高原湖泊湿地保护与恢复:以云南石屏异龙湖国家湿地公园为例

异龙湖是是我国最南端的高原淡水湖,也是候鸟迁飞的重要通道。以云南石屏异龙湖国家湿地公园为研究对象,提出异龙湖高原湖泊保护与恢复原则,通过湖滨退化湿地修复、入湖河口湿地恢复、栖息地及物种恢复等工程的实施,实现异龙湖湿地的保护和修复,为高原湖泊型的湿地公园保护与恢复提供借鉴和参考。     

论洞庭湖湿地对污染物的净化作用

本文通过计算与分析,提出:洞庭湖特殊的水文泥沙条件、湖滨湿地的丧失和水生高等植被的缺乏等因素,是造成湿地去污效果低下的主要原因;通过退田还湖,恢复重建湖滨湿地和植被缓冲带,培育湖泊水生高等植被,以树代草,发展湿地林业等措施,可显著提高整个湖泊湿地系统的净化效果.     

论洞庭湖湿地对污染物的净化作用

本文通过计算与分析，提出：洞庭湖特殊的水文泥沙条件、湖滨湿地的丧失和水生高等植被的缺乏等因素，是造成湿地去污效果低下的主要原因；通过退田还湖，恢复重建湖滨湿地和植被缓冲带，培育湖泊水生高等植被，以树代草，发展湿地林业等措施，可显著提高整个湖泊湿地系统的净化效果。     

水位变化下菜子湖湿地多目标生态修复方案研究

水文过程塑造了湖泊湿地的主要生态结构和功能,筑坝拦蓄、跨流域调水和航运等人类活动对湖泊的水文节律产生了明显影响,开展水位变化下湖泊的多目标修复,能够使湖泊受到的破坏得到不同程度的恢复。在综述水位变化生态影响和湿地修复方法的基础上,提出了水位变化下的湖泊湿地多目标生态修复框架;在该框架的指导下,制定了引江济淮工程运行后菜子湖湿地的多目标生态修复方案;该方案能满足包括鱼类多样性保护、沉水植物恢复、泥滩和草本沼泽面积维持和水鸟多样性保护等多目标的湿地修复需求,在提高菜子湖湿地生态完整性、可持续性和生物多样性保护方面具有显著优势和可行性。     

湖沼学

湖泊学P5322005043068粒度和元素证据指示的居延海1.5KaBP来环境演化=EvolutionandclimatechangesoftheJuyanLakerevealedfromgrainsizeandgeochemistryelementsince1500aBP/靳鹤龄,肖洪浪…∥冰川冻土.—2005,27(2).—233～240东居延海湖相沉积的粒度和元素资料研究结果表明:明清以前湖泊的变化主要受气候变化的影响,温暖时期,气候偏湿,入湖水量增多,湖泊面积扩大,流域化学风化作用增强;寒冷时期,气候偏干,入湖水量减小,湖泊萎缩,流域化学风化作用减弱.明清之后特别是近40a来,由于黑河上中游地区大规模的土地开发及水资源利用,入湖水量…     

基于SCS和USLE的程海总磷总氮参照状态推断

将流域入湖的氮磷负荷分为点源和非点源两部分,基于SCS模型和USLE模型,分别计算流域入湖的溶解态和颗粒态非点源负荷,根据工业、城镇生活及规模养殖废水排放,计算了流域入湖的点源负荷。通过计算的入湖负荷和现有的湖泊氮磷浓度数据,建立了湖泊氮磷质量守恒模型。根据计算的逐年入湖氮磷负荷和建立的湖泊氮磷质量守恒模型,逆推逐年的湖泊氮磷浓度,确定湖泊氮磷参照状态。应用建立的模型推断程海的TP、TN参照状态分别为0.014 mg/L和0.247 mg/L。构建的湖泊氮磷参照状态推断模型,所需资料少,概念清晰,在资料缺乏的其他湖泊流域具有推广应用价值。     

天目湖水文特征变化及其对上游湿地和湖泊生态环境的影响

水文过程在湖泊和湿地形成、发育、演替甚至消亡过程中起重要作用,探讨天目湖水文特征变化及其对上游湿地和湖泊生态环境的影响有利于天目湖的保护和利用。利用1960~2001年实测的水文和气象资料,研究了天目湖的水文特征及其变化。42 a来,天目湖区的降水量略有增加,蒸发量逐渐减少,入湖水量不断增多,水位明显上升。采用吴淞高程对典型枯水年、平水年和丰水年天目湖湿地出露情况进行了分析,结果表明,枯水年17 m高程以下,平水年19 m以下,丰水年21 m以下为湿地,湿地面积在不同水分状况年份差别较大。水位上升引起的湿地面积增加丰富了湿地生态系统生物多样性。天目湖水文特征变化对湖泊水质有一定影响,一方面,由于径流量增加,入湖水携带了更多外界的污染物使湖泊污染加剧;另一方面,入湖水量增加和水位上升又会稀释湖中的污染物浓度。近年来天目湖水质总体上呈下降趋势。根据天目湖水文特征的变化和湖泊生态环境状况,提出了建立湿地公园、退渔还湖,调整湖泊水位等湿地管理和湖泊水质改善对策。     

浅析水质净化功能型河口生态湿地构建技术

河口区是河流终点与受水体结合的区域,在入湖河口区建设具有水质净化功能的湿地,能够有效削减河流携带进入湖泊的污染物总量,减少湖泊污染负荷,防治湖泊富营养化,对保护我国湿地资源具有重要意义。水质净化功能型生态湿地需强化生态修复功能,达成水质提升目标。基于水质净化功能的河口生态湿地规划与设计问题,从湿地选址、水质提升工艺流程设计、水生植物选择和生态管理等方面进行了研究与论述,为水质净化功能型河口区生态湿地的规划设计提供借鉴与参考。     

环青海湖湿地调查与遥感分类

环青海湖湿地面积较大、类型丰富,是青海湖野生动物的重要栖息生境。利用遥感技术进行影像分类,并结合实地调查,建立环青海湖湿地资源分类系统,对该区域湿地资源的现状与分布特征进行研究。该区现有湿地4588.8352km2,以湖体为主。湿地类型有沼泽湿地、湖泊湿地和河流湿地,都为天然湿地,有河口湿地、湖滨湿地、盐碱化沼泽、季节性漫滩、沼泽、淡水湖泊、湖体(咸水湖泊)、河流8个亚类。结合环青海湖湿地的地貌特征、水文特征、植被类型以及生物状况,对青海湖典型湿地的成因和分布特点进行了详细描述,为青海湖湿地研究和保护提供依据。     

湖泊集水域地表-地下径流联合模拟

研制了流域尺度的地表- 地下径流联合模拟的分布式水文模型。模型考虑了地表径流、土 壤水、地下水之间的相互作用和水量交换, 更真实地模拟径流系统。特别是, 考虑了湖泊- 流域系 统的特点, 例如, 多条入湖河流、直接入湖的坡面水流和地下入湖径流等, 使模型比现有水文模型 更适合于湖泊集水域径流系统的模拟。模型在云南抚仙湖集水域作了初步应用研究, 模拟结果与 河道径流、土壤含水量和地下水位等观测数据的比较显示, 模型模拟效果理想。此外, 模拟结果与 SCS 模型结果的对比分析, 进一步验证了模型的有效性。该模型可用于研究湖泊与流域的相互作 用、模拟流域水文过程对自然条件改变或人类活动的响应、探究地表径流- 地下水- 湖泊之间的相 互作用。模型也可用作湖泊- 流域系统水量平衡分析和水资源管理的有效计算工具。     

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS OF SHALLOW LAKE IN THE ZHALONG WETLAND

1 INTRODUCTIONNitrogen and phosphorus in the water are the nu-trients limited in natural wetlands,which seriously in-fluence on the ecosystem production and the biodiver-sity(Mitsch,Grosselin,2000).Nitrogen and phos-phorus recycles have been interrupted b…     

Eco-compensation effects of the wetland recovery in Dongting Lake area

Eco-compensation is an environmental economic instrument for internalization of external cost. Returning farmland to lake is one of the important parts of restoring wetland ecosystem function in the Yangtze River Valley of China. Whether the project of lake recovery can be successful depends on the compensation to the farmers who have lost their original benefits and contributed to the wetland ecosystem recovery by returning farmland to lake. Aiming at the wetland recovery of the Dongting Lake, the practical implementation of programs of the lake recovery and flood control in this area has been challenged by the heavy task of population resettlement, so it is an ideal area for case studies to reach the academic objectives proposed as the above. Based on field survey and experimentation, this research evaluated the benefit losses of the resettled farmers and the increased values of ecosystem service functions caused by wetland recovery, and furthermore, the value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers was calculated by considering the combination of the farmers’ compensation appeal. The value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers in the Dongting Lake area was 6084.5 yuan per household by synthetic analysis of the effects on wetland ecosystem restoration. Moreover, this article took Dongting Lake area as a case to study and explore the basic issues of the eco-compensation by returning farmland to lake, that was who should pay, who should be paid, how much the payment was and what the payment means was, which sought the mechanisms of wetland restoration eco-compensation and prompted the people’s enthusiasms for ecological restoration.     

洞庭湖平原退田还湖区湿地生态功能建设初探

洞庭湖湿地是我国最大的淡水湖泊湿地生态系统之一，湿地资源丰富；由于人类长期不合理的开发利用，特别围湖造田等一系列人类活动影响，使湿地生态环境受到严重的破坏，洪涝灾害频繁，影响了湖区人民的生产生活；因此退田还湖、防洪减灾，恢复湿地，开展退田还湖区湿地生态功能区建设，不仅有利于湿地资源的保护，而且对发展湖区经济，改善湖区人民的生产生活具有十分重要的意义。     

Heavy metal records in the sediments of Nanyihu Lake,China: influencing factors and source identification

In 2008, three short sedimentary cores were collected from Nanyihu Lake in the lower Yangtze River Basin using a gravity corer. Heavy metals, including Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Mn, and major elements, including Al, Fe, K, Na, Mg and Ti, were measured. Radionuclides, including ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs, were analyzed to date the sediments. The significant Mn enrichment in the uppermost sediments of the three cores did not influence the distribution of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni. The Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni contents have increased over the past 30–40 years. The decline of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios toward the surface indicated increasing anthropogenic Pb loading to the lake sediments. However, the heavy metal enrichment was low overall because of the high sediment accumulation rates and the low anthropogenic heavy metal flux into the Nanyihu Lake.     

广西西津库区湿地旅游资源开发与保护

西津水库是广西最大的人工淡水湖。在野外考察的基础上，对该库区湿地旅游资源进行了评价。根据评价结果，针对库区湿地特殊的服务功能、提出对其旅游资源进行合理开发和保护的设想。结果表明：作为重要的自然生态环境和舒适性资源，该库库区湿地旅游资源类型丰富，生态旅游资源品位高，并具有后发优势，具较高的旅游开发价值．宜于发展以生态旅游为主题的生态观光、寻幽探险、水上娱乐、疗养健身、休闲度假、科学考察、商务会议、科普教育等形式的旅游。提出西津库区湿地旅游资源开发必须遵照可持续发展理念．把握人与自然和谐。，在保护的基础上．发展湿地旅游业．有利于更好地保护湿地．并促进当地经济社会的发展。     

西洞庭湖湿地景观空间结构的完整性分析与优化对策

选取2005年两洞庭湖湿地的遥感影像,利用GIS技术、MapInfo Professional 6．5 SCP软件和景观结构分析软件FRAGSTATS,应用景观生态学的理论和方法,对两洞庭湖湿地景观空间结构的完整性进行了分析。结果表明：①区域内斑块分维数相差不大,但荒草地和杨树末成林受人为干扰明显且形状规则,其分维数趋近于1;②区域内湿地景观类型体系中各类湿地所占比例差异较大,分配不太均匀,其中湖泊景观优势明显;整个区域的破碎化程度高,除湖泊外,其他类型的湿地受人类干扰较大。基于上述分析,提出了更新和调整湿地生境、合理布局功能区、强化湿地综合管理和开展湿地生态旅游等优化对策。     

Evaluation of conservative lithogenic elements (Ti,Zr, Al,and Rb) to study anthropogenic element enrichments in lake sediments

In lake sediment investigations of heavy metal pollution history, it has become a common approach to calculate enrichment factors (EFs) by normalizing elemental distributions to a reference lithogenic element. However, this approach requires that the reference element remains stable once it has been deposited to the sediment (it is not affected by diagenetic processes). This is rarely studied in well-controlled field experiments. Here, we test the commonly used reference elements titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al), and rubidium (Rb). We use a unique series of freeze cores collected in different years since 1979 in Lake Nylandssjön in northern Sweden. This lake has sediment with distinct varves (annually laminated deposit). Element concentrations in individual varves were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. By tracking the newly formed surface varve from different cores across this core series, i.e., following the element concentration in a specific varve as it becomes progressively aged, it was possible to assess the potential impact of diagenetic processes on geochemical signatures. Results confirm the conservative character of the studied elements; there was neither an increasing nor a decreasing concentration trend with time during sediment ageing for any of these elements. Secondly, we addressed the question ‘which of them is the most appropriate for EFs estimates with the aim of distinguishing anthropogenic from geogenic inputs, for example in pollution studies’. To assess the reliability of the EFs we used lead (Pb) as an example, because anthropogenic Pb in the sediment could be independently calculated using stable Pb isotopes. When anthropogenic Pb concentrations calculated with Pb-EFs were compared to the anthropogenic Pb concentrations derived from stable Pb isotopes, the differences found were 20% for Ti, 10% for Zr, 11% for Al, and 27% for Rb when upper continental crust concentrations were used for the background ratio. Based on the results from Nylandssjön our suggestions are that (1) when using EFs on a single core, which is the normal case in paleolimnology, multiple reference elements should be used together and (2) the results from those should be critically evaluated.     

鄱阳湖湿地水位与洲滩淹露模型构建

水是控制湿地生态过程的一个重要因子,为了研究洲滩变化和湿地草洲生长发育规律,以便更好地监测和保护湿地生态系统,有必要研究鄱阳湖水体变化特征,分析湿地洲滩水位的时空动态变化和洲滩淹露规律。本文以鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区为例,在对鄱阳湖多年水位进行分析的基础上,利用多时相遥感影像和DEM提取湿地洲滩特征;并在GIS支持下综合考虑地形、鄱阳湖水位、湖泊缓冲区等因素,建立了湿地水位及洲滩淹露模型。时空验证结果表明,该模型具有较好的模拟效果,精度在85%以上。同时,本文根据研究区特点及水体在TM2、7波段的特征差异,构建了一个新的水体指数FDWI,提取水体精度达到98%,特别是对潮湿的沙地、植被和云有很好的区分能力。     

西藏高原湿地生态系统特征及其保护对策

湿地是地球上具有多种功能的、独特的生态系统,西藏拥有我国特有的大面积高海拔湿地生态系统。西藏高原湿地包括自然湿地和人工湿地两大类型,湿地总面积为3 126 253.33hm2,占全区土地总面积的2.59％。西藏湿地生态系统的主要特点是湿地类型丰富,天然湿地面积大,占湿地总面积的99.09％,天然湿地又以湖泊型湿地和河流型湿地为主,分别占全区湿地面积的82.36％和14.71％;湿地分布广但不平衡;湿地生物多样性丰富。西藏高原湿地生态系统的脆弱性主要表现在湖泊水位下降、湖泊面积萎缩,河流径流量呈减少趋势,沼泽湿地退化等方面。鉴于高原湿地生态功能的重要性,作者提出了加强西藏高原湿地生态系统的保护对策。     

宁德市东湖湿地鸟类资源调查与保护

2003年3月-2004年4月,在宁德三都湾东湖湿地及其周边地区进行了10次湿地鸟类资源连续调查。调查表明:宁德东湖湿地生物多样性丰富,特别是湿地水禽种类繁多,数量巨大,发现鸟类12目26科80种,计20119只。宁德东湖湿地是福建省鸟类资源的重要分布区,是各类水禽的理想栖息地、越冬地和迁徙地,但存在因开发建设湖面缩小、市区大量生活污水污染水质、湖体淤积、陆地化过快等问题。为此,保护和恢复东湖湿地、建立湿地公园已是势在必行。