全新世长江三角洲地区砂体的特征和分布

砂体是三角洲的重要沉积单元,它构成三角洲的骨架,决定三角洲的形态,反映三角洲的演变过程,是认识三角洲的关键.砂体的矿物组分能为推断三角洲的物质来源提供重要线索,而其内部特征则是判断沉积环境最灵敏、最可靠的因素.三角洲砂体的上覆和下伏层及其与砂体的接触关系,有助于辩认海进海退和沉积盆地发育历史.此外,三角洲砂体紧靠富含有机质的泥质沉积,是石油和天然气储集的良好场所,是勘探的主要目标.因此,研究三角洲砂体不仅具有理论意义,而且能为沉积矿产资源的勘探提供有价值的资料.     

澳大利亚西北陆架三叠纪三角洲时空演化与物源体系

澳大利亚西北陆架盆地是一个长期继承性发育的叠合盆地,三叠纪时期处于稳定克拉通大陆边缘拗陷阶段,沉积区基底构造稳定,坡度平缓,发育大型的浅水三角洲。利用钻井、地震以及古生物资料,明确了当时的古地理、古气候与沉积特征:平面上具有三角洲平原分布广、三角洲前缘欠发育、无前积现象等特征;纵向上具有相漂移、地层厚度大、三角洲平原薄煤层普遍发育等特点;沉积作用以单向水流作用为主,正旋回的分支流水道砂体广泛发育;三角洲砂岩分布广,成分成熟较高,但分选磨圆差—中等,互层泥岩中陆源碎屑有机组分丰富,体现了浅水、快速堆积、远距离搬运的特点。平面上西北陆架North Carnarvon以及Browse主力三角洲砂体位于中晚三叠世卡尼期—诺瑞期;而Bonaparte盆地主力砂体位于中三叠世拉丁期—卡尼期。晚三叠世澳大利亚西北陆架北部普遍发生抬升,导致Browse盆地与Bonaparte盆地三叠系发育不全,三角洲规模较小;而西北陆架西南部North Carnarvon盆地地层发育齐全,厚度大,且发育大型三角洲。Pilbara地块、Yilgarn地块以及Kimberley地块为源区三大古陆,其中Pilbara地块与Yilgarn地块大多出露太古代花岗岩类,Kimberley地块以元古代变质结晶岩和沉积岩为主,为盆地提供了充足的碎屑沉积物。利用岩矿资料、磷灰石裂变径迹等资料探讨了大型三角洲的碎屑物来源:North Carnarvon盆地物源主要来自于Pilbara以及Yilgarn地块,Browse以及Bonaparte盆地物源主要来自于Kimberley地块。研究成果表明,在三叠纪全球温室气候背景条件下,特提斯南缘具有发育大型三角洲的特殊古地理背景;大型三角洲发育的地质条件除充足的降雨与丰富的物源供给外,还必须具有稳定持续沉降的构造背景。     

墨西哥湾盆地新生代沉积特征分析

通过收集、整理国内外学者的研究成果,总结了墨西哥湾盆地新生代的沉积特征及其与油气成藏的关系。分析认为,由于受古新世和早始新世的拉腊米构造运动的影响,墨西哥湾盆地新生代沉积时大量陆源碎屑不断进入盆地,使其海岸线、陆架和陆架边缘在新生代期间不断向盆地方向迁移,最终在陆棚处沉积巨厚的河流—三角洲沉积物;沉积中心的迁移控制了该区油气田的分布,而三角洲相控制了新生界油气富集,另外深水河道砂体、浊积扇砂体等是油气富集的重要相带。     

渤海古近系扇三角洲精细研究及有利储层预测

研究区位于渤中凹陷与黄河口凹陷之间,其沙三段为扇三角洲沉积,而由于埋藏深、储层致密、砂体分布规律认识不清等因素,严重制约了油田的开发,因此,确定沙三段扇三角洲砂体展布规律、识别有利储层成为开发地质重点研究内容。沙三段沉积时期处于渤海湾盆地第2次裂陷作用时期,为典型的断陷湖盆,研究区沙三段层序处于湖扩体系域,靠近盆缘断裂,扇三角洲向湖盆方向发育,并随湖平面上升呈退积型沉积。本次研究参考退积型扇三角洲野外露头特征,通过井震结合,利用井位电性特征与地震同相轴对应关系及地震时频分析对扇三角洲期次进行划分;通过统计地震资料沟谷分布,对扇三角洲水下分流河道分布及走向进行刻画,进一步根据井位砂体厚度与井距间关系式对砂体尖灭位置进行定量表征,利用以上方法将各期砂体展布情况进行描述;通过对低渗储层形成影响因素进行分析,对油田沙三段有利储层进行预测,为油田下步调整提供依据。     

珠江口盆地深水区油气储层发育规律及勘探方向北大核心CSCD

珠江口盆地白云凹陷是我国深水油气勘探的重点区域,然而对其深水储层分布特征及规律并没有明确的认识。利用钻井、岩心以及地震资料,针对白云凹陷发育的三套重要的储层,从储层类型分析入手探讨了其时空展布规律,指明珠江口盆地深水区油气勘探方向。研究结果表明:珠江口盆地深水区主要发育深水扇、陆架边缘三角洲与东沙台缘斜坡扇砂体;在缓陆坡阶段,主要在陆架坡折带附近发育陆架边缘三角洲和深水扇储层,而在陡陆坡阶段深水储层主要发育在陆架坡折带的下方,为典型的深水扇砂体;珠江口盆地深水油气勘探目标主要为SQ23.8发育的陆架边缘三角洲、深水扇以及台缘斜坡扇砂体,SQ21时期水道、深水扇和陆架边缘三角洲砂体,SQ13.8发育的深水扇砂体、水道充填砂体。     

珠江口盆地深水区油气储层发育规律及勘探方向

珠江口盆地白云凹陷是我国深水油气勘探的重点区域,然而对其深水储层分布特征及规律并没有明确的认识。利用钻井、岩心以及地震资料,针对白云凹陷发育的三套重要的储层,从储层类型分析入手探讨了其时空展布规律,指明珠江口盆地深水区油气勘探方向。研究结果表明:珠江口盆地深水区主要发育深水扇、陆架边缘三角洲与东沙台缘斜坡扇砂体;在缓陆坡阶段,主要在陆架坡折带附近发育陆架边缘三角洲和深水扇储层,而在陡陆坡阶段深水储层主要发育在陆架坡折带的下方,为典型的深水扇砂体;珠江口盆地深水油气勘探目标主要为SQ23.8发育的陆架边缘三角洲、深水扇以及台缘斜坡扇砂体,SQ21时期水道、深水扇和陆架边缘三角洲砂体,SQ13.8发育的深水扇砂体、水道充填砂体。     

三角洲改造背景的浪控滨岸砂体成因类型及展布特征——以塔里木盆地东河塘地区“东河砂岩”为例

塔里木盆地的东河砂岩体并不是简单的滨岸沉积产物,在不同地区具备独特的沉积背景,发育不同模式控制的砂体。根据钻井、测井和地震等资料,通过塔里木盆地东河1油田实例研究,揭示了该地区浪控滨岸砂体的沉积机制和分布样式。结果表明,东河塘地区东河砂岩沉积发育具有三角洲改造背景的浪控滨岸沉积体系,其形成源于区域上的浪控三角洲背景,海侵期遭受波浪及沿岸流的强烈改造,形成现今的滨岸沉积体系。在此基础上,将改造作用最明显的临滨带砂体按成因类型进一步分级,提出了临滨坝的三类砂体组成单元:正常滨岸沉积型、水下分流河道改造型以及河口坝改造型。同时,对其分布及演化进行了探讨,认为正常滨岸沉积的滩坝砂体整体呈相对席状平行于古海岸线分布,在局部构造较低部位形成不规则窄条带状的临滨槽沉积;三角洲前缘改造型滨岸砂体兼具原始三角洲和现代滨岸沉积的形态特征,原始水下分流河道砂体自北东方向呈树枝状向海延伸;河口砂坝在原始水下河道河口处呈舌状分布;席状砂发生明显侧向迁移、以片状分布。     

南海南部北康盆地中中新世深水沉积体类型、特征及意义

利用广州海洋地质调查局已有的2D地震资料,对南海南部北康盆地拗陷阶段中中新世地层内的地震反射结构进行了精细刻画。通过对地震反射同相轴振幅强度、连续性、接触关系、整体形态特征等要素的系统识别和总结,建立了5种典型的地震相类型。结合南海南部沉积盆地的构造-沉积演化特征,识别出了中中新世时期北康盆地内发育的深水沉积体类型,分别是半深海-深海细粒沉积体、三角洲前缘砂体、浊积体和小型浊积体水道。研究认为,三角洲前缘砂体和浊积体构成了研究区拗陷阶段的两大深水碎屑岩储集体类型,能够与下部断陷阶段的烃源岩和中中新世之后的深海-半深海细粒沉积体一起构成垂向上的生储盖组合,具有较好的油气勘探潜力。     

渤海湾盆地沙南凹陷曹妃甸14-5区沙河街组砂体成因分析

西洼沙河街组沉积位于渤海湾盆地沙南凹陷,从Es3m到Es1,沙南凹陷经历四期裂陷幕,其间发育的不整合面T5使区域古地貌隆升,形成四期的三级层序变化旋回,并在西洼东—西向中央断裂带的控制下形成南、北物源和北部断裂坡折。双向物源和断裂坡折控制沙河街组沉积,形成多类型沉积,其中Es3m以半深湖—深湖、富泥质的湖底扇为特征,形成弱水动力沉积环境;Es3u以半深湖—深湖、富砂质的湖底扇和火山岩为特征,形成局部动荡的水动力沉积环境;Es12沉积较薄,形成独具特色的多样式、多类型沉积,包括半深湖—深湖、扇三角洲前缘、前缘斜坡扇、滑塌体、湖底扇及火山岩沉积,以及牵引流与重力流并存,以重力流为沉积主导。层段内的沉积序列及演化特征决定该区域形成南、北物源控制的4种成因砂体,南物源的晚期成砂机制,包括扇三角洲前缘砂、前缘斜坡扇砂,北物源的中晚期成砂机制,包括滑塌体砂和湖底扇砂。因此,西洼区域勘探以寻找岩性圈闭、构造—岩性圈闭为主,断裂与砂体的空间匹配关系决定了圈闭的有效性。     

长江三角洲砂体的分布

在三角洲油气勘探中,需要预测砂体的位置、形态和延伸方向,这些参数受制于水动力因素。河口地区影响三角洲发育的因素很多,但能形成砂体者主要是河口水流、波浪和潮流。据此三角洲砂体可分为河口砂体、浪成砂体和潮成砂体。在各个三角洲地区,达三种水     

我国沿岸某些人为地质灾害的预测

沿岸某些人为地质灾害与沉积层的性质有关。我国沿岸沉积层的特征和分布依赖于河流输沙。注入构造沉降带的多为大河,其输沙量占入海河流输沙量的90％以上,且颗粒较细,形成厚层第四纪泥质沉积层。注入隆起带的河流其输沙量少于10％,且以沙砾为主,形成沙砾层。依据我国沿岸沉积层的分布格局,可以预测某些人为地质灾害。     

临南洼陷带滩坝砂岩储层分布

临南洼陷带沙四段滨浅湖滩坝相成因的砂体广泛发育,近年来已成为该区十分重要的勘探后备阵地。但该区火成岩发育,地震资料品质较差,滩坝砂的分布发育不清,不利于勘探部署。在深化研究沙四上亚段古地貌、沉积特征的基础上,运用频谱分解等技术提高地震资料分辩率,综合利用了正演及属性分析等技术,对滩坝砂岩的发育范围进行了预测,取得了良好的效果,为该层系油藏的勘探提供了可靠的依据。     

南海曾母盆地南部陆架边缘三角洲沉积特征

曾母盆地作为发育于古巽他陆架上的盆地,南部的古巽他河所携带的巨量沉积物和曾母盆地的陆架特征使得陆架边缘三角洲在曾母盆地南部发育成为必然。通过对曾母盆地中中新世以来陆架边缘三角洲的地震、钻井及进积特征分析,认为曾母盆地内陆架边缘三角洲的沉积形态呈分别向陆和向海减薄的楔形体,古巽他河携带多期次的沉积物向陆坡沉积过程中形成多套沉积复合体,这些沉积体由于具有良好的生储条件,因而具有重要的油气勘探价值。     

Stratigraphic process-response model for submarine channels and related features from studies of Permian Brushy Canyon outcrops,West Texas

This paper presents a process-response model for submarine channel-lobe systems based on the integration of sedimentology, architectural element analysis, paleogeographic reconstructions, and stratigraphy to characterize the migration patterns of the channel-lobe transition zone (CLTZ). In the Permian Brushy Canyon basinal cycle, deposition is the product of the basinward then landward migration of the CLTZ across the depositional profile (zonal or facies tract shift). This is expressed in outcrop by the vertical association of sandstone lobes overlain by channel fills capped by sandstone lobes. Linking these sedimentary bodies to their facies associations provides the framework for relating variable degrees of flow confinement to small-scale composite erosional depressions (less than 150 m wide by 5 m deep). This model identifies (1) coeval geomorphological expressions of the depositional profile and (2) the stratigraphic evolution of depositional cycles at every profile position. This permits relating facies associations to lateral and longitudinal changes in flow conditions at the time of deposition. Stacking patterns, geometry of sedimentary bodies and facies associations reflect fluctuations in flow volume and efficiency. Architectural element analysis differentiates evolutionary phases of channel-lobe systems. The power of the model lies in its ability to compare architecture and evolution across several scales of sedimentary bodies. Recognizing the vertical and lateral association of sedimentary bodies, arranged in a hierarchical order, permits understanding how the geomorphological building blocks of this depositional system change through time. Channel-fill, channel-flank and lobe strata represent the building blocks that form composite features documented at four scales. These range from tens of meters to several kilometers wide, by meters to hundreds of meters thick. Areal distribution of sedimentary bodies at each scale responds to specific controls, i.e. flow volume and topography. For example, channels extending basinward of a canyon mouth form local depositional topography that produces lateral migration of channel-lobe systems through time. This strongly controls the frequency of channel avulsion and lateral deposition.     

海南岛1605年历史地震的海岸沉积记录

海南岛铺前港湾地区1605年发生了华南历史记录的最强烈的地震,地震强度为M7.5,地震造成陆地沉陷成海。根据野外海岸地貌调查和海岸钻孔沉积物岩性特征与粒度、元素比值分析结果,对历史地震的海岸沉积记录进行了初步的研究,4个钻孔位于铺前港湾西岸博度村附近的小型古海湾,昌德、演丰附近的野菠萝岛和道学附近的红树林区潮间带,钻孔沉积记录显示铺前港湾内湾沉陷幅度为2 m,存在明显的差异性,东寨港道学和野菠萝岛附近的钻孔岩心下部为泥状红土,属于成土的风化壳顶部,根据曲口半岛下山村附近的海岸调查,强海洋动力事件形成了高出现代高潮位3.0 m的高位海岸混杂沉积体,可能与1605年地震下沉引发的类似海啸的沉积事件相关。     

Application of multi-seismic attributes analysis in the study of distributary channels

During the exploration of stratigraphic reservoirs, the key to locating these reservoirs is to identify the sandstone distribution. Seismic data can be used to recognize large-scale distributary-channel sedimentary bodies; however, depiction of sedimentary bodies in small distributary channels using traditional interpretation data from seismic profiles is extremely difficult. In the Upper Cretaceous first sandstone bed of the third member of the Nenjiang Formation (called the Nen 3 member for simplicity) in the XB area of the southern Songliao basin, distributary channels are the main sedimentary facies. The distributary channels migrate frequently; therefore, it is difficult to precisely depict the morphology of the channel and the distribution of sandstone. In this study, we investigated the deposition of distributary channels using equal-scale formation plane seismic attributes such as post-stack amplitude, instantaneous amplitude and seismic waveform classification, analyzed well logging data from target formations, and mapped the distribution of distributary channels. This study shows that seismic sedimentological study and stacking multiple attribute analysis can identify the distribution of distributary channels precisely and effectively. The attributes of equal-scale strata slices are evidently superior to those of time and horizon slices; Attribute extraction and selection of equal-scale formation slices is an essential step. The comprehensive selection of seismic attributes that show a good correlation to a single-well can be used to clearly depict channel bodies. The overlap of the 40-Hz single-frequency energy and the RMS amplitude depicts the sedimentary characteristics and shapes of sandstone bodies in main channels as well as small-scale distributary channels more clearly than a single attribute. These attributes show that the first sandstone bed of the Nen 3 member was from distributary channels with complex shapes. The distributary channels cut across each other vertically and laterally. It indicates that, during the deposition of the Nen 3 member in XB area, the direction of the main channel is from north to south, and the provenance could be from north and east. The method of this paper may provide some helpful suggestions to the geologist using seismic attributes to undertake research on sedimentary environment at other places in the world.     

青藏高原隆升与西沙珊瑚礁沉积的对比

青藏高原隆升与西沙珊瑚礁沉积对比研究的结果表明，由于地壳均衡作用，青藏高原挤压隆升，南海基底扩张沉降，且青藏高原隆升与西沙基底沉降呈正相关，从而导致上新世以来青藏高原隆升幅度与西沙珊瑚礁沉积厚度呈正相关，青藏高原隆升速率与西沙珊瑚礁沉积速率呈正相关。     

塔东北地区白垩系辫状河沉积特征研究

根据沉积构造、沉积层序特征及测井剖面对比分析,对塔东北地区白垩系的沉积相进行了研究,认为该地区为辫状河沉积,明确了辫状河沉积相的时空展布和变化规律.研究表明,白垩系沉积时期,古水流由塔东北地区的北部隆起和南部高地向中间低洼地区汇集,在整个地区广泛分布辫状河道、河间砂坝及漫滩沉积微相, 储集层主要为辫状河道和河间砂坝砂砾岩和中粗砂岩.沉积构造主要有各种层理构造和侵蚀构造.储集层常见单一河道层序、河道-砂坝复合体及多层楼式河道沉积层序.     

南沙群岛西南海区表层碳酸盐沉积的相特征

通过研究南沙群岛西南海区44个站表层碳酸盐沉积特征,综合分析了沉积物类型、碳酸盐的生物组成、矿物成分、地球化学等,根据碳酸盐沉积的岩性参数之间的关系及相应的沉积环境,应用主成分分析统计对比,提出该海区碳酸盐沉积的六个沉积相及其特征:大陆坡半深海-深海相,南部中、外大陆架浅海相,西部中、外大陆架浅海相,南部内大陆架浅海相,礁体相,礁体过渡相。     

Distribution characteristics of delta reservoirs reshaped by bottom currents: A case study from the second member of the Yinggehai Formation in the DF1-1 gas field,Yinggehai Basin,South China Sea

The Dongfang1-1 gas field (DF1-1) in the Yinggehai Basin is currently the largest offshore self-developed gas field in China and is rich in oil and gas resources. The second member of the Pliocene Yinggehai Formation (YGHF) is the main gas-producing formation and is composed of various sedimentary types; however, a clear understanding of the sedimentary types and development patterns is lacking. Here, typical lithofacies, logging facies and seismic facies types and characteristics of the YGHF are identified based on high-precision 3D seismic data combined with drilling, logging, analysis and testing data. Based on 3D seismic interpretation and attribute analysis, the origin of high-amplitude reflections is clarified, and the main types and evolution characteristics of sedimentary facies are identified. Taking gas formation upper II (IIU) as an example, the plane distribution of the delta front and bottom current channel is determined; finally, a comprehensive sedimentary model of the YGHF second member is established. This second member is a shallowly buried “bright spot” gas reservoir with weak compaction. The velocity of sandstone is slightly lower than that of mudstone, and the reflection has medium amplitude when there is no gas. The velocity of sandstone decreases considerably after gas accumulation, resulting in an increase in the wave impedance difference and high-amplitude (bright spot) reflection between sandstone and mudstone; the range of high amplitudes is consistent with that of gas-bearing traps. The distribution of gas reservoirs is obviously controlled by dome-shaped diapir structural traps, and diapir faults are channels through which natural gas from underlying Miocene source rocks can enter traps. The study area is a delta front deposit developed on a shallow sea shelf. The lithologies of the reservoir are mainly composed of very fine sand and coarse silt, and a variety of sedimentary structural types reflect a shallow sea delta environment; upward thickening funnel type, strong toothed bell type and toothed funnel type logging facies are developed. In total, 4 stages of delta front sand bodies (corresponding to progradational reflection seismic facies) derived from the Red River and Blue River in Vietnam have developed in the second member of the YGHF; these sand bodies are dated to 1.5 Ma and correspond to four gas formations. During sedimentation, many bottom current channels (corresponding to channel fill seismic facies) formed, which interacted with the superposed progradational reflections. When the provenance supply was strong in the northwest, the area was dominated by a large set of delta front deposits. In the period of relative sea level rise, surface bottom currents parallel to the coastline were dominant, and undercutting erosion was obvious, forming multistage superimposed erosion troughs. Three large bottom current channels that developed in the late sedimentary period of gas formation IIU are the most typical.