最好水平,其中山地草甸类草地面积最大,占草地可利用面积的27.91%。草地生态系统每年的服务价值为200.47亿元,山地草甸类草地、温性草甸草原类以及温性草原类草地生态服务价值达145.3亿元,占到全流域草地总生态服务价值的72.48%,是草地生态服务价值的主体部分,流域生态系统服务性功能远大于生产性功能。总体看来,伊犁河流域草地生态服务价值山间盆地、丘陵区较高;而平原区相对较低。草地存在退化现象,1985—2005年间草地生态服务价值有所下降。     

Land Resource Carrying Capacity in Xilin Gol Grassland Transects: A Perspective on Food Nutritional Demand

Food safety is an important issue for the development of the national economy and society. Studying regional food supply and demand from the perspective of land resource carrying capacity can provide new references for regional resource sustainability. This study uses the data from farmer and herdsmen household questionnaires, statistical data, land use data, and other sources to construct a land resource carrying capacity (LCC) assessment framework, targeting the food supply and demand of residents in representative areas, specifically the typical grassland pastoral areas, sandy pastoral areas and agro-pastoral areas on the Xilin Gol grassland transects. The three food nutritional indicators of calories, protein and fat were selected for analyzing the balance of land resource carrying capacity. We found that: 1) Along the Xilin Gol grassland, the main local food supply showed a shift from meat and milk to grains, vegetables and fruits. 2) From north to south along the grassland transects, the calorie intake increased gradually, while the intake of protein and fat was highest in pastoral areas and lowest in agricultural areas. 3) The overall land resource carrying capacity of the Xilin Gol grassland transects was in a surplus state, but the land carrying capacity of typical grassland pastoral area was higher than the two other types of areas. This study provides an empirical reference for the sustainable development of regional food nutrition.     

宁夏盐池县相对资源承载力

采用相对资源承载力的理论与研究方法,定量分析了盐池县8个乡镇相对资源承载力时空变化及差异特征,并对承载力匹配特征进行空间表达。结果表明：盐池县辖各乡镇相对于盐池县的综合人口承载力表现出严重超载、超载和富余3种不同的状态;相对自然资源经济承载力时空变化稳定,自然资源的经济潜力不断增大;相对草地资源牲畜承载力随时间推移不断递增且空间差异明显;依据3种承载力状态组合划分了不同的承载力匹配类型,并提出不同类型的可持续发展策略。本研究可为盐池县禁牧10年后各乡镇发展提供建议,并为“退牧还草”政策的继续实施提供理论支持。     

The Rangeland Livestock Carrying Capacity and Stocking Rate in the Kailash Sacred Landscape in China

Maintaining the health and productivity of rangelands by controlling the livestock stocking rate to remain within carrying capacity is of significance to ensure sustainable management of rangeland ecosystems. But we know little about the safe carrying capacity in particular rangeland landscapes. This has hampered efforts to use rangelands in a risk-averse manner in fluctuating rainfall environments, and especially in arid and semiarid areas. To address this lack of information, we took Kailash Sacred Landscape in China (KSL-China) as our study site and used remote sensing data, meteorological data and statistical data from 2000 to 2015 to analyze rangeland carrying capacity, stocking rate, and major influencing factors. Rangeland carrying capacity presented an increasing trend, while stocking rate was gradually decreasing, resulting in an increase of carrying rate in the study area. The increased carrying capacity was closely related to increased rainfall. Stocking rate declined owing to government regulations, particularly implementation in 2004 of the national policy of Returning Grazing Land to Grassland. There was a sharp reduction of livestock number below 200 000 standard sheep units (SU) after 2005. The decrease of stocking rate had a stronger effect on rangeland carrying rate than did the increase of carrying capacity. Ecosystem restoration programs have provided subsidies to pastoralists to encourage them to reduce livestock numbers. Our findings suggest that a safe rangeland carrying capacity is ca. 170 000 SU in KSL-China. There is a carrying capacity surplus of ca. 50 000 SU for safe animal husbandry development in the study area. More importantly, future climate warming and increases in grazing may jointly play a key role in affecting rangeland carrying capacity.