Measurement and temperature effect on soil thermal conductivity in Changchun area

The study on soil thermal conductivity (STC) was an important side of research on ground source heat pump technique,geological disposal of high-level radioactive wastes,heat distribution of buried cable. Especially owing to technical requirement for shallow terrestrial heat recently, it directly influenced the design and solution in engineering problems. The authors measured the STC in the studied area with QTM-D2 and discussed the effect of samples in size, the measurement error between the samples in lab and in site. The results indicate measuring STC by heat pole method with less influence upon the samples in size, and measuring results on the different geometry size approach very much. The STC is fit for the empirical relation between the temperature and TC under the condition of normal temperature. It is significance for understanding STC in northern China and simulation of temperature field.     

Research on influence factors of rock-soil thermal properties by laboratory test

In order to discover the relation between rock-soil thermal properties and strata during the process of engineering investigation, the authors studied the measuring principle of Thermal Conductivity Scanner （TCS） and measured the thermal properties of 45 drilling samples from Qinghai with TCS in the laboratory. The results show that the specific heat capacity （SHC） decreases while the thermal conductivity （TC） increases with the increase of the depth. With the lithological change, the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity have the opposite trend. The depth and lithology have a greater influence on the thermal conductivity than the specific heat capacity.     

光纤测温技术在地温场监测中的应用

换热功率计算通常采取热响应试验的方式,仅仅通过热响应试验方式无法直观反映地下不同介质换热性能的差异,光纤测温系统恰恰能弥补这种不足。光纤测温监测与热响应试验相结合这种新技术的应用,在黄泛平原尚属首次,论文通过热响应试验期间的光时域光纤监测,取得了翔实数据的基础上,对比分析了不同岩土层介质的换热性能,采取了光纤地温测量这种新型监测手段,对换热试验前及试验期间地温场变化进行了监测,对合理利用浅层地温能这种新能源提供了参数支持。     

基于微博数据的中国人群气温感知时空分异特征及影响因素分析

极端气温事件发生频率的增加对人群的健康带来了很大的影响,深入理解人群对气温变化的感知特征有助于提高应对极端气温事件的预警、适应和管理水平。针对传统调查数据在样本量和覆盖度等方面的不足,本文使用基于微博的社交媒体数据来研究人群对气温感知的定量特征。研究通过建立气温关注度、敏感性和耐受性等指标,调查了中国2017年31个城市的人群对气温感知的空间格局变化与局部变异性,分析了不同季节和不同群体对气温感知的差异性与影响因素。分析结 果表明：人群对气温的感知表现出显著的纬度梯度规律性,纬度每下降1°,人群平均的热耐受性增强0.42 ^oC,冷耐受性降低0.31 ^oC,冷敏感性增强0.51;人群对气温的感知在不同季节、不同群体之间也表现出显著的差异性,反季的异常气温更易引起人群对于气温变化的关注,青少年与女性群体对冷更为敏感;气温感知特征的区域差异性与气候分区紧密相关,温带地区的人群比热带显示出更强的热耐受性,而热带地区的人群具有更显著的气温敏感性。本文研究结果可以为理解大尺度上人群对气温变化感知的基本特征和分异规律提供新的规律发现与证据支持。     

泗河冲洪积扇松散岩土体地温场自恢复能力研究

泗河冲洪积扇区域分布厚层松散岩土体,浅层地温能开发利用潜力巨大,查明地温场的温度自恢复能力并分析其影响因素,对地源热泵工程换热器的设计具有重要参考价值。笔者开展了多组现场热响应试验,并采用高精度测温线缆,长期监测地埋管换热器周边不同岩性、不同深度岩土体温度变化情况,以查明其变化规律。研究表明:在同种工况下,砂性土的温度恢复能力要远强于粘性土,地温的恢复主要发生在负荷停止的初期。研究区粘性土温度自恢复能力差,岩土体热物性参数、地下水径流条件、埋管循环水温度、气温及变温带深度是影响地温场恢复能力的因素。     

基于MC55和STC89C58的远程数据采集系统的设计

提出了一种由高性价比的GPRS模块MC55和低成本的STC单片机STC89C58RD 组成的远程数据采集系统的设计方案.系统以STC89C58RD 作为控制核心,利用多通道高精度串行A/D转换器TLC2543以及高覆盖率和高可靠性的GPRS网络,很好地解决了数据采集和传输的问题.     

北京城市建筑密度分布对热岛效应的影响研究

“热岛效应”是现代城市气候的主要特征之一,本文基于高分辨率遥感影像,通过人工目视解译获取了北京市五环内的不同建筑密度区,进而结合遥感反演获得的地表温度数据,分析了城市建筑密度分布与城市热岛效应及其变化之间的关系。结果表明,北京市五环内的建筑以中密度区为主,高密度区次之,各建筑密度区在不同环线之间的分布也有较大差异。高密度区主要分布在二环以内,中密度和低密度建筑区主要分布在二、三环之间,高层建筑区总体分布较少,主要分布在二、三环和三、四环之间。城市建筑区的地表温度与建筑密度呈现显著正相关关系,城市建筑密度越大,其地表平均温度就越高,北京市高密度区的平均温度达到30.5 ℃,而高层建筑对热岛强度具有一定的缓解作用,北京高层建筑区的平均温度为28.32 ℃,比高密度区低2.18 ℃。从热岛强度变化来看,总体上高密度区、中密度区和低密度区的热岛强度均为增强的趋势,其中高密度区热岛强度增加的幅度最大,热岛强度增加了0.56 ℃,只有高层建筑区的热岛强度表现为减弱趋势,热岛强度降低了0.07 ℃。     

Interannual variability in the North Pacific meridional overturning circulation

We analyzed the temporal and spatial variation, and interannual variability of the North Pacific meridional overturning circulation using an empirical orthogonal function method, and calculated mass transport using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation Data from 1958–2008. The meridional streamfunction field in the North Pacific tilts N-S; the Tropical Cell (TC), Subtropical Cell (STC), and Deep Tropical Cell (DTC) may be in phase on an annual time scale; the TC and the STC are out of phase on an interannual time scale, but the interannual variability of the DTC is complex. The TC and STC interannual variability is associated with ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation). The TC northward, southward, upward, and downward transports all weaken in El Niños and strengthen in La Niñas. The STC northward and southward transports are out of phase, while the STC northward and downward transports are in phase. Sea-surface water that reaches the middle latitude and is subducted may not completely return to the tropics. The zonal wind anomalies over the central North Pacific, which control Ekman transport, and the east-west slope of the sea level may be major factors causing the TC northward and southward transport interannual variability and the STC northward and southward transports on the interannual time scale. The DTC northward and southward transports decrease during strong El Niños and increase during strong La Niñas. DTC upward and downward transports are not strongly correlated with the Niño-3 index and may not be completely controlled by ENSO.     

不同冷却时间对高温花岗岩可钻性实验研究

为了研究高温后花岗岩的可钻性和微观损伤变化, 同时也为了研究高温后不同冷却时间对可钻性的影响, 对高温热处理后的花岗岩冷却不同时间(2, 4, 24, 48 h), 通过可钻性实验和铸体薄片鉴定, 得到高温对花岗岩可钻性的影响规律和影响机理, 同时也得到不同冷却时间对花岗岩可钻性的影响。研究结果表明, 花岗岩在热处理不超过500℃和自然冷却2 h的约束下始终保持一个较高的可钻性级值, 在冷却4, 24, 48 h后, 高温对可钻性的影响表现为3个阶段(第一次劣化阶段、强化阶段、第二次劣化阶段)。微裂纹产生的位置及数量影响着岩石抵抗破碎的难易程度, 400℃热处理后花岗岩内部微裂纹开始显著增加, 当石英颗粒内部产生大量微裂纹时, 花岗岩的可钻性显著降低。100℃热处理后同时冷却不超过4 h会显著影响花岗岩的可钻性, 200~400℃热处理后, 花岗岩的可钻性级值会随着冷却时间(4~48 h)的继续增加显著增加, 500℃对花岗岩产生的损伤是不可恢复的, 600℃已经完全使花岗岩劣化。弄清高温和冷却时间对花岗岩可钻性的影响, 可以为干热岩资源的高效开采提供基础的理论支撑。      

基于RS与GIS的北京市热岛研究

基于普适性单通道算法,利用2005年5月6日的TM数据反演北京市区的实际地表温度。在此基础上,分析了北京市区的热环境特征、热岛分布的位置。运用GIS空间分析工具,分析了地表温度与地形特征和地表覆盖类型之间的关系。结果表明,北京市热岛分布具有环状和带状分布特征,高程较低处和坡度较小处更容易形成热岛中心,不同地表覆盖类型的热特征具有显著的差异。     

Effect of Temperature on the Release of Transparent Exopolymer Particles(TEP) and Aggregation by Marine Diatoms(Thalassiosira weissflogii and Skeletonema marinoi)

The presence of diatoms is accompanied by the production of a large amount of extracellular polymeric substances,which are mainly composed of carbohydrates.Transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)are a large class of extracellular polymeric substances with high stickiness that promotes the formation of aggregates and marine snow,which affects marine bio-carbon pump efficiency.The purpose of this research was to determine how temperature increases affect the allocation of cellular carbohydrates and the formation and aggregation of TEP.The results showed that the responses of two different diatom species(Thalassiosira weissflogii and Skeletonema marinoi)differed according to temperature.The cell density and chlorophyll a concentration of the former were not significantly correlated with temperature,while those of the latter were significantly decreased with increasing temperature.This indicates that the two species of diatom may have different heat tolerance ranges.A temperature increase will promote significant formation of TEP by both types of diatoms,including aggregation of S.marinoi as the temperature rises,meaning that the high temperature will produce an aggregate with a larger particle size and thus may increase the sedimentation rate of organic carbon.Moreover,the TEP aggregation of T.weissflogii did not increase;therefore,its particle size was smaller,and so it may remain on the sea surface at high temperatures for longer periods.These influences have a profound impact on the biogeochemical cycling of carbon.     

Impact of sea spray on upper ocean temperature during typhoon passage: simulation with a 1-D turbulent model

At the interface between the lower atmosphere and sea surface, sea spray might significantly influence air-sea heat fluxes and subsequently, modulate upper ocean temperature during a typhoon passage. The effects of sea spray were introduced into the parameterization of sea surface roughness in a 1-D turbulent model, to investigate the effects of sea spray on upper ocean temperature in the Kuroshio Extension area, for the cases of two real typhoons from 2006, Yagi and Soulik. Model output was compared with data from the Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO), and Reynolds and AMSRE satellite remote sensing sea surface temperatures. The results indicate drag coefficients that include the spray effect are closer to observations than those without, and that sea spray can enhance the heat fluxes (especially latent heat flux) considerably during a typhoon passage. Consequently, the model results with heat fluxes enhanced by sea spray simulate better the cooling process of the SST and upper-layer temperature profiles. Additionally, results from the simulation of the passage of typhoon Soulik (that passed KEO quickly), which included the sea spray effect, were better than for the simulated passage of typhoon Yagi (that crossed KEO slowly). These promising 1-D results could provide insight into the application of sea spray in general circulation models for typhoon studies.     

基于HJ-1B/IRS的重庆市热岛效应监测应用

本文利用MODIS数据反演大气透射率,利用HJ-1B/CCD进行分类,并反演地表比辐射率.在此基础上,借鉴单窗算法,利用HJ-1B/IRS数据反演得到地表温度,并利用MODIS温度产品对反演结果进行了初步验证.最后利用热场变异指数进一步分析重庆的热岛空间分布特征,并对NDVI与NDBI对热岛效应的影响进行了分析.其结论...     

2005-2016年北京中心城区热岛时空格局及影响因子多元建模

城市热岛效应作为城市范围的一种典型气候特征,在近年来受到了广泛的关注。了解城市热岛时空演变及形成原因对缓解城市热环境和提高人居舒适性有着重要意义。以北京市中心城区为例,首先,基于Landsat卫星2005、2010、2016年的热红外影像数据反演得到地表温度,采用均值标准差方法对地表温度进行划分得到多等级的热岛强度,分析城市热岛的空间格局和随时间的演变规律;其次,提取不透水层、植被、裸土和水体4种典型地物类型,统计不同年份下各热岛强度之间的转移信息并计算相关的热力景观格局指数;接着,依据离市中心的距离将中心城区分为30级缓冲区,统计分析每一级缓冲区内各地物类型的面积比例与热岛强度信息。最后,以各地物类型的统计数据,结合离市中心的距离,建立各影响因子与热岛强度之间的多元关系模型,综合分析地物类型和市中心的距离变化对城市热岛的影响。结果表明：北京中心城区整体热岛强度呈逐年增长的趋势,高等级热岛强度的热力斑块面积逐步扩张,热力景观类型的多样性随时间推移呈下降态势。不透水层对热岛强度的影响较大,具体表现为不透水层盖度越高,热岛强度越大;热岛强度随离市中心距离的增大逐渐降低。     

基于局地气候分区的济南市热环境空间分异及其 影响因素

城市地表覆被及空间结构不同,导致热岛效应不同,城市热环境存在空间差异。局地气候分区（LCZ）在城市热岛研究方面得到了广泛应用。合理划分LCZ、科学制定LCZ分类标准,是基于LCZ研究城市热岛的关键技术问题。本文基于济南市城市路网、DEM和建筑大数据划分LCZ,利用Landsat 8遥感影像反演地表温度,采用克里金法进行气温空间插值,以地表温度和气温综合表达城市热环境。在此基础上,采用方差分析方法研究了城市热环境的空间分异特征和LCZ类内热环境差异,采用相关分析方法研究了城市热环境的影响因素。结果表明：① 济南市地表温度和4:00、8:00、14:00的气温空间分布格局差异明显,存在较高温度异常值的LCZ数量分别占全市LCZ总数的0.25%、1.60%、4.05%和3.96%。建筑密集区域地表温度较高,同时包含分散的较高气温区,呈现热岛效应;② 不同类型LCZ的地表温度和不同时刻气温平均值存在明显差异。高层低密度、高层中密度、中层低密度等类型存在较高气温异常值的数量分别占较高异常值总数的47.37%和33.33%、9.65%,类内热岛效应明显;③ LCZ类型不同,类内热岛效应存在差异。低层低密度、中层低密度、高层低密度和高层中密度等类型所处位置高程不同,其方差分析的P值均小于0.05,热岛效应存在显著差异;④ LCZ所处位置高程不同,建筑空间分布指标对城市热环境的影响各异。总体而言,地表温度与建筑平均高度呈负相关,且达到了0.05以上的显著性水平,而气温与之呈正相关,且达到了0.001的显著性水平;城市热环境与建筑基底面积及建筑体积的平均值和标准差、建筑密度、容积率等指标的正相关性达到了0.001的显著性水平,这些指标对城市热环境的正向影响作用明显。     

河谷型城市热岛空间分布格局演变及对策——以西宁市区为例

城市热岛效应直接反映着城市的气候特征,这对于研究由城市化发展与环境改变引起的城市气温的变化及保护城市的生态环境具有重要的现实意义。本文利用LandsatTM影像、气象台站资料,基于GIS的空间分析技术及单窗算法,对河谷型城市西宁市的地表温度进行反演,分析了地表温度与NDVI、NDBI的空间对应关系。结果表明:西宁市存在明显的城市热岛效应,热场分布及延伸与西宁市空间扩展布局相一致,热岛范围呈逐年增长的趋势;低、中温区的热岛面积大幅度减少,高温区的热岛范围显著增加;热岛效应冬季最强,夏季次之,秋季有明显减弱的趋势。在河谷型城市的空间格局上,地表温度与NDVI呈负相关关系、与NDBI呈正相关关系。最后,依据热岛时空演化、成因分析和策略研究的思路,从不同角度提出了缓解城市热岛效应的措施和对策,为未来西宁市热环境的改善提供科学参考和决策支持。     

Monitoring Spatio-temporal Variance of an Extreme Heat Event Using Multiple-source Remote Sensing Data

Extreme heat events have serious effects on human daily life. Accurately capturing the dynamic variance of extreme high-temperature distributions in a timely manner is the basis for analyzing the potential impacts of extreme heat, thereby informing risk prevention strategies. This paper demonstrates the potential application of multiple source remote sensing data in mapping and monitoring the extreme heat events that occurred on Aug. 8, 2013 in Jiangsu Province, China. In combination with MODIS products, the thermal sharpening(Ts HARP) method and a binary linear model are compared to downscale the original daytime FengY un 2 F(FY-2 F) land surface temperature(LST) imagery, with a temporal resolution of 60 min, from 5 km to 1 km. Using the meteorological measurement data from Nanjing station as the reference, the research then estimates the instantaneous air temperature by using an iterative computation based on the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land(SEBAL), which is used to analyze the spatio-temporal air temperature variance. The results show that the root mean square error(RMSE) of the LST downscaled from the binary linear model is 1.30℃ compared to the synchronous MODIS LST, and on this basis the estimated air temperature has the RMSE of 1.78℃. The spatial and temporal distribution of air temperature variance at each geographical location from 06:30 to 18:30 can be accurately determined, and indicates that the high temperature gradually increases and expands from the city center. For the spatial distribution, the air temperature and the defined scorching temperature proportion index increase from northern to middle, to southern part of Jiangsu, and are slightly lower in the eastern area near the Yellow Sea. In terms of temporal characteristics, the percentage of area with air temperature above 37℃ in each city increase with time after 10:30 and reach the peak value at 14:30 or 15:30. Then, they decrease gradually, and the rising and falling trends become smaller from the southern cities to the northern regions. Moreover, there is a distinct positive relationship between the percentage of area above 37℃ and the population density. The above results show that the spatio-temporal distributions of heat waves and their influencing factors can be determined by combining multiple sources of remotely sensed image data.     

Radiation of lamp and optimized experiment using artificial light in the Arctic Ocean

A winter optical experiment by an artificial lamp was conducted in the Amundsen Bay of Arctic Ocean from November of 2007 to January of 2008.The radiation field emitted from an artificial lamp was measured and is introduced in this paper ,and the optimized experiment project is discussed.It is demonstrated that the minimum size allowed of the lamp is determined by both the field of view(FOV) of optical instrument and the measuring distance from the lamp.Some problems that might influence on the experimen...     

采用水化学方法对青岛北部地区地热资源远景的探讨

采用水文地球化学方法,根据青岛地区50多个地下水样品的测试分析结果进行了地下热储温度的推测,结合遥感解译、测温、地质背景条件等资料综合分析,圈定出3个地热远景区,即温泉地热远景区、黄家山地热远景区和流亭地热远景区,这3个地热远景区均分布在NNE向断裂与NW向断裂交汇部位上。通过对该区地热地质特征初步分析认为,其热储概念模型属深循环对流型。     

水体表面温度反演研究综述

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