砖石古塔抗震性能评估方法及抗震加固措施研究

为了提高砖石古塔的抗震性能,针对其地震反应特点,研究了砖石古塔的抗震薄弱部位、抗震性能评估方法、评价指标以及抗震加固措施。主要研究结论为:（1）提出了采用极限承载能力与层间位移角2个指标综合评估砖石古塔的抗震性能,并通过工程实例验证了该方法的有效性。（2）提出了对穿锚杆锁定内外钢带围箍和竖向贯穿钢筋为主,聚丙烯酸脂乳液砂浆裂缝注浆为辅的砖石古塔综合抗震加固措施。（3）砖石古塔塔底截面为承载能力抗震薄弱部位,抗拉能力不足是导致塔体破坏的主要原因。（4）地震作用下,砖石古塔随着塔体层数的增加,层间位移角增大,顶层塔体为变形能力薄弱部位。该研究结果可为砖石古塔的抗震性能评估与抗震加固提供参考。     

An approximate method for soil-structure interaction for sh-waves—the born approximation

An approximate method is proposed for the scattering of SH-waves by foundations of irregular shape and the resulting soil-structure interaction problems. The scattering of elastic waves by the rigid foundation embedded in half-space is solved approximately by using integral representation of the wave equation. The procedure is the Born approximation which has been widely used in quantum mechanics for collision and scattering theory though not well-known in elastodynamics. This paper extends the previous work of the authors on the scattering of waves to account for soil-structure interaction. The motion of the foundation is evaluated by the balance of momentum under stresses due to the incident waves as well as the waves generated by its own motion and the forces coming from the superstructure. The model investigated consists of an infinitely long elastic shear wall of height H and thickness h erected on a rigid infinitely long foundation. Results are presented for the cases with circular, elliptical and rectangular foundations. For a circular foundation, excellent agreement is found with the exact solutions for the foundation displacement and the relative displacement between the top and bottom of the structure for the entire range of wave numbers. For an elliptical foundation, accuracy decreases with increasing wave numbers. Foundation displacements are compared for foundation shapes that are shallow elliptical, deep elliptical, rectangular and circular. It is observed that foundation displacements are dependent on the angle of incidence except for a semi-circle. The results on the details of the scattered field are, however, not as accurate.     

Field testing of stiffened deep cement mixing piles under lateral cyclic loading

Construction of seaside and underground wall bracing often uses stiffened deep cement mixed columns (SDCM). This research investigates methods used to improve the level of bearing capacity of these SDCM when subjected to cyclic lateral loading via various types of stiffer cores. Eight piles, two deep cement mixed piles and six stiffened deep cement mixing piles with three different types of cores, H shape cross section prestressed concrete, steel pipe, and H-beam steel, were embedded though soft clay into medium-hard clay on site in Thailand. Cyclic horizontal loading was gradually applied until pile failure and the hysteresis loops of lateral load vs. lateral deformation were recorded. The lateral carrying capacities of the SDCM piles with an H-beam steel core increased by 3-4 times that of the DCM piles. This field research clearly shows that using H-beam steel as a stiffer core for SDCM piles is the best method to improve its lateral carrying capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity.     

基础刚度对砖石古塔地震响应影响研究

以西安万寿寺塔纠偏工程为研究背景,分别建立增加圈梁、圈梁-地梁组合以及圈梁-地梁-托盘组合模型下的塔体与基础协同工作模型。采用时程分析法,对不同基础刚度条件下塔体的地震响应进行分析及评估,结果表明:(1)增大基础刚度的同时结构的地震位移响应将会被放大,但应力时程曲线的波动范围随之缩小、幅值减小;(2)增设圈梁时由于塔底三向受力,塔底应力将被放大;(3)进行基础完全托换能够大幅改善塔底在地震作用下的受力状态。在塔体加固维修时应综合考虑地震作用下塔体的位移放大效应与塔体应力分布的影响,选取合适的基础刚度。     

The amplitude ratioPcP/P and the core-mantle boundary

Summary Using the Haskell matrix formulation, theoretical reflection coefficient curves have been calculated for a multi-layered core-mantle boundary for comparison with observational data. Two cases are considered, first when the shear velocity in the core is equal to zero and second when the core has a finite rigidity. If the velocity contrast is large between the imbedded layer and the mantle, the reflection coefficient curves for the multi-layered medium are irregular in shape as compared to those for two half-spaces, representing the core and the mantle, respectively. The reflection coefficient curves show an oscillatory character if the imbedded layer is thick and has a high velocity contrast.The observational data consist of short-period vertical-component seismograph records ofP andPcP from nuclear explosions in the Aleutian chain, Nevada, Novaya Zemlya, Kazakh and Sahara. Attenuation and geometrical spreading are taken into consideration. Four different models for the quality factorQ are applied to the observational data. The data are found to be much affected by theQ-model used for the corrections.Based on proposedQ-values, a model for the core-mantle boundary is found, characterized by two low-velocity layers at the bottom of the mantle. The thicknesses are 16.10 km (outer layer) and 19.96 km (inner layer), the compressional wave velocities 12.17 km/sec and 10.94 km/sec and the shear wave velocities are 6.29 km/sec and 5.33 km/sec, respectively. A better fit to this model is found when in addition the shear velocity in the outer core is 2.20 km/sec and the density ratio at the core-mantle boundary is 1.07. In other words, the observations favour a layer of finite rigidity in the outer core rather than a fluid one.     

可液化地基土三维地震响应分析

编制完全耦合的三维排水有效应力动力反应分析程序，对可液化地基进行三维地震响应分析，探讨了不同土性参数、不同土层构成和不同附加压重等因素对可液化地基抗液化性能的影响。结果表明：在地震荷载作用下，天然饱和砂土地基中的超孔隙水压力随深度的增大而增大；在不同深度处，超孔压峰值到达的时刻比地震加速度峰值到达的时刻要晚；随输入地震加速度的减弱，深层处的超孔压开始消散或基本保持不变，浅层处的超孔压保持不变或略有上升，这一现象与土性参数、输入地震荷载的情况等因素有关；土性参数对土体本身的抗液化性能有重要影响，初始孔隙比越小，相对密度越大，土体的抗液化能力越强；附加压重有利于地基抗液化能力的提高；随着附加压重的增大，超孔压比减小；附加压重对地基中超孔隙水压力的增长有明显的抑制作用。     

鲜水河断裂带南段深部电性结构特征研究

通过对新都桥一小金剖面的大地电磁测深及重磁实测资料研究,结合区域地质资料,对鲜水河断裂带南段及邻区深部构造、壳内高导层、电性结构与历史地震的关系进行了研究.结果表明:(1)鲜水河断裂带深浅表现出不同特征,浅部是以地壳脆性-剪切带为主的断裂系统,深部是以走滑型-壳幔韧性剪切带为主的断裂系统,断裂呈花状形态,深部到达上地幔;(2)在丹巴构造带及鲜水河断裂带的中下地壳,广泛发育壳内高导层,其分布具有不均匀性,且与断裂带构造活动有关;(3)在鲜水河断裂带的走滑剪切作用下,上地壳物质发生原地重熔产生花岗岩浆是折多山花岗岩形成的主要机制;(4)鲜水河断裂带地震发生机理与塑性软弱层密切相关,受塑性软弱层拖拽作用,应力区集中在高阻体脆性介质内部靠近断层一侧,使得岩石破碎而发生地震.     

Mechanisms of failure for shallow foundations under earthquake loading

It is widely known that the bearing capacity of a shallow foundation is reduced when the foundation is subjected to rocking moments and horizontal loads during an earthquake event. Analytical solutions generally require an assumption to be made of the kinematic failure mechanism in the soil, when the true failure mechanism is unknown. This paper discusses a series of experiments carried out on a new 1g shaking table at Cambridge University in order to measure the displacements of a shallow foundation due to seismic loading and also the development of the failure mechanism within the soil. The failure mechanism was studied using the technique of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), combined with high-speed videography and photogrammetry. In this paper, the failure mechanisms observed in these experiments will be compared with the theoretical results found from upper- and lower-bound solutions and the effects of such parameters as earthquake magnitude, frequency and embedment ratio (and hence surcharge) will be discussed.     

Centrifuge modelling of reverse fault–foundation interaction

The propagation of reverse faults through soil to the ground surface has been observed to cause damage to surface infrastructure. However, the interaction between a fault propagating through a sand layer and a shallow foundation can be beneficial for heavily loaded foundations by causing deviation of the fault away from the foundation. This was studied in a series of centrifuge model tests in which reverse faults of dip angle 60° (at bedrock level) were initiated through a sand layer, close to shallow foundations. The tests revealed subtle interaction between the fault and the shallow foundation so that the foundation and soil response depend on the foundation loading, position, breadth and flexibility. Heavily loaded rigid foundations appeared best able to deviate fault rupture away from the foundation but this deviation could be associated with significant foundation rotations. However, a lightly loaded foundation was unable to deviate a reverse fault and the fault emerged beneath the foundation. This led to gapping beneath the foundation as well as significant rotations and may cause severe structural distress. As well as providing insight into the mechanisms of behaviour, the data from the tests is used to validate finite element analyses in a separate article.     

京津及河北省中部的重力三维正演结果及其地质意义

使用重力资料推断解释地壳深部构造,关键在于浅层影响的消除。作者广泛收集整理了研究区的浅层地质资料,用三维重力正演方法逐层消除其影响,获得了一些较好的结果。在正演计算中发现,一些构造在下第三系以下已基本消失;而另一些构造却在此深度才逐渐显露。我们认为,浅层地质资料越完整准确,则三维重力正演计算的结果也将越好。在地壳深部构造的研究中,此方法与人工地震测深得到的地壳厚度基本一致,而花费却很低廉。它也是研究深浅构造关系的一种好方法。      

Rocking response of flexible circular foundations on layered media

The analysis of the response of a flexible circular foundation on layered media due to an arbitrarily distributed vertical loading is presented. The analysis is based on the ‘ring method’ approach, i.e. discretization of the foundation in a set of concentric rings. The arbitrarily distributed loading is expanded in the circumferential direction in a Fourier series. The influence coefficient matrix of soil for each element of the series is evaluated utilizing the stiffness matrix approach. The stiffness matrix of the foundation is obtained from the finite difference energy method approach. Numerical examples illustrate the influence of several soil-foundation parameters on the rocking response of a foundation. Results are presented in terms of displacement and soil reaction distributions and impedance functions point to significantly different responses of flexible and rigid foundations.     

Numerical analysis of liquefaction-induced bearing capacity degradation of shallow foundations on a two-layered soil profile

Earthquake-induced excess pore pressure build-up and the associated shear strength degradation of liquefiable soils may result in bearing capacity degradation and seismic settlement accumulation of shallow foundations, two detrimental effects which need to be taken into account in order to ensure a viable performance-based design. This paper focuses on the first effect, in the case of strip and rectangle footings, resting on a deep liquefiable soil layer overlaid by a thinner non-liquefiable clay crust. A simplified analytical methodology is presented, based on the Meyerhof and Hanna [14] composite failure mechanism and the use of a reduced friction angle for the liquefied sand. The methodology is verified and evaluated against parametric numerical analyses with the Finite Difference Method, applying an advanced bounding surface constitutive model to account for the liquefied sand response. In addition, the existence of a critical clay crust thickness is explored, beyond which subsoil liquefaction does not affect the bearing capacity of the foundation.     

The deep and shallow structure,composition and its relation to earthquakes in Chaoyang — Yixian seismic region

This paper describes synthetically the seismic activity, deep and shallow structures and rock dynamic features in and near Chaoyang—Yixian region. It is supposed that there is a low velocity layer in middle crust and the three-layered crustal velocities are all lower than that in both sides of the region. There exists uplifts of upper mantle and asthenosphere-low resistance layer. It is also studied the composition of matter of three-layered crust, low velocity layer, upper mantle and asthenosphere. In the end the direct relations between the deep and shallow structure, composition and the seismic activity and new activities of faults in this region are discussed.     

Seismic assessment of two multi-tiered pagodas damaged by the 2015 Nepal earthquake

A seismic assessment of two multi-tier pagodas by numerical analysis is presented herein.The Changu Narayan temple and the Kumbeshwar temple in Nepal are used as the case studies.Both pagodas are built of brick masonry in earthen mortar,with timber columns and crossbeams.The Changu Narayan temple is a two-tier pagoda,and was seriously damaged during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake.The Kumbeshwar temple is a five-tier pagoda,and its top-tier collapsed due to the Gorkha earthquake.A seismic assessment was carried out using finite element(FE)analysis.The FE models were prepared,and dynamic identification tests and penetrometer tests were conducted.Pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis were performed as part of the seismic assessment.The main shock of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake was considered as the input accelerograms.The behavior between the two pagodas was compared with the collapse mechanisms and damage patterns observed in the actual structures.The comparison suggested common structural features of multi-tier pagodas.This study is dedicated to providing a better understanding of the seismic behavior of multi-tier pagoda-type structures and provides suggestions for their effective analysis.     

VELOCITY CHARACTRISTICS OF SHANXI AND ADJACENT AREA AND ITS TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE

In order to acquire a better velocity structure of the crustal and uppermost mantle beneath Shanxi area, we obtain the group and phase velocities of Rayleigh wave of the periods 8s to 50s in Shanxi and adjacent area using ambient seismic noise recorded at 216 broad-band stations. All available vertical-component time series for 2014 have been cross-correlated to yield estimates of empirical Rayleigh wave Green's function. Group and phase velocity dispersion curves for Rayleigh wave are measured for each interstation path by applying frequency-time analysis. It describes finer velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in Shanxi, which reflects the geological structure characteristics at different depths. The resolution is within 50km and the resolution of part periods can reach 40km.The Rayleigh wave group and phase speed maps at short periods(8~18s and 10~22s)show clear correlations with shallow geological structures. Mountain areas on both sides of Shanxi depression zone show apparent high-velocity anomaly, except for low-velocity anomaly in the Taiyuan Basin, Linfen-Yuncheng Basin and Weihe Basin. Especially, the areas of Youyu County-Pianguan County-Kelan County-Shuozhou City and Jingle County-Lishi District of Lüliang City in Lüliang Mountains, and Yu County-Fuping County-Yi County and Yangcheng County-Licheng County in Taihang Mountains, present higher velocity anomaly. In addition, the velocity is lowest in the Weihe Basin, and the amplitude of low velocity decreases gradually from the south to the north of the basins in Shanxi, which probably is related to the process of gradual stretching and development of the Shanxi rift zone from the southwest to the northeast. The obvious velocity difference across the latitude of 38°N exists at 18~30s period of phase and 24~35s period of group velocity maps, which is probably related to the deep and shallow Moho depth variation in the south and north of Shanxi and the suture zone of ancient blocks including "hard" southern block and "soft" northern block. At the same time, the research result of receiver function reveals that partial melting of the lower crust occurs in the northern Taihang Mountains, while the southern section remains stable(Poisson's ratio is above 0.3 in the northern Taihang Mountains and 0.25~0.26 in the southern section). The phase velocity map at 30~50s period clearly shows NW velocity gradient belt, and the low velocity anomaly in the northeast side may be related to Cenozoic volcanism. Meanwhile, the eastern border of Ordos block is the western faults of central basins in Shanxi depression zone. However, some research results indicate that the above border is Lishi Fault in the surface, inferring that the Ordos block shows a shape of wide in the upper and narrow in the lower part from the surface to deep. The Datong volcanic area at 18~45s period of phase and 24~35s period of group velocity maps shows low velocity of trumpet shape from shallow to deep, related to the upwelling of hot material from lower mantle in the Cenozoic causing a large area of intense magmatic activity. It indicates the more specific upwelling channel of Datong volcanoes simultaneously.     

西秦岭造山带(中段)及其两侧地块深部电性结构特征

本文对跨过西秦岭造山带(中段)的阿坝—若尔盖—临潭—兰州大地电磁剖面(WQL-L1)所采集到的数据进行了精细化处理分析和二维反演研究,结合跨过2013年岷县漳县地震区的WQL-L6剖面大地电磁探测结果和以往的地质与地球物理资料,对西秦岭造山带(中段)的深部电性结构、主要断裂带延伸状况以及与南北两侧地块的接触关系等进行了分析研究,结果表明:东昆仑断裂带塔藏段、迭部—白龙江断裂和光盖山—迭山断裂带共同组成了东昆仑断裂系统,分隔了松潘—甘孜地块和西秦岭造山带(中段);西秦岭北缘断裂带为主要的高角度南倾大型电性边界带,延伸深度穿过莫霍面;临潭—宕昌断裂带具有电性边界带特征,其延伸情况具有东、西差异.西秦岭造山带(中段)自地表到深度约20km范围表现为东北和西南浅、中部深的倒"梯形"高阻层,在高阻层之下广泛发育低阻层,低阻层与高阻层相互契合,呈现相互挤压堆积的式样,其西南侧的松潘—甘孜地块中下地壳存在西南深、东北浅低阻层,其东北侧的陇西盆地具有稳定的成层性结构,显示出西秦岭造山带(中段)正处于松潘—甘孜地块向北挤压和陇西盆地向南的阻挡挤压作用中.松潘—甘孜地块从西南向东北推挤、东北侧陇西盆地相对阻挡的相互作用是2013年岷县漳县6.6级地震发生的外部动力学机制,同时地震震源区特殊介质属性是该次地震发生的内部因素.西秦岭造山带(中段)中上地壳倒"梯形"高阻体埋深西薄、东厚的分段差异与该段内部中强地震分布差异有关.东昆仑断裂玛沁段和塔藏段内部的深部电性结构差异和延伸状况与东昆仑断裂自西向东走滑速率减小有内在联系.     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Core Sampler for Soft Bottom Sediments with Lower Closing Mechanism

A novel sediment core sampler is represented. It is suitable for liquid sediments and for undisturbed sediment cores with a large core diameter from shallow and deep waters.     

Signal detectability of marine electromagnetic methods in the exploration of resistive targets

We compare selected marine electromagnetic methods for sensitivity to the presence of relatively thin resistive targets (e.g., hydrocarbons, gas hydrates, fresh groundwater, etc.). The study includes the conventional controlled‐source electromagnetic method, the recently introduced transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines method, and the novel marine circular electric dipole method, which is still in the stage of theoretical development. The comparison is based on general physical considerations, analytical (mainly asymptotic) analysis, and rigorous one‐dimensional and multidimensional forward modelling. It is shown that transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and marine circular electric dipole methods represent an alternative to the conventional controlled‐source electromagnetic method at shallow sea, where the latter becomes less efficient due to the air‐wave phenomenon. Since both former methods are essentially short‐offset time‐domain techniques, they exhibit a much better lateral resolution than the controlled‐source electromagnetic method in both shallow sea and deep sea. The greatest shortcoming of the transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and marine circular electric dipole methods comes from the difficulties in accurately assembling the transmitter antenna within the marine environment. This makes these methods significantly less practical than the controlled‐source electromagnetic method. Consequently, the controlled‐source electromagnetic method remains the leading marine electromagnetic technique in the exploration of large resistive targets in deep sea. However, exploring laterally small targets in deep sea and both small and large targets in shallow sea might require the use of the less practical transient electromagnetic prospecting with vertical electric lines and/or marine circular electric dipole method as a desirable alternative to the controlled‐source electromagnetic method.