双流机场秋季飞机颠簸的规律及云图特征分析

本文根据四川航空公司A319、A320机队在双流机场起降的飞机记录的QAR资料,研究了成都双流机场秋季起降飞机出现颠簸的规律,并分析了其形成颠簸的气象原因,根据产生颠簸时风云二号卫星云图,分析了飞机颠簸与卫星云图上的云状的关系。     

双流机场秋季飞机颠簸的规律及云图特征分析

本文根据四川航空公司A319、A320机队在双流机场起降的飞机记录的QAR资料,研究了成都双流机场秋季起降飞机出现颠簸的规律,并分析了其形成颠簸的气象原因,根据产生颠簸时风云二号卫星云图,分析了飞机颠簸与卫星云图上的云状的关系.     

卫星云图上的卷云云型与晴空颠簸

本文论述了卫星云图上的急流卷云、波状卷云和地形卷云的云图特征,通过对这些卷云的形成过程的分析,提出这些地区都会出现中度到强烈的飞机颠簸.     

卫星云图上的卷云云型与晴空颠簸

本文论述了卫星云图上的急流卷云、波状卷云和地形卷云的云图特征，通过对这些卷云的形成过程的分析，提出这些地区都会出现中度到强烈的飞机颠簸。     

一次春季江淮气旋的云图特征分析

利用卫星云图、水汽图象和常规观测资料，分析了一次江淮气旋发展的云系演变和水汽输送情况，并用飞机观测资料分析云系的结构和降水特点。认为卫星云图和水汽图象能及时反映天气演变和水汽输送特征，对飞机增雨作业的时机选择有较好的指导作用     

从卫星云图上看到的春季高原上两类云系

根据1971—1976年卫星云图,我们发现春季西藏高原上涡旋云系、横向云带出现的机会很多,这些云系一般有一定的流场相配合。本文对这两类云系的特征进行初步概括。由于篇幅所限,每一类类型只给1—2张云图,其他图略。 春季高原上的涡旋云系 春季西藏高原上的低涡云系出现机会较多。有人曾经将高原上的低涡云系在卫星云图上的表现分为五种:即涡旋状云系、近于圆状的云区、半环状云区、长条形云系、逗点云     

飞机人工增雨催化作业云系结构特征分析

利用ＧＭＳ－５卫星云图资料，配合雷达，探空、Ｍ－ＬＤＡＲＳ闪电定位探测系统观测资料及常规天气资料，对１９９７年３月１３日飞机人工增雨催化作业云的宏观结构特征及其演变规律作了综合分析。结果表明，卫星云图上逼点云系的主要降水云是以片絮状回波结构为主的层状云降水区，云内含水量充沛，适合于飞机人工增雨作业。在云系东侧边及尾部，不断生成有中尺度对流回波系统，不仅造成了局地较强降水，而且产生了雷暴天气。     

盆地突发性暴雨的一种云系演变特征及其与降水的联系

利用云图分析系统对１９９５．８．２３突发性暴雨过程的分析,揭示了四川盆地内突发性暴雨过程的一种云系演变机制。在某些特定环境条件下,大尺度辐合系统本身有对应云系出现,但不会产生降水。在其前方的暖区中由于中度作用产生强对流云图,通常表现为孤立的中尺度对流辐合体,审高强度降水的直接产生系统。但这类中尺度对流体的降水通常是离散的。大尺度系统云系和中尺度对流体合并可以改变中尺度对流体的演变进程,延长期 内部     

一次高空槽过境引起的飞机颠簸系列事件分析

利用FNL再分析资料和卫星云图,对2015年1月11日至12日期间发生在中南管制区域的20次飞机颠簸事件进行分析,结果表明:(1)飞机颠簸事件是由高空槽过境引起,槽前有非常明显的高空急流,颠簸区域随着高空槽的东移而向东移动。(2)颠簸区垂直方向上主要发生在300hPa高度附近,水平方向上则位于急流轴的右侧风速切变的最大区域及不同风速的交界处。(3)此次系列颠簸事件多数发生在盾状卷云区,可结合卫星云图资料对颠簸区域进行识别和预报。     

华北地区晴空颠簸的分类特征及分析

以2005-008年发生在北京飞行管制区范围内的18例晴空颠簸为样本,在普查颠簸发生时天气形势的基础上,对造成华北地区晴空颠簸的天气形势进行分类,分为高空急流型、高空槽线型、切变线型和高空脊型.并结合卫星云图,归纳总结了每类晴空颠簸的特点和预报着眼点.通过对2006年1月2日发生在华北地区的一次飞机颠簸过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:在高空急流区边缘风切变较大及与高空急流相联系的等温线密集区边缘温度梯度较大的区域易产生颠簸.飞机颠簸的发生, 是温度平流通过在高空急流附近的等温线密集区边缘所激发出的垂直运动引起.     

AREM simulations of cloud features over eastern China in February 2001

Based on the simulations of cloud features in February 2001 by the regional numerical weather prediction model-Advanced Regional Eta-coordinate Model (AREM), the dynamic and thermodynamic conditions for middle cloud formation over eastern China are studied. Diagnostic analysis partly confirms the previous suggestion that the middle stratiform clouds downstream of the Tibetan Plateau are maintained by the frictional and blocking effects of the plateau. In addition, it is found that the temperature inversion at plateau height over eastern China generated by the warm air advected from the plateau provides a favorable thermodynamic condition for middle clouds. Both diurnal variations of the mid-level divergence and the inversion over eastern China, which are determined by the atmospheric boundary activity over the Tibetan Plateau, dominate the cloud diurnal cycle. The middle cloud amount decreases and the cloud top falls in the daytime, but reverses at night. The comparison of cloud features between the simulations and the observations also proves that the AREM can well capture the distinctive continental stratiform cloud features downstream of the Tibetan Plateau.     

广西区域性冰雹天气的云图特征分型研究

基于2007-2017年风云系列卫星云图资料,结合高空、地面常规观测资料,针对广西23次区域性冰雹天气过程,从主要影响系统及卫星云图云型特征方面建立3种区域性冰雹卫星云图概念模型,即华北低槽型、高原东部低槽型以及南支槽东移型。结果表明：高空槽云系的位置和所属模型类型较为关键,冰雹云团多起源于高空槽前底部;华南沿海的副热带急流云系对冰雹云团的发生发展起到重要作用,冰雹云团通常发生在副热带急流云系的北侧晴空区中;广西区域性典型冰雹云团表现为长椭圆形,上风方向边界光滑呈"V"型并沿下风方向伸出很长的卷云砧。     

Convective and Stratiform Cloud Rainfall Estimation from Geostationary Satellite Data

The Bayes Decision (BD) method was used to distinguish the corrective and stratiform components of cloud sys-tems from GMS-4 satellite data. A technique originally developed by Adler and Negri (1988, hereafter abbreviated AN) was improved for estimating the convective and stratiform cloud precipitation areas and rates of cloud systems from GMS satellite imagery. It has been applied to a tropical cyclonic cloud cluster observed over east coast area of China on September 23, 1992, which brought about flood disaster in that region. Overlaid 6-hour surface rainfall ob-servations show that the rainfall areas and amounts match with results from improved AN technique. The successful application of the Adler and Negri’s technique to convective and stratiform clouds provides encouragement for the use of this method over large region of mid-latitude China where radar data are not fully covered.     

Modelling the mean and turbulent structure of the summertime Arctic cloudy boundary layer

This paper addresses the problem of modelling the summertime Arctic cloudy boundary layer. Specifically we consider the problem of multi-layered clouds in the boundary layer that includes the decoupling of the turbulence between upper and lower clouds. A high-resolution one-dimensional model with second-order turbulence closure and spectral radiative transfer is used to simulate a case study that was obtained during the 1980 Arctic Stratus Experiment. The effects of radiation, large-scale vertical motion and drizzle are investigated in sensitivity studies. Results of this study show that radiative transfer is important to the maintenance of the multiple cloud layers, and suggest that weak rising vertical motion is the most favorable situation to maintain two separate cloud layers.     

基于探空云识别方法的云垂直结构分布特征

云的垂直结构特征作为云重要的宏观特征之一,直接决定了云的类型,进而通过发射和吸收辐射的方式影响着地气系统的能量收支平衡,因此对云垂直结构特征的研究一直都是云物理研究的一个重要方向。作为观测云垂直结构特征的一种方式,探空气球通过获取沿路径方向高分辨率的廓线信息,采用一定反演方法从而能够较为准确的识别云的垂直结构。本文即利用我国业务布网探空站的观测资料,采用相对湿度阈值法识别云垂直结构,并同激光云高仪、“风云四号”静止卫星和毫米波云雷达对识别的云结构特征量进行了一致性检验。在此基础上,统计分析了2015～2017年单层、两层和三层云的垂直结构分布特征、日变化和季节变化特征以及全国区域分布特征,结果表明:（1）整体分布上,单层云在垂直方向上出现的高度范围介于多层云的高度范围内,并且随着云层数的增加,云在垂直方向上更为伸展,即高层云越高,低层云越低;（2）在日变化中,中午单层和多层云中最低层云的云底高度均高于早晨,而夜间单层和多层云中最高层云的云顶高度则高于早晨和中午,同时中间层云厚的变化要小于最上层和最下层云厚的变化;（3）在季节变化中,夏季云量较其他季节更多,云体发展也更为深厚,表明温暖的大气条件更有利于云的形成和发展;（4）我国云垂直结构分布特征具有明显的纬向变化趋势,从以青藏高原为中心的西南地区的云底较高云体较薄的云,逐步过渡到以东南沿海地区为中心的云底较低云体较为深厚的云,表明不同地形和气候带的差异与不同云类型的分布直接相关。     

冰雹云卫星早期识别与自动预警

利用陕西、山东、贵州和新疆等地近十年日间降雹记录和对应的极轨卫星数据,采用卫星云微物理反演技术,定量分析冰雹云微物理特征,比较不同地区间差异,并利用FY-4A静止卫星定量分析一次冰雹过程云微物理特征演变,探讨冰雹云卫星识别预警应用潜力。结果表明:（1）陕西、山东等地冰雹云微物理特征具有一致性,卫星早期识别指标为:晶化温度（T_g）较冷,均值为?33°C;全部冰晶化时T_g对应的云粒子有效半径r_e（表征为r_eg）未饱和（<40 μm）,均值36.9 μm,且r_eg 越小冰雹云越强;云顶呈现r_e随高度减小带。（2）各地冰雹云早期识别指标在数值上存在一定差异,实际应用时应针对各地进行相应调整。（3）在静止卫星上,冰雹云微物理特征与极轨卫星相一致,将早期识别指标应用于FY-4A静止卫星,跟踪云团发展演变,实现自动预警。（4）经过4次降雹过程中应用,FY-4A卫星自动预警与实况吻合22次,漏报2次,自动预警平均提前约2小时。FY-4A卫星自动预警对及时有效组织实施人工防雹作业具有重要现实意义。     

STUDY ON CLOUD CLASSIFICATIONS BY USING AVHRR,GMS-5 AND TERRA/MODIS SATELLITE DATA

This paper presents the automated pixel-scale neural network classification methods beingdeveloped at National Satellite Meteorological Center(NSMC)of China to classify clouds by usingNOAA/AVHRR and GMS-5 satellite imageries.By using Terra satellite MODIS imageries,anautomated pixel-scale threshold technique has been developed to detect and classify clouds.Thestudy focuses on applications of these cloud classification techniques to the Huaihe River and theChangjiang(Yangtze)River drainage basin.The different types of clouds show more clearly onthis cloud classification image than single band image.The results of the cloud classifications arethe basis of studying cloud amount,cloud top height and cloud top pressure.Cloud mask methodsare widely used in SST,LST,and TPW retrieval schemes.Some case studies about cloud maskand cloud classification in satellite imageries,which are related with the study of Global Energyand Water Cycle Experiment(GEWEX)in the Huaihe River and the Changjiang River drainagebasin are illustrated.     

Evaluation of cloud properties in the NOAA/NCEP global forecast system using multiple satellite products

Knowledge of cloud properties and their vertical structure is important for meteorological studies due to their impact on both the Earth’s radiation budget and adiabatic heating within the atmosphere. The objective of this study is to evaluate bulk cloud properties and vertical distribution simulated by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (GFS) using three global satellite products. Cloud variables evaluated include the occurrence and fraction of clouds in up to three layers, cloud optical depth, liquid water path, and ice water path. Cloud vertical structure data are retrieved from both active (CloudSat/CALIPSO) and passive sensors and are subsequently compared with GFS model results. In general, the GFS model captures the spatial patterns of hydrometeors reasonably well and follows the general features seen in satellite measurements, but large discrepancies exist in low-level cloud properties. More boundary layer clouds over the interior continents were generated by the GFS model whereas satellite retrievals showed more low-level clouds over oceans. Although the frequencies of global multi-layer clouds from observations are similar to those from the model, latitudinal variations show discrepancies in terms of structure and pattern. The modeled cloud optical depth over storm track region and subtropical region is less than that from the passive sensor and is overestimated for deep convective clouds. The distributions of ice water path (IWP) agree better with satellite observations than do liquid water path (LWP) distributions. Discrepancies in LWP/IWP distributions between observations and the model are attributed to differences in cloud water mixing ratio and mean relative humidity fields, which are major control variables determining the formation of clouds.     

STUDY ON CLOUD CLASSIFICATIONS BY USING AVHRR,GMS-5 AND TERRA/MODIS SATELLITE DATA*

This paper presents the automated pixel-scale neural network classification methods being developed at National Satellite Meteorological Center(NSMC) of China to classify clouds by using NOAA/AVHRR and GMS-5 satellite imageries.By using Terra satellite MODIS imageries,an automated pixel-scale threshold technique has been developed to detect and classify clouds.The study focuses on applications of these cloud classification techniques to the Huaihe River and the Changjiang(Yangtze) River drainage basin.The different types of clouds show more clearly on this cloud classification image than single band image.The results of the cloud classifications are the basis of studying cloud amount,cloud top height and cloud top pressure.Cloud mask method sare widely used in SST,LST,and TPW retrieval schemes.Some case studies about cloud mask and cloud classification in satellite imageries,which are related with the study of Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment(GEWEX) in the Huaihe River and the Changjiang River drainage basin are illustrated.     

卫星云图、雷达回波在人工增雨时机选择中的应用

概述了干旱期间选择飞机和高炮人工增雨作业时机的方法，以2000年6～7月哈尔滨地区特大干旱期间进行的飞机和高炮人工增雨作业为例，利用卫星云图和雷达回波资料选择的作业时间和作业区域应是比较有利的。因为从卫星云图中的水汽图、红外和可见光云图上可分析出云系中的含水量、云顶温度、云系强度，在此基础上利用天气雷达跟踪订正，可直接指挥飞机和高炮在有利的区域和时间内进行作业，获得了明显的效果。