基于GRACE反演南极物质平衡的研究

利用GRACE重力卫星提供的时变重力场反演了南极大陆冰雪质量变化。由于GRACE提供的C20项不准确,本文考虑利用SLR测得的C20项替换,反演结果显示南极西部冰雪在消融,东部基本保持平衡,整个南极以(-0.689±0.172)cm/a的速率在消融。     

珠穆朗玛峰高海拔地区冰雪中的微量元素

珠穆朗玛峰(以下称“珠峰”)高海拔地区冰雪中微量元素的研究是1966—1968年珠峰地区表生地球化学和化学地理研究工作的继续。本文旨在通过对地表高海拔地区降水和冰雪覆盖中微量元素的地球化学研究,来阐明远离工业污染地区大气降水中微量元素的含量和分布特征。通过与南北极冰原地区的冰雪和大气气溶胶化学成分的对比分析,来探讨珠峰高海拔地区的大气质量,并追溯这些微量元素的来源。     

珠穆朗玛峰高海拔地区冰雪中的微量元素

珠穆朗玛峰(以下称“珠峰”)高海拔地区冰雪中微量元素的研究是1966—1968年珠峰地区表生地球化学和化学地理研究工作的继续。本文旨在通过对地表高海拔地区降水和冰雪覆盖中微量元素的地球化学研究,来阐明远离工业污染地区大气降水中微量元素的含量和分布特征。通过与南北极冰原地区的冰雪和大气气溶胶化学成分的对比分析,来探讨珠峰高海拔地区的大气质量,并追溯这些微量元素的来源。     

纳木错流域冰雪消融特性研究及融水量估算

冰川积雪是寒区水资源的重要组成部分,在全球气候变暖背景下,进行寒区冰雪消融特性研究和融水量估算具有重要意义。以青藏高原纳木错流域为研究对象,采用2004—2013年MODIS数据对纳木错流域冰雪消融时空变异规律进行研究。结果表明:纳木错流域冰雪覆盖率年变化曲线呈"双峰型",7—8月冰雪消融最为剧烈,而2月和11月是季节性积雪的主要积累阶段;冰雪覆盖量在空间分布上差异明显,地势较高、坡度较陡、阴坡比例较大的流域东南侧年均冰雪覆盖率较大,而流域西北侧与之相反。为进一步探讨气温变化对冰雪消融的影响,选取研究区内典型冰川融水补给区域——曲嘎切流域2013年8月实测数据,建立气温与冰雪融水径流间函数关系,模拟结果显示两者呈指数相关(R2=0.7105),表明气候变暖、温度上升将引起寒区冰雪消融量的急剧增加。     

南极地区冰雪消失对全球大气环流和气候影响的数值模拟

本文利用全球大气环流模式通过数值模拟研究了北半球夏季南极地区冰雪覆盖的消失对大气环流和全球气候影响的过程。结果表明南极冰雪消失不仅影响南半球大气环流异常,而且通过引起热带环流异常如增强东亚季风环流和减弱Walker环流等引起北半球大气环流和我国夏季气候的异常。南极冰雪覆盖的消失将给全球气候带来严重后果。文中也对南极冰雪气候效应的动力学机制进行了讨论。     

南极大陆的火山和干谷

越过浩瀚的南大洋,就是一片完全为冰雪所覆盖着的土地,那就是南极大陆。然而,在这个由冰和雪统治着一切的世界里,你怎么也不会想到,还有火山在涌动呢!如果说水火不相容的话,那么冰和火就更难同时存在了。然而在南极,冰川和火山却是谁也奈何不了谁的邻居,这听起来似乎有点不可思议。     

星载激光测高及其在极地的应用研究分析

提要采用卫星测高技术研究两极冰面高程变化和物质平衡状态是目前国际研究的一个热点。本文首先叙述了IcEsat卫星任务,包括系统构成、基本原理和数据产品等,然后结合极地研究的主题和具体任务,分析了星载激光测高技术用于监测两极冰雪变化的优越性和应用前景,为今后利用多种卫星遥感遥测技术研究极地冰雪变化打下基础。     

北极升温迅猛 物种受到威胁

全球气候变暖已是众所周知的问题，而它现在已经涉足冰雪覆盖的北极地区。一个专门研究北极气候变化的科学家小组8日宣布，气候变暖对北极地区的气候产生了重大影响。     

冰雪区局地环流及气候特征探讨

本文以西昆仑山崇侧冰帽区为例,根据大量观测资料,讨论了冰川存在对其所在地区气候的影响。得出冰川风是影响冰雪区气候特征的重要因素,是冰-气作用中的一个主要因子。这里的冰川风是一种独成体系的局地环流,它既不同于山谷冰川上出现的冰川风,也不同于山谷风。其强度随着离开冰雪区距离的增长而减弱。在冰雪区前缘地带形成风向、温湿度急剧变化区,使温度梯度从非冰川区到冰川区发生大的变化。     

观察微观特征 知晓宏观分布

河流的主要补给形式有大气降水补给、季节性冰雪融水补给、高山冰雪融水补给、湖泊水补给和地下水补给等。如何掌握并加以区分呢？首先从各种补给形式的径流量变化图中的微观特征看：大气降水补给是大多数河流最主要的补给形式,径流量随降水的变化而变化,水量变化大（见图1）;季节性冰雪融水补给主要在春季,水量变化较缓和,春季积雪融化形成春汛（见图2中A）;     

北半球积雪/海冰面积与温度相关性的差异分析

积雪和海冰的时空变化对区域以及全球的气候、水文具有重要影响。基于雪冰数据和NCEP再分析气温数据,利用MK检验、滞后分析等方法,分析了积雪、海冰的时空变化特征及其与温度的相关特征。结果表明：1979-2013年,北半球积雪区、北极圈的年均温度呈显著上升的趋势,而积雪面积和海冰面积呈显著下降的趋势。在大部分地区,积雪覆盖频率随着温度的上升呈显著减少的趋势,但在中国长江中下游、青藏高原等局部地区,积雪覆盖频率随着温度的上升呈显著增加趋势。在大部分的近陆地海域,海冰覆盖频率随着温度的上升呈显著下降趋势。超前时间1~2个月的温度与海冰面积的负相关性最高。超前1~4个月的温度与积雪面积的负相关性最高。温度对海冰的影响时间比对积雪的影响时间长1~2个月。温度变化对海冰和积雪的影响存在一致性,但积雪和海冰对温度的响应时间存在差异,具有空间变异性。     

A hindcast simulation of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice variability, 1955–2001

A hindcast simulation of the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice variability during 1955-2001 has been performed with a global, coarse resolution ice-ocean model driven by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis daily surface air temperatures and winds. Both the mean state and variability of the ice packs over the satellite observing period are reasonably well reproduced by the model. Over the 47-year period, the simulated ice area (defined as the total ice-covered oceanic area) in each hemisphere experiences large decadal variability together with a decreasing trend of Ø1% per decade. In the Southern Hemisphere, this trend is mostly caused by an abrupt retreat of the ice cover during the second half of the 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s. The modelled ice volume also exhibits pronounced decadal variability, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. Besides these fluctuations, we detected a downward trend in Arctic ice volume of 1.8% per decade and an upward trend in Antarctic ice volume of 1.5% per decade. However, caution must be exercised when interpreting these trends because of the shortness of the simulation and the strong decadal variations. Furthermore, sensitivity experiments have revealed that the trend in Antarctic ice volume is model-dependent.     

Seasonal Variability of Northern Hemisphere Snow Extent Using Visible Satellite Data

In this paper we use a satellite‐derived data set to explore spatial and temporal variations of snow extent across Northern Hemisphere continents during the last three decades. These weekly visible‐wavelength satellite maps of Northern Hemisphere snow extent produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration constitute the longest consistently‐derived satellite record of any environmental variable. We document the considerable intra‐annual variability of snow extent, and show that during each month, fluctuations over relatively small areas are responsible for the majority of the year‐to‐year variability. Regions that cover less than 6% of Northern Hemisphere lands north of 20°N explain 62% Ã Â Ã Â 92% of the interannual variance across the continents. On average, snow was more extensive across both Eurasia and North America from the 1970s to middle 1980s than during the late 1980s to late 1990s. During late winter, spring and summer, snow extent has decreased since the middle 1980s, while during fall to middle winter, snow extent has remained relatively constant. Accurate information on continental snow extent is critical for weather and hydrologic forecasting; for understanding hemispheric‐scale atmospheric circulation, thermal variations, and regional snow extent; and for using snow as a credible indicator of climate variability and change.     

Changes in the global cryosphere and their impacts: A review and new perspective

As one of the five components of Earth's climatic system, the cryosphere has been undergoing rapid shrinking due to global warming. Studies on the formation, evolution, distribution and dynamics of cryospheric components and their interactions with the human system are of increasing importance to society. In recent decades, the mass loss of glaciers, including the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, has accelerated. The extent of sea ice and snow cover has been shrinking, and permafrost has been degrading. The main sustainable development goals in cryospheric regions have been impacted. The shrinking of the cryosphere results in sea-level rise, which is currently affecting, or is soon expected to affect, 17 coastal megacities and some small island countries. In East Asia, South Asia and North America, climate anomalies are closely related to the extent of Arctic sea ice and snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere. Increasing freshwater melting from the ice sheets and sea ice may be one reason for the slowdown in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in the Arctic and Southern Oceans. The foundations of ports and infrastructure in the circum-Arctic permafrost regions suffer from the consequences of permafrost degradation. In high plateaus and mountainous regions, the cryosphere's shrinking has led to fluctuations in river runoff, caused water shortages and increased flooding risks in certain areas. These changes in cryospheric components have shown significant heterogeneity at different temporal and spatial scales. Our results suggest that the quantitative evaluation of future changes in the cryosphere still needs to be improved by enhancing existing observations and model simulations. Theoretical and methodological innovations are required to strengthen social economies' resilience to the impact of cryospheric change.     

基于MODIS数据中国天山积雪面积时空变化特征分析

基于2011-2015年MOD10A2积雪产品和气象数据,通过几何校正、去云预处理,应用归一化差分积雪指数算法等获取中国境内天山山区积雪覆盖面积数据,分析了积雪面积的时空变化特征及与气温降水的关系。结果表明：（1）年内积雪面积呈单峰变化,9月开始积累,次年1月达峰值,3月气温回暖消融加速,至7月最小。春秋季波动较大但没有明显的增减趋势,夏季积雪面积最小,冬季最大且呈减小趋势。（2）2001-2015年积雪覆盖面积整体上呈减少趋势,积雪覆盖率最大值的波动比最小值的波动更加剧烈。（3）积雪覆盖率随着海拔升高而增大,海拔<1 500 m区域积雪覆盖率低于10%,海拔>4 500 m以上区域平均可达70%,为常年稳定积雪区。积雪覆盖率在西北坡最高,南坡最低。（4）年均气温升高是积雪覆盖面积减小的主因,年积雪覆盖面积变化与年降水量变化保持一致的下降趋势。     

2000—2019年新疆积雪终日时空变化特征

基于Google Earth Engine（GEE）遥感云平台,利用2000—2019年MODIS积雪产品资料提取和计算新疆积雪终日信息,利用趋势分析,变异系数等方法分析了新疆积雪终日时空变化特征和变化趋势。结果表明：（1） 新疆积雪终日以天山为界,天山以北长于南部,山区为积雪终日的高值区,盆地为积雪终日的低值区。北疆准噶尔盆地和伊犁河谷积雪终日在75~114 d之间,南疆塔里木盆地在0~31 d之间属于低值区。阿尔泰山脉、天山山脉和昆仑山脉区域在224~365 d之间属于高值区。（2） 南疆和北疆积雪终日有明显的时空差异,2000—2019年北疆准噶尔盆地和高海拔山脉地区积雪终日有明显的推迟趋势,推迟幅度达到14 d,占新疆总面积的8%。南疆塔里木盆地和东疆区域有明显的提前趋势,提前幅度达到16 d约占新疆总面积的44%。塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地具有相反的变化趋势。（3） 新疆积雪终日年际变化差异显著,天山中段和北疆积雪终日出现不稳定状况,天山中段2002—2009年总体上呈现“M”型的特点,即多年积雪消融日年均值中出现明显的波峰和波谷,北疆2009—2019年积雪终日有较大的年际变化呈现出不稳定状况,出现明显的波峰和波谷,年际变化较大。     

2001-2017年祁连山积雪面积时空变化特征

科学监测祁连山积雪面积及变化特征对该区域气候研究、雪水资源开发利用、环境灾害预报及生态环境保护等具有重要意义。基于2001—2017年MOD10A2积雪产品和气象数据，分析祁连山积雪面积动态变化特征及与气温降水关系。结果显示：（1）2001—2017年祁连山积雪面积年际波动趋势较大，呈减小趋势，多年平均积雪面积约为5x104 km2，占祁连山总面积的25.9%；年内变化成 “M”型，即在一个积雪年中有两个波峰和波谷，波峰出现在11月和1月，波谷出现在7月；季节变化波动趋势较大，夏冬季积雪面积减小趋势大于春季，秋季呈现略微增加趋势。（2）祁连山区积雪面积主要分布在3 000~4 000 m及4 000~5 000 m，积雪覆盖率随着海拔上升呈现逐渐增大的趋势；祁连山区不同坡向积雪覆盖面积差异较大，积雪覆盖率差异较小；积雪频率高值区呈典型的条带状分布，与祁连山地形相一致，呈西北-东南分布，积雪频率高值区的分布西部大于东部。（3）初步分析认为祁连山积雪面积变化对气温要素更敏感。     

Development of Arctic sea-ice organisms under graded snow cover

In 1988, the short-term response of sea-ice organisms to manipulated changes in snow cover (no snow cover, natural snow cover, natural snow cover + black foil) was investigated in one ice floe located in the East Greenland Current northwest of Svalbard over a period of three weeks. Autotrophic organisms (flagellates and diatoms) were concentrated in the lowermost 30 cm of the floe. In the field without snow cover, the highest diatom concentrations were observed, consisting nearly entirely of pennate forms, together with a maximum bacterial abundance. The community of larger protozoa and smaller metazoa was dominated by ciliates. Under natural conditions the flora consisted of both flagellates and diatoms, while turbellaria were the dominating animals. In the darkened field, the organism concentrations decreased with time. The results indicate that brine drainage, induced by changes in ice temperature, can reduce concentrations of ice organisms over short time scales.     

两种形态ENSO对南半球热带外气候变化特征的影响

本研究利用1979—2012年欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的ORAP5(Ocean Reanalysis Pilot 5)海洋/海冰再分析资料和ERA-Interim气象再分析资料,采用回归分析方法,分1979—1998年和1999—2012年两个时间段探讨了南半球热带外地区气候变化对两种不同形态ENSO的响应特征。结果表明,南半球热带外区域气候在1999年前后两个时段对ENSO的响应表现出了较大的年代际变化特征。1979—1998年南半球热带外气候变量对Nio3指数在时间上的相关性和空间上的响应强度都普遍大于Nio4指数,说明这一时段东部型ENSO对南半球热带外区域气候变化的影响要更强一些。在1999—2012年,不同形态ENSO与气候变量的相关性大小并无明显的规律,而且空间响应场的差异性并不大。海平面气压、风场和气温对ENSO变化的响应在南半球冬季表现最为强烈,在夏季最弱。三者在1999—2012年秋季对Nio3指数和Nio4指数的响应场中出现了纬向三波数结构。1999—2012年冬季,有异于海平面气压和风场,在罗斯海和阿蒙森海海域海表气温对Nio4变化的正响应明显强于对Nio3的响应,该特征在混合层温度中也有体现,表明海表气温随ENSO的变化受海洋特征变化影响较大。混合层深度和混合层温度的响应场之间存在很大的相关性,混合层温度响应在秋季表现最强,春季最弱,混合层深度响应与之相反。在1979—1998年,海冰密集度对不同Nio指数变化的响应差异主要出现在海冰结冰季节,而海冰厚度对不同Nio指数变化的响应差异在夏季表现较强。海冰密集度和厚度对Nio3变化响应的年代际差异在秋冬季节更加明显,对Nio4变化响应的年代际差异在秋、冬、春季都较明显。     

Spatial-temporal characters of Antarctic sea ice variation

Using sea ice concentration dataset covering the period of 1968-2002 obtained from the Hadley Center of UK, this paper investigates characters of Antarctic sea ice variations .The finding demonstrates that the change of mean sea-ice extent is almost consistent with that of sea-ice area, so sea-ice extent can be chosen to go on this research. The maximum and the minimum of Antarctic sea ice appear in September and February respectively. The maximum and the maximal variation of sea ice appear in Weddell Sea and Ross Sea, while the minimum and the minimal variation of sea-ice appear in Antarctic Peninsula. In recent 35 years, as a whole, Antarctic sea ice decreased distinctly. Moreover, there are 5 subdivision characteristic regions considering their different variations. Hereinto, the sea-ice extent of Weddell Sea and Ross Sea regions extends and area increases, while the sea-ice extent of the other three regions contracts and area decreases. They are all of obvious 2-4 years and 5-7 years significant oscillation periods. It is of significance for further understanding the sea-ice-air interaction in Antarctica region and discussing the relationship between sea-ice variation and atmospheric circulation.