A NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT ON THE INFLUENCES OF THE QINGHAI－XIZANG PLATEAU ON THE UPSTREAM BLOCKING EVENT

ＡＮＵＭＥＲＩＣＡＬＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＯＮＴＨＥＩＮＦＬＵＥＮＣＥＳＯＦＴＨＥＱＩＮＧＨＡＩ－ＸＩＺＡＮＧＰＬＡＴＥＡＵＯＮＴＨＥＵＰＳＴＲＥＡＭＢＬＯＣＫＩＮＧＥＶＥＮＴＺｈｅｎｇＱｉｎｇｌｉｎ（郑庆林），ＧｕＹｕ（古瑜），ＳｏｎｇＱｉｎｇｌｉ（...     

DRAFT PROPLSAL FOR THE SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON EXPERIMENT(SCSMEX)

ＤＲＡＦＴＰＲＯＰＯＳＡＬＦＯＲＴＨＥＳＯＵＴＨＣＨＩＮＡＳＥＡＭＯＮＳＯＯＮＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴ（ＳＣＳＭＥＸ）ＣｈｅｎＬｏｎｇｘｕｎ（陈隆勋）ＤＲＡＦＴＰＲＯＰＯＳＡＬＦＯＲＴＨＥＳＯＵＴＨＣＨＩＮＡＳＥＡＭＯＮＳＯＯＮＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴ（ＳＣ...     

SCIENTIFIC－OPERATIONALEXPERIMENTSANDSYNOPTIC－DYNAMICSTUDYOFHEAVYRAINFALLS

ＳＣＩＥＮＴＩＦＩＣ－ＯＰＥＲＡＴＩＯＮＡＬＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＳＡＮＤＳＹＮＯＰＴＩＣ－ＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＳＴＵＤＹＯＦＨＥＡＶＹＲＡＩＮＦＡＬＬＳ￥ＤｉｎｇＹｉｈｕｉ（丁一汇）ＳＣＩＥＮＴＩＦＩＣ－ＯＰＥＲＡＴＩＯＮＡＬＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＳＡＮＤＳ...     

STUDY OF OZONE AND ITS PRECURSORS AT LIN’ANREGIONAL BACKGROUND STATION DURING THE PEM－WEST－A EXPERIMENT

ＳＴＵＤＹＯＦＯＺＯＮＥＡＮＤＩＴＳＰＲＥＣＵＲＳＯＲＳＡＴＬＩＮ’ＡＮＲＥＧＩＯＮＡＬＢＡＣＫＧＲＯＵＮＤＳＴＡＴＩＯＮＤＵＲＩＮＧＴＨＥＰＥＭ－ＷＥＳＴ－ＡＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＬｕｏＣｈａｏ（罗超），ｍｎｇＧｕｏａｎ（丁国安），Ｔａｎｇｊｉｅ（汤...     

MONTHLY AND SEASONAL OPERATIONAL NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION IN THE SUMMER OF 1994

ＭＯＮＴＨＬＹＡＮＤＳＥＡＳＯＮＡＬＯＰＥＲＡＴＩＯＮＡＬＮＵＭＥＲＩＣＡＬＷＥＡＴＨＥＲＰＲＥＤＩＣＴＩＯＮＩＮＴＨＥＳＵＭＭＥＲＯＦ１９９４ＳｏｎｇＱｉｎｇｌｉ（宋青丽）ａｎｄＺｈｅｎｇＱｉｎｇｌｉｎ（郑庆林）ＭＯＮＴＨＬＹＡＮＤＳＥＡＳＯＮＡＬ...     

A NEW COMPUTER RETRIEVAL SYSTEM FOR METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION

ＡＮＥＷＣＯＭＰＵＴＥＲＲＥＴＲＩＥＶＡＬＳＹＳＴＥＭＦＯＲＭＥＴＥＯＲＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮ￥ＢｅｉＧａｎｇ（贝刚）ＡＮＥＷＣＯＭＰＵＴＥＲＲＥＴＲＩＥＶＡＬＳＹＳＴＥＭＦＯＲＭＥＴＥＯＲＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮＢｅｉ...     

The Effect of the Interaction among Multi-Scale Systems and the Asymmetric an

ＴＨＥＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＴＨＥＩＮＴＥＲＡＣＴＩＯＮＡＭＯＮＧＭＵＬＴＩ－ＳＣＡＬＥＳＹＳＴＥＭＳＡＮＤＴＨＥＡＳＹＭＭＥＴＲＩＣＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＡＮＤＴＨＥＲＭＯＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＥＯＦＴＲＯＰＩＣＡＬＣＹＣＬＯＮＥＯＮＩＴＳＴＲＡＣＫＸｕ...     

TIBETAN PLATEAU FIELD EXPERIMENT（TIPEX）AND STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES OVER TIBETAN PL

ＴＩＢＥＴＡＮＰＬＡＴＥＡＵＦＩＥＬＤＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴ（ＴＩＰＥＸ）ＡＮＤＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＩＭＰＡＣＴＯＦＰＨＹＳＩＣＡＬＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＥＳＯＶＥＲＴＩＢＥＴＡＮＰＬＡＴＥＡＵＯＮＧＬＯＢＡＬＣＬＩＭＡＴＥＡＮＤＤＩＳＡＳＴＲＯＵＳＷＥＡＴＨ...     

TYPHOON:SCIENTIFIC/OPERATIONAL EXPERIMENTS AND DYNAMIC THEORETICAL STUDY

ＴＹＰＨＯＯＮ：ＳＣＩＥＮＴＩＦＩＣ／ＯＰＥＲＡＴＩＯＮＡＬＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＳＡＮＤＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＴＨＥＯＲＥＴＩＣＡＬＳＴＵＤＹ￥ＣｈｅｎＬｉａｎｓｈｏｕ（陈联寿）ａｎｄＸｕＸｉａｎｇｄｅ（除祥德）ＴＹＰＨＯＯＮ：ＳＣＩＥＮＴＩＦＩＣ／ＯＰＥＲ...     

TEMPERATURE-MEASURING RADIO-ACOUSTIC SOUNDING SYSTEM(RASS)

ＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥ－ＭＥＡＳＵＲＩＮＧＲＡＤＩＯ－ＡＣＯＵＳＴＩＣＳＯＵＮＤＩＮＧＳＹＳＴＥＭ（ＲＡＳＳ）￥ＬｉＪｉａｎｇｕｏ（李建国），ＷａｎｇＰｉｎｇ（王坪）ａｎｄＭｅｎｇＺｈａｏｌｉｎ（孟昭林）ＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥ－ＭＥＡＳＵＲＩＮＧＲＡ...     

参考作物蒸散量的多种计算方法及其结果的比较

分别用 FAO Penman- Monteith公式 (模型 1 )、FAO Penman 修正式 (模型 2 )和国内Penman修正式 (模型 3)计算了泰安和西峰两地的参考作物蒸散量 ,对 3种方法的计算结果进行了比较 .模型 1得到的参考作物蒸散量大于后 2种模型 ,导致不同模型计算偏差的原因是 3种模型各自选用了不同的辐射项和动力项计算式 ,且计算偏差随季节和地理条件而变 .建议计算区域参考作物蒸散量用模型 1 ,计算单站逐日参考作物蒸散量 3种模型都可用 .     

黑河流域日蒸散发遥感估算研究

地表蒸散的估算在干旱半干旱区水资源研究中具有重要意义。利用NOAA/AVHRR遥感资料、NCEP再分析格点资料和气象站点资料,根据能量平衡模型和FAO-17 Penman公式,计算了研究区域内逐日蒸散发量;对于晴天,用遥感模型反演出瞬时蒸散,进而推算出日蒸散;同时用FAO-17 Penmen公式和气象资料,计算研究区域内的同一天的蒸散,利用气象资料计算得到的蒸散与遥感估算的蒸散的关系,估算非晴空日的蒸散,进而得到逐日蒸散发结果。与同类研究结果的比较表明:该方法能够估算逐日蒸散发,通过气象与遥感资料结合,提高了气象格点资料的空间分辨率,弥补了难以得到遥感逐日晴空资料的不足,同时也为流域内同类研究提供参考依据。     

Estimation of daily reference evapotranspiration with limited climatic data using machine learning approaches across different climate zones in New Mexico

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is a major factor for water resource management. Although the FAO Penman–Monteith model is the highly recommended for...     

冬小麦农田日蒸散量的计算

本文从小气候观测资料着手，采用彭曼法、能量平衡法、波温比法和空气动力学等方法，对处于抽穗至乳熟期的冬小麦农田日蒸散量做了尝试性计算。着重考虑了彭曼公式的修正，并以水量平衡法为标准，对以上各方法的精度做了评价与误差分析。结果表明，订正后的彭曼公式可较为准确地计算各种能量、水分供应条件下有作物覆盖农田的日蒸散量，其它方法则存在较明显的不确定性误差。     

Similarities and differences of two evapotranspiration models with routinely measured meteorological variables: application to a cropland and grassland in northeast China

Local actual evapotranspiration can be estimated with routinely measured meteorological variables using the Penman–Monteith model with surface resistance parameterized via the Katerji and Perrier approach (Agronomie 3(6):513–521, 1983; PM–KP model), or the nonlinear complementary relationship (CR) model proposed by Han et al. (Hydrol Process 26:3973–3981, 2012). A comparative study was carried out to evaluate the consistencies and differences of two models, as well as the performances of them for a cropland and grassland in northeast China. The departure of the actual evapotranspiration from the potential evaporation is described as a function of the ratio of the surface resistance to the aerodynamic resistance in the Penman–Monteith model, but the ratio of the aerodynamic term to the radiation term in the CR models. The two ratios are connected using a semi-empirical linear function by the Katerji and Perrier approach. The nonlinear CR model can be regarded as replacing the linear function by a power function after mathematical processing. On the other hand, the PM–KP model can be also considered as a CR-type model. On the daily basis at a maize cropland and degraded grassland in semiarid Northeast China, the nonlinear CR model with locally calibrated parameters performed better with data occupying all the growth stages, but the performances of the two models are similar during the early-, mid-, and late-season stages, respectively. On the half-hourly basis, the PM–KP model and the nonlinear CR model both performed well. It is deduced that on the daily basis the nonlinear CR model is more suitable for the cropland and grassland, but further comparisons are needed on the hourly basis.     

A comparison of Piché atmometers with conventional estimates of the ventilation term of the Penman model

When shielded from the sun and exposed to the ambient wind regime, Piché atmometers accurately reproduce estimates of the ventilation term of the Penman model using conventional psychrometry and anemometry. Results show that 98% of the variability in conventional estimates are accounted for by the variability in the atmometers when a square-root dependence on wind speed is incorporated into calculations of the evaporative flux from the atmometers. The potential for using a fairly simple instrument for the spatial extension of latent heat flux estimates from freely evaporating surfaces is discussed.     

乌兰布和沙漠可能蒸散的研究

在测定该区2000～2005年气象因子的基础上,分析研究了乌兰布和沙漠沙地可能蒸散的月变化特点,比较分析了应用Penman方程、Thornthwaite公式和Holdridge 3种方法计算的可能蒸散。结果指出Penman方程计算的可能蒸散和水面蒸发量具有显著的直线性相关,可应用Penman方程计算所得的可能蒸散评价该区的水分蒸发特点。研究指出可能蒸散月变化与月平均温度的变化基本一致,全年最大的月份是7～8月,全年累计可能蒸散量为3 041 mm。     

Field estimates of alfalfa evapotranspiration by energy balance-resistance modelling

Summary Estimates of mean daily evapotranspiration using the aerodynamic resistance-surface energy balance (ARSEB) model of Monteith were obtained for three periods during 3 September (day of year 246) to 15 November (day 319) 1983 in an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) field in central Arizona near Coolidge. These estimates were compared with Penman method estimates, within situ soil water balance (SWB) method estimates, and with long-term soil water depletion-based estimates of evapotranspiration for central Arizona. The SWB method estimates were obtained from soil moisture data collected to 1.5 m depth at 60 field sites, and to 1.8 m depth at 16 of the 60 sites. During relatively wet field conditions in September, daily estimates from the ARSEB method were on average about 19% to 23% lower than estimates from the Penman and SWB methods, respectively. However, for these wetter conditions, soil moisture data were only collected to 1.5 m depth. Thus, the SWB method may have overestimated evapotranspiration because drainage below the crop root zone was not measured. During drier conditions later in the season, ARSEB estimates of daily evapotranspiration were on average about 5% greater than Penman estimates. Also, ARSEB estimates were on the average about 24% to 35% greater than SWB method estimates. Agreement was good between ARSEB method estimates and long-term alfalfa evapotranspiration estimates by Erie et al. (1981) for central Arizona.

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Zusammenfassung Es werden mit Hilfe des ARSEB (Aerodynamisches Widerstands-Energiebilanz-Modell) von Monteith Schätzwerte der mittleren täglichen Evapotranspiration eines Luzernenfeldes für die Periode zwischen 3. September und 15. November 1983 gewonnen. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit denen der Penman-Methode, der Methode der Bodenwasserbilanz (SWB) und der Abschätzung über die langfristige Reduktion des Bodenwassers in Zentralarizona verglichen. Die SWB-Werte wurden aus Bodenfeuchtedaten in 1,5 m Tiefe von 60 Punkten und 1,8 m Tiefe von 16 Punkten berechnet. Während relativ feuchter Bedingungen im September waren die ARSEB-Schätzwerte durchschnittlich etwa 19 bis 23% niedriger als die der Penman- und SWB-Methode. Für feuchte Verhältnisse wurden allerdings nur Daten aus 1,5 m Tiefe gesammelt. Daher mag die SWB-Methode die Evapotranspiration überschätzt haben, weil der Abfluß unter dem Wurzelbereich nicht gemessen wurde. Unter trockeneren Bedingungen waren die ARSEB-Werte etwa 5% höher als die nach Penman. Gegenüber den SWB-Werten lagen die der ARSEB-Methode um etwa 24 bis 35% höher. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen ARSEB-Werten und den Abschätzungen der Luzernenevapotranspiration nach Erie et al. (1981) für Zentralarizona war gut.

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With 1 Figure     

地面有效辐射气候学模型评估和参数优化

基于中国19个辐射站1993-2012年的地面辐射平衡资料和气象资料,分析评估了布朗特法、彭曼法、别尔良德法、FAO24法、FAO56-PM法、邓根云法和童宏良法7种参数化方案计算中国地面有效辐射的适用性;并以均方根误差最小为目标函数,利用步长加速法和多元回归法迭代求解最优参数,建立适合于中国的最优参数化逐日有效辐射估算方法。结果表明:参与评估的7种方案都不同程度低估了中国的有效辐射;从全中国总体误差水平看,童宏良法的平均绝对百分比误差和均方根误差小于其他6种方案,分别为27.0%和24.5 W/m2,估算效果较好;其次是彭曼法和邓根云法;FAO56-PM法精度较低,不适用于中国的有效辐射估算。针对单站来说,邓根云法在东部平原地区的精度最高,童宏良法由于考虑了海拔高度的订正,适用于西部高原地区。相关分析表明水汽压是影响有效辐射估算误差的最关键因素,因此根据水汽压的地理分布规律,分东部区和西部区建立分区方案。基于观测资料建立的全中国方案和分区方案的均方根误差分别为20.8和21.4 W/m2,精度均高于已有参与评估的7种方案;而且在绝大多数站点,分区方案的误差小于全中国方案,所以划分东部区和西部区进行有效辐射模型参数化很有必要。同时发现,分区方案在西部区明显优于邓根云法,在东部区明显优于童宏良法,因此推荐其作为中国有效辐射的计算方法。      

短时段水面蒸发量计算方法的选择

分别采用折算数法，彭曼公式法，道尔顿公式法计算都昌蒸发站旬与日短时段水面蒸发量，比较表明，用道尔顿公式计算短时段水面蒸发量的误差最小，彭曼公式次之，折算系数法的误差最大，不宜作短时段水面蒸发量的计算。