基于等效线性化方法的一维土层地震反应通用计算程序对比

基于等效线性化的一维土层地震反应计算是目前国内外普遍采用的方法,国外的SHAKE91、DEEPSOIL和我国的LSSRLI-1即是根据这一方法编制的通用计算程序。本文采用这3个程序进行了不同地震波、不同输入地震动幅值下不同场地类型的土层地震反应计算,并对三者的结果进行了全面的比较分析。结果表明:①SHAKE91和DEEPSOIL程序的计算结果完全相同;②当土层最大剪应变均采用时域计算时,LSSRLI-1程序的计算结果与SHAKE91和DEEPSOIL程序基本相同,但有微小差别,其原因是:在基于等效剪应变通过离散形式的剪切模量和阻尼比随等效剪应变变化的关系曲线确定等效剪切模量和阻尼比时,DEEPSOIL和SHAKE91采用的插值方法与LSSRLI-1不同;③当LSSRLI-1程序采用频域经验关系计算土层最大剪应变时,特别是在强地震动输入下得到的土层地表加速度峰值和加速度反应谱与另外两个程序的计算结果有差别,且土层最大剪应变随着输入加速度的增大出现较大的差别。因此,本文建议:当采用LSSRLI-1程序计算土层地震响应时,应使用程序中的时域解方法代替以往默认的频域经验关系方法。     

软场地下两种地震反应分析程序的对比

LSSRLI-1与SHAKE2000是目前国内外等效线性化地震反应分析程序的代表。将LSSRLI-1和SHAKE2000对软土场地进行计算对比,比较加速度峰值、反应谱和剪应变,分析其异同,研究存在的差异及原因,讨论剪应变与加速度峰值和反应谱的相关性,以指导方法和程序的改进。研究结果表明:2个程序计算出的PGA和反应谱结果在某些情况下存在不可忽视的差异,大部分情况下SHAKE2000计算出的PGA要大于LSSRLI-1的结果,在0~3s周期段内大部分情况下SHAKE2000的反应谱大于LSSRLI-1的结果;2个程序计算出的剪应变存在较大差异,LSSRLI-1计算出的的剪应变明显比SHAKE2000大;2个程序计算出的PGA、平均谱值比相对差与剪应变相对差存在相关性,不考虑非线性下,两个程序计算出的地表加速度反应谱基本没有差异,计算地震动的算法应相同;但计算剪应变的结果不同,导致考虑土层非线性的迭代计算结果出现差异。     

基于黏弹性解的土层地震反应分析程序LSSRLI-1和SHAKE2000的对比

地震过程中震动传播的局部场地效应通常用一维的场地反应分析方法来考虑,目前使用最多的是线性、等效线性化和非线性三类,其中国内外分别以LSSRLI-1和SHAKE2000为代表的等效线性化程序使用最为广泛。LSSRLI-1是我国地震安全评价程序,提出已有20多年,为我国的防震减灾事业做出了巨大贡献,但也在实践过程中表现出了一些缺点和不足,是否可以改进有待研究。本文以经典波动理论为基础编制了相应的土层反应分析线性计算程序,并与LSSRLI-1和SHAKE2000就硬和软两种场地上地表加速度反应谱和土体剪应变分布进行了对比分析,考虑了不同输入波以及不同震动强度对分析结果的影响,也讨论了土体剪应变计算偏差对地表反应谱的影响。结果表明:硬和软场地上SHAKE2000计算出地表加速度反应谱和土体剪应变分布均符合较好;硬和软场地上传递函数计算中LSSRLI-1、SHAKE2000和精确解三者一致;硬场地上LSSRLI-1计算所得土体剪应变分布同SHAKE2000和精确解相比偏差很小且对反应谱的影响可以忽略;某些情况下,软场地上LSSRLI-1计算出的土体剪应变分布同SHAKE2000和精确解相比明显偏大,该偏差会导致地表响应显著偏小,说明LSSRLI-1用于软场地地震反应分析时其剪应变求解方法有待改进。     

中硬场地下两种土层地震反应方法与精确解的对比

基于谐波入射下的波动理论频域精确解,导出线性时域精确解,并在Matlab环境中编制相应的计算程序;选取8个简化的中硬场地剖面,用LSSRLI-1、精确解和SHAKE2000三种方法计算各场地在不同输入条件下的地震反应。结果表明:程序计算所得地表反应谱和土体剪应变分布与SHAKE2000结果一致;LSSRLI-1方法得到的地表反应谱与前二者结果一致;LSSRLI-1方法在某些情况下得到的土体剪应变分布与另外二者结果存在较大偏差,该偏差对地表反应谱有着不可忽略甚至非常显著的影响。     

基于实际记录的现有等效线性化分析程序对比研究

根据我国建筑抗震设计规范中场地的分类原则,确定日本KiK-net中台站的场地类别。运用SHAKE2000和LSSRLI-1对不同类别场地的峰值加速度、反应谱、剪应变等进行计算,给出Ⅰ~Ⅳ类场地的计算结果,并将计算结果进行汇总后进行对比分析,得到不同场地条件下SHAKE2000和LSSRLI-1计算结果的差异以及计算结果与实测记录之间的差别。研究表明,土的动模量比、阻尼比的非线性以及场地类型对计算结果影响较大,Ⅰ、Ⅱ类场地中大多数情况下SHAKE2000和LSSRLI-1计算结果相差不大;Ⅲ、Ⅳ类场地中多数情况下SHAKE2000和LSSRLI-1计算结果相差不大。以实测记录为基准,SHAKE2000结果好于LSSRLI-1计算结果,特别是对于Ⅲ、Ⅳ类场地中,土体为强非线性工况而言,SHAKE2000结果要明显好于LSSRLI-1计算结果。初步分析表明,SHAKE2000与LSSRLI-1计算结果差异来自于计算剪应变的不同。     

唐山地区强震动记录的应用研究初探

本文给出了唐山地区强震动记录应用研究的两个实例,提出了建筑结构采用时程分析时选用强震动记录的原则和方法,通过对唐山地区强震动记录的分析处理,得到了其峰值加速度及加速度反应谱,确定了本地区进行弹性时程分析时选用的强震动记录;研究了局部场地条件对地震动影响的唐山响堂三维强震动观测台阵,以唐山响堂台阵2号测井(地下32m)的基岩强震动作为输入,通过2号测井的土层剖面,利用2个一维土层地震反应分析程序,分别计算得到地表的峰值加速度和加速度反应谱,并把计算结果与同次地震相应的地表强震动记录峰值加速度与加速度反应谱进行了对比分析。     

硬场地实测记录下几种土层地震反应分析程序可靠性对比

以日本KiK-net强震观测台网中硬场地井下记录为样本,对传统等效线性化方法LSSRLI-1（频域）、SHAKE2000,时域非线性方法DEEPSOIL和频域一致等效线性化方法SOILQUAKE等几种计算程序在硬土场地地震反应分析中的可靠性进行对比检验。检验工况包括KiK-net井下台网中地表峰值加速度不小于0.05g的水平硬场地的总计344台次的加速度记录,涉及5个台站,土层厚度6~50m,地表峰值加速度范围0.050~0.805g。结果表明:认为硬土场地以往计算方法能够体现土层放大的认识是片面的,在中强地震动情况下,现有流行方法计算出的地表响应会偏小,强地震动下会严重偏小,会给工程抗震设计提供偏于危险的输入;硬场地中烈度8度以下（地表PGA在0.19g以下）,SHAKE2000和DEEPSOIL、LSSRLI-1（频域）计算结果与实际记录差距可以接受,但烈度8度以上,计算出地表响应均较实际记录明显偏小,且随地震动强度增加差距急剧增大;硬场地中,无论何种烈度,SOILQUAKE16计算的地表加速度响应与实测相当,可体现出土层放大作用。     

基岩输入时程随机数对场地峰值加速度的影响研究

研究基岩输入时程随机数对场地峰值加速度的影响,对核电厂设计地震动参数的合理确定具有重要意义。本文选取了某重要核电站场地具有代表性的3个钻孔,建立了场地计算模型。根据确定性方法、概率性方法得到的基岩反应谱及其包络谱,基于不同随机数,分别合成了400条基岩输入时程。采用LSSRLI-1程序进行了场地地震反应,根据4800个计算结果,研究了不同随机数对地表峰值加速度的影响,给出了自然对数下峰值加速度标准差的估计,揭示了峰值加速度的分布规律,提出了对核电厂设计地震动参数合理确定的建议。     

汶川地震汉源县城高烈度异常区基岩地震动输入

合理的地震动输入是定量解释震害和烈度异常的基础.以汉源老县城震害为评价基准,确定了汉源老县城高烈度异常区的汶川地震基岩地震动输入.基于汉源老县城周边的九襄、清溪、宜东和乌斯河4个强震台站记录,采用LSSRLI-1程序反演给出了各自台站的水平向基岩地震动;选取汉源县城典型场地,利用LSSRLI-1程序计算给出了不同强震台站基岩地震动作用下的场地地表加速度时程和反应谱,以最可能引起汉源老县城震害的强震台站基岩地震动作为汉源县城的基岩地震动输入.研究结果表明:九襄台站反演的基岩地震动最可能反映汶川地震时汉源老县城的基岩地震动特性,因而用九襄台站的基岩地震动作为汉源老县城的地震动输入解释汉源县城高烈度异常现象是合理的.本文的研究思路为定量解释震害的地震动输入确定提供了重要参考.     

巨厚场地三种土层地震反应分析程序对比检验

利用日本Ki K-net强震动观测台网数据库中巨厚土层的井下地震记录,对新研发基于频率一致等效线性化的一维土层地震反应计算方法 SOILQUAKE16以及当今国际上两种代表性一维土层地震反应计算方法 SHAKE2000和DEEPSOIL5.0在巨厚场地的可靠性进行对比检验。检验工况包括了土层厚度分别是215 m和148 m两个台阵,取其中地表峰值加速度不小于0.02 g的60台次水平地震加速度记录,地表峰值加速度范围为0.024~0.425 g,加速度峰值放大系数2.76~4.01。对比检验结果表明:烈度6度和7度偏下的较弱地震动下,SOILQUAKE16、SHAKE2000和DEEPSOIL5.0四个方法结果精度相当,计算出地表PGA与加速度反应谱均与实际较为接近,此时几种方法皆可采用;烈度7度中上、8度和9度的较强地震动下,DEEPSOIL5.0和SHAKE2000计算出的地表PGA较实际记录偏小,且随地震动强度增加与实测结果差距急剧增大,甚至小于井下输入,加速度反应谱"矮粗胖"不合理现象严重,不宜采用;而SOILQUAKE16计算出的地表PGA和反应谱均与实际记录相当,克服了以上弱点,可体现出深厚土层的放大作用,建议采用。SOILQUAKE16计算程序现已通过网络平台http://www.soilquake.org.cn提供共享服务。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.