卫星定位导航系统在地震应急救援中的应用

在对地震灾害特点综合分析的基础上,分析了地震应急响应与救援决策中的关键性问题。认为震害的规模、程度、空间分布和灾情发展趋势,以及快速获取灾情信息已成为整个地震应急响应和救援决策的关键;而对灾情空间分布及其不同灾情程度位置的确定是救援决策的先导与重要环节。卫星定位导航技术在地震应急搜救的信息快速获取、应急响应、救援决策、指挥、搜索与营救等救援行动的整个过程中,都将发挥其强大的功能。建议研发中国北斗灾害应急救援导航与指挥决策系统,包括地震灾情快速获取、快速判定和决策定位导航技术系统、地震救援指挥调度技术系统和应急救援物流定位导航技术系统建设;研发北斗灾害应急救援导航装备,包括自主定位导航幸存者搜索和营救设备研发和国内外巨灾救援专用定位与导航系统研发。     

海地地震灾害及其经验教训

介绍了2010年1月12日海地发生的7.3级地震灾害、受灾国政府应急响应、国际救援行动的情况.总结了海地地震应急救援的经验及其启示.     

厄瓜多尔地震灾害及其应急救援

介绍了2016年4月17日厄瓜多尔发生的M_S7.5地震灾害、受灾国政府应急响应及国际救援情况。总结了厄瓜多尔地震灾害和应急救援的经验与教训。     

基于GIS系统的城市震灾评估和救灾应急的研究

地震防灾减灾能力是国家的重点需求,针对当前城市抗震应急存在的灵活性差问题,在过去研究的基础上,将GIS系统应用至城市抗震救灾应急响应中,建立的GIS系统利用地震灾害评估模块、数据库管理模块、地震应急响应和指挥决策模块构成城市抗震救灾应急响应框架,完成城市GIS系统的应用分析。地震灾害评估模块中计算震害总体损失、经济损失和生命损失,实现地震灾害评估信息数据的精确性采集;数据库管理模块中的抗灾救灾应急响应数据库主要利用矢量数据、数字正射影像数据和其他专题数据构成,完成一致性访问各种类型数据,提高城市抗震救灾应急响应灵活性;在响应与决策模块中利用核心服务器实现数据信息的上传下达,实现快速救援响应。研究中对这套GIS系统与当前方法做对比,进行抗震救灾过程灵活性、救援数据精准性的比较实验。实验对比结果表明,所提研究成果提供的救援数据精确性强,且运行过程中灵活系数等部分指标高于当前研究。     

地震灾害分级响应规定的适用问题研究

地震灾害分级响应是以地震灾害分级为基础的,依据法律法规和《国家地震应急预案》规定的响应分级采取的应急措施。它是地震应急救援法律制度中的核心内容和关键环节。依法正确理解地震灾害分级响应的适用,是做好地震应急救援工作的首要内容。     

意大利地震紧急事务处置与应急响应系统简介

意大利地震紧急事务处置的特点:①地震灾害与其他灾害统一在一个部门进行紧急事务处置。民防部专门负责实施各类灾害应急救援,应急处置职责范围广泛,包括自然灾害与人为灾害的各类灾害应急救援。健全的组织机构保障了应急处置的高效联动。②地震应急响应技术系统联动集成。硬件平台、基础数据库、软件开发与灾害模型研究4个方面进行集成。③高分辨卫星遥感技术实现灾情快速获取。     

人员伤亡规模不同的特别重大地震灾害专业救援对比分析

根据《国家地震应急预案》相关规定,针对近些年我国发生的汶川、玉树、芦山及鲁甸等特别重大地震,均启动了地震应急Ⅰ级响应。但几次地震的伤亡人数及震害影响等都有明显的量级差别,应急救援行动中队伍派遣数量、灾情获取手段、救援装备配备等都不尽相同。本文对这4次地震开展的专业救援性措施进行了系统的总结和对比分析,更准确地了解政府应对大震巨灾时的需求,为抗震救灾指挥部救援决策提出有针对性的建议。     

从鲁甸地震应急看市县级地震应急预案的作用及存在的问题

通过对昭通市、鲁甸县地震局及其他政府机关、企业单位的实地调研、访谈,详细了解了地震应急预案在鲁甸地震应急救援过程中起到的作用,同时根据当事人对本次地震应急救援响应过程中地震应急预案存在的问题的介绍进行了总结归纳,结论可以作为市县级地震应急预案修改完善的一个参考。     

地震部门在应急救援演练中应敢于“亮真较劲”

地震应急救援演练是检验应对地震突发事件处置能力的有效途径。如何解决地震应急救援演练中容易出现的"演为看"和"练与用脱节"等现象,厦门市地震局大胆探索、勇于实践,积累了一套科学有效的地震应急救援办法。本文结合实例,从理论与实践相结合的高度,紧紧围绕组织地震应急救援演练要做到"四真",即设置情况真、应急响应真、演练内容真、组织保障真;以及在应对地震突发事件要拧紧"四股劲",即敢于同传统观念"较劲"、敢于同自己短处"较劲"、敢于同难点难题"较劲"、敢于同突破创新"较劲"等8个方面,对如何做好新形势下的地震应急救援工作做了很好的诠释,具有较强的针对性、操作性和有效性,能够帮助人们提高对地震应急救援工作重要性的认识,促进地震应急救援工作的扎实深入开展。     

地震应急期关键应急处置业务的时序特征

从省级抗震救灾指挥部的角度,依据《国家地震应急预案》对应急响应工作的要求,在分析抗震救灾指挥部各成员单位地震应急预案的基础上,结合盈江、彝良、芦山等地震应急救援案例,对破坏性地震发生后的关键应急处置业务进行梳理,并根据各项业务的时序特征提出了在震后不同时间段内所要完成的工作以及所要达成的目标,在一定程度上弥补了地方地震应急预案过于宏观和操作性不强的缺陷,为地震应急救援工作的开展提供参考。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.