土动力学实验技术的几个问题——张广云先生讲学报告选登

一、土动三轴仪及测试技术三轴试验是对工程十分有用的一种基本测试手段。通常是在三轴室上部测量试样的轴向变形,在试样中部的侧面上测量侧向变形。由于试样两端与上盏板和底座之间的摩擦力以及接触面的变形,使测量结果产生误差。因此,可在试样的中间一段,测量三个部位的侧向变形。     

高渗透压脆性岩石蠕变宏−细观力学模型研究

高渗透压对深部地下工程脆性岩石蠕变力学特性有着重要影响。然而,能够解释高渗透压作用脆性岩石完整减速、稳态及加速三级蠕变过程中,细观裂纹扩展与宏观变形关系的宏细观力学模型研究很少。基于考虑含有初始裂纹与新生成翼型裂纹影响的裂纹尖端应力强度模型,引入渗透水压与初始裂纹及新生成翼型裂纹之间的力学关系,建立了考虑渗透水压作用的裂纹尖端应力强度模型;然后结合亚临界裂纹扩展法则,与裂纹及应变损伤关系模型,推出了考虑渗透水压影响的脆性岩石蠕变裂纹扩展与宏观变形关系的宏细观力学模型。当施加轴向应力小于岩石裂纹启裂应力时,岩石近似表现为线弹性变形;当施加轴向应力大于裂纹启裂应力且小于岩石峰值强度,岩石表现为塑性蠕变变形。研究了不同渗透压作用下,分级轴向应力加载岩石蠕变应变时间演化曲线,并通过试验结果验证了模型的合理性。分别讨论了恒定渗透压与分级渗透压,对脆性岩石蠕变过程中裂纹长度、裂纹扩展速率、轴向应变及轴向应变率的影响。该模型为高渗透压深部地下工程围岩稳定性评价提供了重要理论依据。     

大理岩破坏阶段Biot系数研究

在流固耦合研究中经常采用有效应力原理,Biot系数的确定为其中困难之一。为了研究含裂纹大理岩中Biot系数演化规律,在三轴压缩塑性变形后期阶段的不同轴向变形条件下,进行轴向压力加卸载循环;并在轴向压力卸载末期对岩样施加孔隙水压力。通过记录试样的变形,在Shao提出的Biot系数计算方法的基础上,计算轴向和侧向Biot系数。得到了不同围压条件下轴向和侧向Biot系数随轴向变形的演化规律,并对此进行了深入分析。结果表明：（1）Biot系数表现为各向异性,三轴压缩试验时,试样中大部分裂纹沿最大正应力方向扩展,是造成这种现象的直接原因;（2）轴向和侧向Biot系数随着轴向变形的增大而增大,轴向变形的增大引起岩样中裂纹扩展,导致Biot系数增大;（3）低围压条件下轴向和侧向Biot系数均比高围压条件下的值大,这是由于破坏方式不同引起的。     

断层面摩擦强度对工作面开采影响数值模拟分析

断层面摩擦强度是评价煤炭开采中应力扰动诱发断层滑动危险性的依据。依托晋城矿区成庄井田,采用理论分析和数值模拟计算方法,分析了断层面摩擦强度对深部地应力的约束机制,研究了成庄井田F13断层及其在不同摩擦强度条件下对回采工作面顶板稳定性、超前支承压力分布和断层滑动的影响规律。研究结果表明:地壳深部最大与最小主应力比值受断层面摩擦强度的限制,当其达到临界方向断层的摩擦强度极限时,断层就会发生滑动;断层破碎带的存在导致初始应力场扰动,形成断层带低应力区及高应力集中区,在回采过程中将直接影响煤层顶板移动变形和采动应力分布;断层面摩擦强度较小时,工作面开采至断层附近顶板下沉量及断层上下盘错动位移较大,支承压力峰值由大变小明显,断层面上剪应力与正应力的比值易达到断层面的摩擦系数,断层滑动的危险性较大。      

坝基碎屑岩三轴蠕变特性及长期强度试验研究

基于物理和常规变形特性分析,认为某水电站坝基碎屑岩力学特性异常复杂,故采用岩石三轴伺服仪开展了系列的蠕变力学特性试验研究。首先,探讨了轴向、侧向及体积蠕变特性和速率变化规律;其次,分析了蠕变对偏应力-应变特性影响并开展了破坏岩样微细观电镜扫描试验;最后,在采用等时曲线簇法确定长期强度的基础上,以实际延性扩容为依据,认为岩石侧向体积扩容速率大于轴向压缩速率的临界点为快速蠕变破坏的标志,提出确定长期强度的新方法。结果表明,碎屑岩表现出显著的蠕变特性,蠕变曲线主要分为初始衰减和稳态蠕变两阶段,且最后一级应力施加后呈现加速蠕变现象;应力增加导致蠕变变形加剧,最终破坏表现出轴向压缩变形过大、体积延性扩容明显、稳态蠕变速率较大等特点,且蠕变速率与应力符合指数函数关系。岩样长期强度与三向稳态蠕变速率交点和侧向体积扩容应力阀值基本一致,为常规强度的54%～80%。试验结果旨在为相关岩石工程长期稳定分析及蠕变模型构建提供可靠的依据。     

基于非均匀特征的岩石蠕滑与黏滑变形演化研究

基于岩石摩擦滑动变形场的非均匀特征,开展了岩石蠕滑和黏滑两种形式的摩擦滑动规律研究。采用双面摩擦模型试验方法,以数字散斑相关方法作为观测手段,分别研究了岩石蠕滑和黏滑变形过程中围岩位移场等值线、变形场非均匀统计指标、变形能密度与滑动面滑动速度演化及规律。结果表明：围岩位移场等值线分布能较好地反映滑动面阻滑特征,其中强阻滑区域的位移等值线呈弧状且分布较稀疏,弱阻滑区域的位移场等值线呈平行状且分布较密集;岩石蠕滑过程中,非均匀统计指标呈现波动增长特征,岩石黏滑过程中,非均匀统计指标呈现出突变跳跃特征。岩石蠕滑过程中不同区域的滑动速度均呈加速与减速滑动的交替状态,滑动面上各点滑动趋势不同;岩石黏滑过程中不同区域的滑动速度均出现突变。岩石蠕滑过程中不同区域上的变形能密度均处于积累与释放的波动状态,岩石黏滑过程中不同区域变形能密度产生突变。     

岩石裂纹闭合效应及其定量模型研究

岩石的裂纹闭合效应对于岩石的变形以及强度性质具有重要影响。主要研究了岩石内部微裂纹的闭合压密效应及其定量评价方法。首先,基于有效介质理论将岩石的轴向应变分为基质轴向应变和裂纹轴向应变两部分;然后通过3组岩石压缩试验资料,建立裂纹轴向应变随轴向应力变化的负指数模型。分析发现,负指数模型可以较好地描述岩石裂纹闭合压密阶段的非线性。裂纹闭合应变可以在一定程度上反映岩石内部的微裂纹数量(密度),能够描述微裂纹密度在单轴、三轴压缩条件下的变化规律。     

不同应力路径下岩石三轴卸荷力学特性与强度准则研究EI北大核心CSCD

基于3种不同应力路径下花岗岩三轴卸荷试验,研究了岩石的应力-应变全过程曲线和变形特征及其强度准则。试验结果表明,卸围压过程中,侧向应变与围压先呈线性后呈非线性关系,且其增长速率约为轴向应变增长速率的3-5倍,表现出明显的侧向扩容,其扩容程度与卸载路径有关;从不同围压与体积应变曲线所围面积可以看出,卸荷前围压越大,卸荷释放的能量越大;变形模量随围压卸载而逐渐减小,且随初始围压增大,总体上呈负指数分布趋势,且同一种卸荷应力路径时,变形模量的减小量随初始围压增大有所增大,泊松比随围压降低而不断增大,两者之间呈现明显的非线性关系;岩石破坏特征以剪切破坏为主;采用幂函数型摩尔强度准则很好反应了岩石的强度特征。研究结果对地下金属矿深部开采具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。     

不同应力路径下岩石三轴卸荷力学特性与强度准则研究

基于3种不同应力路径下花岗岩三轴卸荷试验,研究了岩石的应力-应变全过程曲线和变形特征及其强度准则。试验结果表明,卸围压过程中,侧向应变与围压先呈线性后呈非线性关系,且其增长速率约为轴向应变增长速率的3～5倍,表现出明显的侧向扩容,其扩容程度与卸载路径有关;从不同围压与体积应变曲线所围面积可以看出,卸荷前围压越大,卸荷释放的能量越大;变形模量随围压卸载而逐渐减小,且随初始围压增大,总体上呈负指数分布趋势,且同一种卸荷应力路径时,变形模量的减小量随初始围压增大有所增大,泊松比随围压降低而不断增大,两者之间呈现明显的非线性关系;岩石破坏特征以剪切破坏为主;采用幂函数型摩尔强度准则很好反应了岩石的强度特征。研究结果对地下金属矿深部开采具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。     

岩石在峰值荷载变形条件下的松弛试验研究

进行了岩石在峰值荷载变形条件下的松弛试验及峰值荷载前的加卸载试验。试验表明：岩石在峰值荷载变形条件下的应力松驰曲线呈阶梯式下降特征,说明岩石在峰值荷载变形条件下的应力松弛是间断的和阵发式的,其原因是岩石内部破裂面相互滑动、裂纹扩展和新裂隙产生的综合作用;岩石结构的完整性和岩石弹性能量储存能力强弱对岩石的松驰特性具有明显影响,因这些因素不同,则应力下降台阶数及松驰时间也不同。     

岩石摩擦滑动变形演化及声发射特征研究

进行岩石摩擦滑动变形演化过程的声发射特征试验研究。以数字散斑相关方法和声发射系统为试验监测手段,采用双面剪切模型试验方法,开展界面摩擦滑动速率与声发射振铃计数、界面摩擦滑动位移与声发射累计能量、试件变形能密度与声发射b值的对应关系研究。结果表明：（1）声发射振铃计数演化受岩石界面摩擦滑动速率影响,界面摩擦滑动速率的突变与声发射振铃计数激增有较好对应关系;（2）界面摩擦滑动位移与摩擦滑动过程中声发射累计能量演化趋势具有较好的对应关系,可以利用声发射累计能量对岩石摩擦滑动位移的变化趋势进行定性判断;（3）通过声发射b值演化分析可以得出,在剪应力缓慢增长阶段,界面摩擦滑动以随机分布的小尺度微破裂为主;在剪应力线性增长阶段后期,界面摩擦滑动以锁固段的大尺度微破裂为主;在剪应力波动增长阶段,岩石摩擦滑动失稳既可能是由小尺度微破裂为主引发的状态转化,又可能是由以锁固段大尺度微破裂为主引发的稳定状态转换。     

基于细观力学脆性岩石剪切特性演化模型研究

压缩作用下岩石内部细观裂纹扩展导致岩石产生损伤,其对岩石变形、强度等力学特性有着重要影响;然而,岩石内部裂纹扩展与剪切特性（黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力）动态演化关系很少被研究。基于裂纹扩展机制推出的岩石应力-应变本构模型,并结合摩尔-库仑失效准则,推出了在岩石应力-应变关系峰值应力（对应岩石压缩强度）状态时,本构模型细观力学参数与岩石黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切强度之间的状态关系。然后,引入岩石应力-应变本构关系塑性变形阶段服从摩尔-库仑屈服准则的力学流动规律,进而将已推出的应力-应变关系峰值状态点所满足的细观力学参数与黏聚力、内摩擦角关系,推广到岩石进入塑性变形后,岩石内部裂纹扩展（或应变）与黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力动态演化的理论关系。随着裂纹扩展或应变增加,黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力先增大,达到一个峰值点后减小,该结果与应力-应变本构曲线变化趋势相对应。通过试验结果验证了所提出理论结果的合理性。并讨论了初始裂纹之间摩擦系数对黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪切应力随裂纹扩展或应变演化规律的影响。     

Investigating the capability of deformation rate analysis method in stress estimation: a case study of water conveyance tunnel of Gotvand Dam

Knowledge of the magnitude and orientation of the initial in situ stress of rock mass in underground spaces in mining, construction, and oil projects are so vital; hence, putting it aside could not only cost a lot rather incur some irrecoverable damage. Various methods are available to estimate in situ stress in rock mass. However, the most commonly used one, i.e., hydraulic fracturing (HF) method is considered expensive and time consuming. As a matter of fact, laboratory methods based on drilled “core” have become prevalent these days considering them simple, cheap, and quick. Taking into account one such procedure, i.e., deformation rate analysis (DRA), the current research tries to review the DRA capability in determining the magnitude of initial in situ stress is in different parts of stress–strain curve. Further, an investigation was made about the usage of DRA method for both brittle and ductile rocks. To compare the DRA and hydraulic fracturing methods in in situ stress measurement, the water conveyance tunnel of Gotvand Dam was selected as a case study. The DRA tests were conducted on core samples prepared from blocks of tuff (as brittle) and soft sandstones (as ductile) from shallow quarry. The results show that the DRA method is suitable for all types of intact rock and that this could easily estimate in situ stress values. A comparison between in situ stress values obtained by DRA and those of HF method show the feasibility of geotechnical project, simplicity, speed, and low cost.     

An anisotropic damage–plasticity model for saturated quasi‐brittle materials

This article is devoted to numerical modeling of anisotropic damage and plasticity in saturated quasi‐brittle materials such as rocks and concrete. The damaged materials are represented by an isotropic poroelastic matrix containing a number of families of microcracks. Based on previous works, a discrete thermodynamic approach is proposed. Each family of microcracks exhibits frictional sliding along crack surfaces as well as crack propagation. The frictional sliding is described by a Coulomb–Mohr‐type plastic criterion by taking into account the effect of fluid pressure through a generalized effective stress concept. The damage evolution is entirely controlled by and coupled with the frictional sliding. The effective elastic properties as well as Biot's coefficients of cracked porous materials are determined as functions of induced damage. The inelastic deformation due to frictional sliding is also taken into account. The procedure for the identification of the model's parameters is presented. The proposed model is finally applied to study both mechanical and poromechanical responses of a typical porous brittle rock in drained and undrained compression tests as well as in interstitial pressure controlled tests. The main features of material behaviors are well reproduced by the model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于微裂隙变形与扩展的岩石冻融损伤本构模型研究

在冻融条件下岩石微裂隙中的水发生相变,体积膨胀,对微裂隙产生很大的冻胀力,当冻胀力超过岩石的抗拉强度时,微裂隙扩展。温度升高时,水又进入新的微裂隙,如此反复循环造成了岩石的损伤。据此,将岩石中的微裂隙等效为扁平状椭圆裂隙,基于断裂力学建立了单条微裂隙下裂隙扩展长度与冻胀力的关系,考虑岩石中微裂隙的分布,将岩石冻融条件下的应变分解为初始损伤应变、附加损伤应变和塑性应变,建立了弹塑性冻融损伤本构模型。最后,通过岩石冻融试验对该模型的合理性进行了验证,结果表明,该模型能够较好地模拟岩石在不同冻融次数下的应力-应变关系曲线。     

The mechanism of the deformation memory effect and the deformation rate analysis in layered rock in the low stress region

We propose a new mechanism to explain the deformation memory effect based on sliding over pre-existing sliding planes. Sliding resistance can comprise an element of cohesion and an element of frictional resistance. In this model only the cohesion is considered. The mechanism is modelled for a particular case of parallel sliding planes typical for layered rocks. The model consists of a number of identical basic elements comprising two springs, a St. Venant body and a dashpot. The basic elements only differ in their cohesion. The loading regime incorporating the influence of the delay time was modelled with one, two and 500 basic elements. The results showed that the recoverable stress magnitudes were in the range between the minimum and twice the maximum of cohesion. The model demonstrates the experimentally observed memory fading whereby the fidelity of stress reconstruction reduces with the increase in the time delay between the previous load the rock was subjected to and the measuring cycles.     

基于裂纹体应变的深埋大理岩加、卸荷破坏机制研究

为了弄清深埋硬岩的加、卸荷破坏机制,系统开展了深埋大理岩的常规三轴试验、保持 不变的卸围压试验和变 的卸围压试验等。以裂纹体应变为主要分析变量,结合体应变、等效塑性应变等参量深入分析上述不同应力路径下硬岩的破坏过程。运用裂纹体应变-轴向应变曲线、等效塑性应变-轴向应变曲线和轴向应力-应变曲线来解释岩石破坏过程所产生的现象与规律。结果表明：在裂纹闭合阶段岩样裂纹闭合的变化程度（裂纹体应变改变的大小）可以反映岩石的初始损伤程度;裂纹闭合阶段对岩石弹性模量的计算有重要的影响,需要根据合适的阶段划分,消除裂纹闭合阶段对弹性模量计算的影响,进而得到较为准确的弹性模量;在卸围压点处岩石的可闭合程度突然增加,裂纹体应变-轴向应变曲线发生突变;岩石卸荷破坏过程中裂纹扩展存在滞后性。研究成果有助于进一步理解深埋硬岩的加、卸荷破坏过程和机制,为深埋隧洞的灾害防治提供理论依据。     

A micromechanics-based elastoplastic damage model for quasi-brittle rocks

This paper presents a micromechanics-based elastoplastic damage model for quasi-brittle rocks under a compressive stress state. The plastic strain is considered to be related to frictional sliding along micro-cracks, and it is coupled inherently with damage evolution. By following a homogenization procedure, we determine the free energy of the matrix-cracks system. The thermodynamic force associated with the inelastic strain contains a back stress, which controls material hardening. Next, in order to determine plastic flow and crack propagation, we propose a Coulomb-type friction criterion, which is used as the plastic yielding function, and a damage criterion based on strain energy release rate. These thermodynamic formulations with a micro–macro scale change allow reducing significantly the number of model parameters, as compared to phenomenological models. Our model is applied to simulate triaxial compression tests on two sets of diabase samples. The first sample set is cored from a fresh diabase rock mass, and the second from a slightly weathered one. Comparisons between numerical predictions and test data are presented.     

Paterson气体介质高温高压流变仪轴向变形数据的校正方法

轴向压缩(拉伸)变形实验是测量岩石力学机制参数和模拟岩石变形过程中显微织构演化的主要手段。Paterson气体介质高温高压流变仪可以完成应力测量精度高(±0.1MPa)的轴向压缩(拉伸)变形实验,是模拟研究中、下地壳岩石流变行为的最佳仪器。由于样品组装中采用的活塞发生变形、封套铁筒承担部分加载力和样品截面积随压缩变形增大等因素,我们从仪器记录的数据文件计算出来的应力、应变数据被称为名义应力和名义应变,均与真实值之间存在误差。因此必须针对每一个造成误差的因素进行逐步校正,方能获得真实应力和真实应变数据。因此撰写本文,逐步介绍针对上述要素的三种校正:样品变形量校正、强度校正和截面积校正。以便于促进大家对Paterson气体介质高温高压流变仪的实验方法了解,更好地利用Paterson气体介质高温高压流变仪进行构造变形研究。另外以部分大理岩数据为例演示校正过程并讨论每步校正前后相应因素造成误差的大小。