2001年热带风暴概况

对2001年西北太平洋和南海热带风暴活动情况特别是影响和登陆我国的热带风暴进行了分析总结，表明：2001年热带风暴总数少于常年，而台风个数却较多年平均偏多；登陆我国的热带风暴有9个，明显多于多年平均数。同时对与之相关的西北太平洋副热带高压、亚洲西风带环流、赤道辐合带等的活动特征进行了气候背景分析。     

大型岛屿对过境台风强度的影响

本文用统一的标准和方法,对台风经过台湾省、海南岛和吕宋岛前后强度的变化进行了统计分析。研究结果表示,这些大型岛屿对过境台风强度的影响与台风过岛前的强度有关。对于较强的台风,其衰减程度与强度有正的比例关系;对于较弱的台风,一般过岛前、后衰减较小,有些甚至加强。同时发现,岛屿地形对台风强度的衰减效应并非简单地与地形高度成正比,而且与其环境有关。靠近大陆的海南岛无论其山峰高度或平均高度都比远离大陆的吕宋岛要矮些,但台风经过海南岛时强度表减比经过吕宋岛时要大一些。这些事实对台风预报可有一点参考价值。     

台湾岛对登陆台风的影响特征

利用2000—2014年上海台风所最佳台风路径资料和中央气象台路径和强度综合预报资料,分析登陆台湾岛的台风在登陆前48 h和登陆后18 h期间的强度和路径变化特征。结果表明：共有35个台风登陆台湾岛,其中29个资料完整的自东向西登陆台湾岛的台风过程中有26个发生在7、8、9月,登陆频数为89.7%。台风在登陆前48～18 h内强度逐渐增强,以后基本保持不变,一直持续到登陆前6 h,之后开始减弱;从登陆前6 h到离开台湾岛后6 h的时间内,强度由41.0 m·s-1减小到29.6 m·s-1,共减小了27.8%。台风经过台湾岛前48～36 h预报移向比实况偏北,30～0 h预报路径偏南。另外,登陆前24 h和登陆后6 h台风强度变化线性回归关系式在2015年登陆台湾岛的台风个例中得以验证,可以在业务预报中参考使用。     

台湾岛地形对台风“海棠”(0505)移动路径影响的数值试验研究

利用非静力模式MM5模拟台风“海棠”（0505）穿过台湾岛再次登陆的移动路径，分析了“海棠”登陆台湾岛前后结构特征变化。结果表明：台风自身的非对称结构与台风异常移动路径密切相关。另外，就台湾岛地形对台风“海棠”登陆台湾前打转和在台湾海峡出现“V”型移动异常路径影响进行数值试验表明：台湾岛地形不但可以直接影响台风移动路径，而且通过影响台风非对称结构来改变台风移动路径，因此，登陆台湾前逆时针打转异常路径是在弱引导气流中台风自身非对称结构和台湾岛地形共同作用的结果；台湾岛地形有使台风东北-西南向非对称增大趋势，而在台风进入台湾海峡前后对东南。西北向非对称有明显不同影响。     

“浣熊”、“海高斯”对海南岛降水的对比分析

通过自动气象站加密资料,NCEP1°×1°每6 h 再分析资料,卫星云图资料及物理量诊断分析方法,对0801号台风"浣熊"和0817号热带风暴"海高斯"进行综合对比,发现登陆前12h有相似路径且登陆点相同的两个热带气旋,对海南岛的降水却截然不同,台风的降水强度并不比热带风暴强.分析发现,受不同季节的冷空气影响,登陆后路径发生转向以及不同的台风云系结构特征,导致它们在动力结构、水汽分布特征和垂直运动等方面存在明显的差异,而这些差异是它们对海南岛造成不同强度降水的主要原因.     

热带风暴“米克拉”异常路径特征及原因分析

利用高空和地面常规资料、地转引导气流及热带风暴受力平衡中各力的分解，对“米克拉”异常路径进行分析，指出东移的西风槽影响着副高的进退，热带风暴移动路径主要受大型气压梯度力所牵引，并在台风内力作用下右偏于地转引导气流方向；热带风暴沿着高空正涡度的长轴移动。     

台湾地形对过岛台风的影响

台湾有三分之二陆地是凹凸不平的山地，最高的中央山脉与台湾岛的长轴走向一致（NNE－SSW），长300公里，宽120公里，平均高度2公里，四周环海，对过岛台风造成独特的影响。本文介绍自60年代以来台湾气象学者有关台湾地形对台风的影响研究成果，供作参考。1综合分析研究通过多个个例统计分析研究，台风靠近台湾时，路径北翘，过岛后路径南折，移速加快，强度减弱。台风的环流结构也发生变化，如形成次生低压、地面气压槽脊，迎风坡上降水增强，背风波上出现焚风效应等。HSS（1960）发现弱台风在袭击台湾岛时会填塞消失，往往形成次生低…     

影响台湾岛海域的西太平洋台风特征分析

选取台湾岛附近海域(20~27°N,117~125°E)为计算区域,对1949~1999年发生在该海域的西太平洋台风的路径分类、月际变化、年际变化、周期特征、移速和强度等要素进行了气候统计学分析,得出7~9月是台风发生的关键月份,台风发生频次的年际变化表现为下降的趋势,且1995~1999年近5年时间台风频次一直稳定维持在较低水平。用Mann-Kendall方法做突变分析和t检验,没有明显的突变年。利用小波分解技术,计算得出影响台湾岛海域的西太平洋台风年发生频次具有4~6年和13~14年左右的周期。西北行路径西太平洋台风是登陆台湾岛和进一步登陆我国大陆的主要台风,西行路径台风51年来没有登陆我国大陆的记录,转向行路径台风强度最大,平均移速最快。     

台湾岛地形对“麦德姆”台风的影响

采用WRF模式,以2014年10号台风"麦德姆"为例,针对台湾岛中央山脉的局部地形,设计精细化地形试验,数值模拟了"麦德姆"台风登陆台湾岛前后地形对其路径、强度及风雨分布的影响。研究结果表明:真实的地形能更好的模拟和再现"麦德姆"台风发生发展的过程;台湾岛中央山脉地形对登岛"麦德姆"台风的路径有实质性的影响,降低台湾地形高度试验导致台风路径向西南偏转,而提高台湾岛地形高度则导致台风路径向东北偏转,地形高度改变的程度与路径偏转程度成正相关,地形高度改变所导致阻挡效应及台风环流与大尺度环流的相互作用是导致路径偏转的主要原因;台湾岛地形高度的改变对台风强度有明显的影响,增加或减少台湾岛地形高度,都会使台风强度有所减弱,这与地形变化引起的动力狭管效应、云水物质分布及外围云带的对流运动有关;台湾岛地形影响"麦德姆"台风降水的机制更为复杂,其不仅与地形引发的台风强度及结构变化有关,更与地形引起的眼区对流活动和螺旋云带及外围云系的时空分布有关。     

初台偏迟台风少 雨量偏多冷得早

1997年我省后汛期天气的主要特点是7～9月雨量偏多其中7月份雨量特多，大部分地区的月雨量为40年来同期降雨量之最。初台偏迟，登陆台风偏少。入侵影响我省的冷空气来得早、频繁，强度强。1后汛期（7～9月）雨量明显偏多7～9月我省降雨量（至9月28日止）东北部与常年同期相比多8～9成；西北部偏多5～9成，局部偏多1倍多；中部偏多2成左右；东南部偏多5成以上，其中海丰偏多2倍多；西南部除雷州半岛外大部偏多1～2成。值得指出的是：今年后汛期降水偏多不是由于台风造成的，7月份降水主要是来自低压槽和西南季风影响，8月份主要由热带风暴和…     

60年来西北太平洋上不同强度热带气旋的变化特征

利用美国海军联合台风警报中心(JTWC)提供的1945-2005年西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)最佳路径资料统计分析了不同强度TC的时空变化特征.南海北部至巴士海峡以东140°E附近、15°-25°N范围内为不同强度TC出现次数最多的区域,其中巴士海峡东部至140°E附近洋面为强台风和超级台风观测次数最多的区域.TC强度在123°E以西表现为减弱和稳定略占多数,而在123°E以东或20°N以南主要以增强和稳定为主,在20°N以北主要以减弱和稳定为主.热带风暴的平均增强率大于减弱率,而强热带风暴、台风、强台风和超级台风的平均减弱率大于增强率.一般而言,TC的强度越强其加强和减弱的速度都越快.在1年当中,同其他月份相比,6-8月弱TC占的比例相对偏多,而9-11月强TC占的比例相对偏多.不同强度TC的观测次数和个数都存在年、年际或年代际的变化,在长期趋势上,热带风暴的观测次数和形成个数都呈现显著的线性递增趋势,而TC平均强度和其他TC个数均未出现显著的线性递增或递减趋势.在El Ni[AKn～D]o年超级台风个数及其比例显著偏多,而热带风暴、强热带风暴、台风和强台风的总个数显著偏少,TC平均强度显著偏强;而在La Nina年情况相反.     

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Tropical Cyclones at Different Intensity Scales over the Western North Pacific from 1945 to 2005

The tropical cyclone （TC） track data provided by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center （JTWC） of the U.S. Navy over the western North Pacific （including the South China Sea） from 1945 to 2005 are employed to analyze the temporal and spatial variations of TCs of different intensity scales. Most of the TCs occurred between 15° and 25°N, from the northern part of the South China Sea to the eastern part of the Bashi Channel until near 140°E. Most of the severe and super typhoons occurred over waters from the eastern part of the Bashi Channel to about 140°E. The TCs in a weakening or steady state take up a weak majority in the area west of 123°E and north of 20°N; those in an intensifying or steady state are mostly found in the area east of 123°E and south of 20°N. For severe tropical storms, typhoons, severe typhoons, and super typhoons, their average decaying rates are all greater than the respective average growing rates; for tropical storms, however, the average decaying rate is smaller than the average growing rate. Generally speaking, the stronger the TC, the faster the intensification （weakening） is. The percentage of weak TCs is higher in June to August while that of strong TCs is higher in September to November. There are annual, interannual, and interdecadal variations in the observed number （every 6 h） and frequency of TCs at different intensity scales. As far as the long-term trend is concerned, the frequency and observed number of tropical storms have a significant linear increase, but the averaged intensity and number of TCs of other intensity categories do not exhibit such a significant linear trend. In E1 Nifio years, the number and percentage of super typhoons are significantly higher, while the total number of tropical storms, severe tropical storms, typhoons, and severe typhoons is significantly lower, and the mean intensity of TCs is prominently stronger; in La Nifia years, however, the opposite comes true.     

Predictability of tropical cyclone events on intraseasonal timescales with the ECMWF monthly forecast model

The objective of this study is to provide evidence of predictability on intraseasonal time scales (10–30 days) for western North Pacific tropical cyclone formation and subsequent tracks using the 51-member ECMWF 32-day forecasts made once a week from 5 June through 25 December 2008. Ensemble storms are defined by grouping ensemble member vortices whose positions are within a specified separation distance that is equal to 180 n mi at the initial forecast time t and increases linearly to 420 n mi at Day 14 and then is constant. The 12-h track segments are calculated with a Weighted-Mean Vector Motion technique in which the weighting factor is inversely proportional to the distance from the endpoint of the previous 12-h motion vector. Seventy-six percent of the ensemble storms had five or fewer member vortices. On average, the ensemble storms begin 2.5 days before the first entry of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) best-track file, tend to translate too slowly in the deep tropics, and persist for longer periods over land. A strict objective matching technique with the JTWC storms is combined with a second subjective procedure that is then applied to identify nearby ensemble storms that would indicate a greater likelihood of a tropical cyclone developing in that region with that track orientation. The ensemble storms identified in the ECMWF 32-day forecasts provided guidance on intraseasonal timescales of the formations and tracks of the three strongest typhoons and two other typhoons, but not for two early season typhoons and the late season Dolphin. Four strong tropical storms were predicted consistently over Week-1 through Week-4, as was one weak tropical storm. Two other weak tropical storms, three tropical cyclones that developed from precursor baroclinic systems, and three other tropical depressions were not predicted on intraseasonal timescales. At least for the strongest tropical cyclones during the peak season, the ECMWF 32-day ensemble provides guidance of formation and tracks on 10–30 day timescales.     

Effect of Initial Vortex Intensity Correction on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Prediction:A Study Based on GRAPES_TYM

Predicting the intensity of tropical cyclones(TCs)is challenging in operational weather prediction systems,partly due to the difficulty in defining the initial vortex.In an attempt to solve this problem,this study investigated the effect of initial vortex intensity correction on the prediction of the intensity of TCs by the operational numerical prediction system GRAPES_TYM(Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System_Typhoon Model)of the National Meteorological Center of the China Meteorological Administration.The statistical results based on experiments using data for major TCs in 2018 show that initial vortex intensity correction can reduce the errors in mean intensity for up to 120-h integration,with a noticeable decrease in the negative bias of intensity and a slight increase in the mean track error.The correction leads to an increase in the correlation coefficient of Vmax(maximum wind speed at 10-m height)for the severe typhoon and super typhoon stages.Analyses of the errors in intensity at different stages of intensity(including tropical storms,severe tropical storms,typhoons,severe typhoons,and super typhoons)show that vortex intensity correction has a remarkable positive influence on the prediction of super typhoons from 0 to 120h.Analyses of the errors in intensity for TCs with different initial intensities indicate that initial vortex correction can significantly improve the prediction of intensity from 24 to 96 h for weak TCs(including tropical storms and severe tropical storms at the initial time)and up to 24 h for strong TCs(including severe typhoons and super typhoons at the initial time).The effect of the initial vortex intensity correction is more important for developing TCs than for weakening TCs.     

华南登陆台风频数的变化及其与ENSO事件的关系

利用 18 90～ 1999年登陆于我国的台风资料 (指热带风暴、强热带风暴及台风 ) ,主要采用小波分析方法研究华南登陆台风多时间尺度特征 ,并探讨台风与 ENSO事件的关系。结果表明 ,华南登陆台风占全国的 6 3%,平均每年 5个 (最多 10个、最少 1个 ) ,主要周期有 15、5、80年 ,在 2 0世纪 6 0年代以前 15年周期显著 ,6 0年代及以后5年周期明显。台风频数与 ENSO事件的类型及其季节有密切的关系 ,华南台风在拉尼娜年始于夏季的当年明显偏多 (比厄尔尼诺年平均多 1.8个 ) ,台风偏多年 (年频数≥ 7) ,也是拉尼娜年数多于厄尔尼诺年数。影响台风活动的因素非常复杂 ,对拉尼娜年一般可考虑当年台风可能偏多 ,但厄尔尼诺年台风偏多的可能性亦不容忽视。     

Tropical cyclone structure in the South China Sea based on high-resolution reanalysis data and comparison with that of ‘bogus’ vortices

Based on high-resolution reanalysis data of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, several samples of tropical cyclones (TCs), including tropical storms, severe tropical storms, and typhoons, in the South China Sea (SCS), were selected for composite analysis. The structures of these three types of vortices and their differences with ‘bogus’ vortices were investigated. Results showed that TCs in the SCS have characteristics that are distinctly different from vortices formed by the bogussing scheme used at Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology, such as no anticyclone in higher layers, strong convergence concentrated at the bottom of the troposphere, and strong divergence happening in higher layers instead of at 400 hPa. These differences provide clues for constructing a more realistic structure for TCs in the SCS. It was also found that the three types of vortices have some structural features in common. The area with high wind speed is fan-shaped in the north around the TC center, the maximum vorticity appears at 925 hPa, the strongest convergence appears at 1000 hPa, and strong divergence is located from 150 to 100 hPa. On the contrary, significant differences between them were revealed. The warm cores in tropical storms, severe tropical storms, and typhoons are located at 600–400 hPa, 400−300 hPa, and 400−250 hPa, respectively. Among the three types of TCs, the bogus vortex of tropical storms has the largest errors in structure and suffers the largest errors in track forecasts. However, typhoons have the largest errors in the forecast of intensity. This may be related to the great impacts of ocean on TC intensity.     

Relative timing of tropical storm lifetime maximum intensity and track recurvature

Summary An intriguing picture is emerging of coupled track and intensity links in tropical cyclones. Since recurvature represents a dramatic track shift, recurving tropical storms are isolated in this study and their time of maximum lifetime intensity is compared to their time of recurvature. Thirty-one percent of all western North Pacific tropical storms and 28% of all such storms in North Atlantic recurve. Seventeen years of track and intensity data for recurving tropical cyclones in these basins are examined here.The overwhelming majority (80%) of western North Pacific tropical storms (including typhoons) reach their lifetime maximum intensity prior to recurvature. More than 45% of all recurving storms have coincident recurvature and lifetime maximum intensity, with weaker tropical storms clearly more likely to reach peak intensity at recurvature than strong systems.Inspection of tropical storm intensity and track data for North Atlantic systems reveals few clear patterns. The most robust observation to be made here is that the majority of these systems reach their peak intensity prior to recurvature. Exclusion of landfalling extratropically transforming tropical cyclones from this sample greatly reduces the number of systems, making the significance of any results questionable.With 2 Figures     

1961—2018年影响深圳市的台风特征分析

采用ArcGIS空间分析技术、信息扩散技术等方法,统计分析了1961—2018年影响深圳市的台风特征。结果显示,进入深圳市300 km缓冲区(以下简称缓冲区)的台风频数呈现出明显的下降趋势,概率分析表明深圳市易受强热带风暴及以上等级的台风的影响;深圳市年台风降水量及其占年总降水的比例均呈现出明显的下降趋势,而极大风速呈现出弱的下降趋势;三类登陆台风分析表明,在深圳西侧一带登陆的台风往往会给深圳带来较强的风雨影响,在深圳东侧一带登陆的台风可产生较持续的影响,从深圳以南登陆的台风对深圳市的影响总体上偏小。     

1961—2018年影响深圳市的台风特征分析

采用ArcGIS空间分析技术、信息扩散技术等方法,统计分析了1961—2018年影响深圳市的台风特征。结果显示,进入深圳市300 km缓冲区(以下简称缓冲区)的台风频数呈现出明显的下降趋势,概率分析表明深圳市易受强热带风暴及以上等级的台风的影响;深圳市年台风降水量及其占年总降水的比例均呈现出明显的下降趋势,而极大风速呈现出弱的下降趋势;三类登陆台风分析表明,在深圳西侧一带登陆的台风往往会给深圳带来较强的风雨影响,在深圳东侧一带登陆的台风可产生较持续的影响,从深圳以南登陆的台风对深圳市的影响总体上偏小。     

2013年欧洲中心台风集合预报的检验

广州中心气象台利用中国气象局下发的欧洲中心台风集合预报数据,制作了台风集合预报产品,供业务参考应用。利用欧洲中心台风集合预报数据,对2013年1307—1331号热带气旋的集合预报路径和强度进行检验,通过对比集合平均、模式高分辨率确定性预报和预报员主观预报,发现路径集合平均在24~120 h预报误差最小;在有限的预报样本数中,从热带风暴到台风级别的热带气旋,各预报时效路径集合平均的误差随强度增强而减小;强引导气流背景下的热带气旋预报误差小于弱引导气流的误差。对比强度集合平均和模式高分辨率确定性预报,发现各时效集合平均的误差比确定性预报大,随着预报时效的延长误差没有明显增大或减小的趋势,而且强度集合平均预报,在中心最低气压、中心最大风速、热带气旋等级都表现出明显的系统性偏弱特征;对不同级别的热带气旋强度预报,集合平均的误差随强度增强而增大,即强度集合预报对强度较弱的热带气旋有更高的准确率;对比受强、弱引导气流影响的两类热带气旋,集合平均对受弱引导气流影响的一类预报误差更小。