论环境地球物理学中的若干问题

环境地球物理学是研究地球物理环境与人类及地球生物相互作用的科学,它从地球物理学的角度揭示全球或大的区域自然环境与人类活动相互作用的效应。地球的电磁场,重力场,地热场,放射性辐射强度场,地震和某些空间地球物理问题都是非常重要的环境因素。它们对地球上的人类或生物体的神经系统活动,疾病,生长发育等产生不可忽视的影响,而人类活动的强度和广度已发展到有可能对地球物理环境形成一定的甚至是重要的影响和作用。其中的有些后果是灾难性的。     

Simulation of one-dimensional correlated fields using a matrix-factorization moving average approach

The simulation of one-dimensional stationary correlated fields is of increasing importance in the earth sciences. A new method for repeated generation of independent realizations, which are long and dense relative to the correlation scale of the underlying stochastic process, is examined here. This method is conceptually simple and easy to apply. It consists of a matrix-factorization technique for derivation of moving average coefficients which are used as weights in the construction of successive observations from linear combinations of random normal deviates. The matrix-factorization procedure is fast and need be performed only once for a given correlation function and density of observations. This technique can be used to generate evenly spaced observations in time or a single space dimension for any prescribed correlation function and marginal distribution which is Gaussian with arbitrary mean and variance. Tests of ensemble properties of generation procedures have been developed and results for this method compared with those for a popular generation technique. For correlation functions and generation conditions examined, the matrix-factorization moving average approach more accurately produces ensemble characteristics of the prescribed underlying process. For repeated generation of 2001 observations spaced evenly over realizations with length equal to 100 times the correlation scale, the moving average approach requires only about one fifth the CPU time used by the Shinozuka and Jan method to obtain similar accuracy.     

正冻土中水分场和温度场耦合过程的动态观测与分析

在观测正冻土冻结过程中水分场和温度场随时间变化规律的基础上, 引用Flerchinger建立的垂直一维冻土系统水、热流耦合模型及相关的联系方程和边界条件对所测的结果进行数值模拟, 证明其模型在工程上的准确性与适用性.     

纳米金的迁移富集与黄铁矿富金关系

黄铁矿是金矿床中常见的矿物,也是重要的载金矿物之一,有的黄铁矿富金,有的黄铁矿不含金或含微量金。为什么黄铁矿对纳米金的吸附作用强？讨论了纳米微粒金与黄铁矿的关系后指出,半导体型黄铁矿有Ｎ型和Ｐ型两种。前者具负热电动势、带负电;后者具正电位带正电荷。当其与ＳｉＯ２水溶液迁移时,若与带正电荷的Ｐ型黄铁矿相遇,即被Ｐ型黄铁矿吸附沉淀成矿。带负电荷的黄铁矿不能吸附带负电荷的纳米金,因而不能成矿。     

多期断层擦痕的硬划分:一种目标函数算法

提出一种基于硬划分的目标函数法 ,它能够识别多期断层擦痕数据。这是通过在Fry(1999)的Sigma空间里对数据内在的线性构造的识别来实现的。与其它的应力反演法不同 ,目标函数法在原理上相对完善。为了检验此方法 ,在设定的应力张量下由ManteCarlo法生成“人工”断层擦痕数据。计算结果表明 ,目标函数法能够很好地识别多期断层擦痕数据。应力估测的准确度取决于断层擦痕数据的误差和不同构造期应力张量之间的相似性。随着断层擦痕数据误差范围的加大 ,应力估测的准确度趋向降低。当断层擦痕数据存在误差时 ,越是相似的设定应力张量 ,其估计准确度也就越低。不同期构造应力的彼此相似往往与构造应力场微妙或细部的时空变化有关。在从多期断层擦痕数据里识别出相似的不同期构造应力上 ,目标函数法有所突破 ,进而有助于深入认识地质构造的形成。     

基于间断位移场的隧道围岩承载能力研究

岩体是岩石块体和分割这些块体的边界的组合体。沿边界面(结构面)的局部剪切变形使得位移场产生间断,对岩体的力学性能产生巨大的影响。采用光滑函数组合来描述滑移面上的间断,得到反映岩体沿着边界局部剪切的数学模型。利用此局部剪切模型得出了应力–滑移关系具有强化阶段时圆形坑道围岩自身承载能力的解析表达式,研究了岩体滑移面对坑道围岩自身承载能力的影响。通过分析得到,自承能力在深部坑道围岩的稳定中发挥了重要作用,应力–滑移关系的强化段对围岩承载力有着很大的影响;围岩压力与坑道的埋深、坑道的尺寸以及围岩的物理力学性质等具有直接关系;围岩出现不稳定的动力现象(岩爆)与此岩体参数m关系极大,而岩体参数与接触面的软化程度、能量转移、耗散结构的几何尺寸以及弹性模量有关。     

裂隙岩体非稳态渗流场与损伤场耦合分析模型

本文从流体扩散能量迭加原理,建立了裂隙岩体介质的渗流张量解析表达式,综合应用断裂力学与损伤理论,探讨了复杂应力状态下裂隙岩体的本构关系以及压裂裂纹的起裂准则,建立了裂隙岩体在压剪,拉剪应力状态下损伤演化方程,提出了渗透张量随裂隙损伤发展的关系以及裂隙岩体非稳态渗流场与与损伤场耦合模型。     

重力场定义的澄清

《朗曼现代英文词典》(LongmanModernEnglishDictionary)、《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(OxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish ChineseDictionary)、《韦氏词典》(Merriam Webster’sNewCollegiateDictionary)、作为地球物理专业词汇定义源的《勘探地球物理百科词典》(EncyclopedicDictionaryofExplorationGeo physics)以及中国的一些重力教科书、专著及词典 ,把重力场定义为重力或重力作用存在的空间 ,重力效应可以测量的空间 ,即 :力或重力存在的空间。这个定义不同于国外英文地球物理教科书、专著及中、英、俄文场论教科书对重力场的定义 :空间中的重力。定义重力场为重力存在的空间 ,混淆了“场”本身及“场域”的概念 ,并不是一个标准的物理或地球物理定义 ,是一种误导。物理场是空间中存在的一种物理作用或效应 ,分布于引起它的场源体周围。两个物体之间存在着的相互作用力 ,通过每个物体引起的引力场给予另一个物体。重力场可以定义如下 :地球内部及其附近空间一点处存在的重力作用 ,或单位质量受到的重力。重力场是一种力或力场 ,存在于地球表面及其附近的空间。重力场不是空间 ,重力场的测量应当是在重力场存在的空间或场域中 ,而不是在重力场中进行。     

非均质土坝稳定性的渗流场和应力场耦合分析

綦于多孔介质的渗流特性和土的非线性本构关系，研究了渗流场与应力场的耦合效应，并针对一实际十坝建立了非线性耦合分析模型，探讨了位于软基之上的非均质土坝的渗流与应力耦合规律。分析结果表明，在渗流作用下，坝休和坝基中渗流与应力的相互作用是不应忽视的，其作用结果将会使土坝、特别足防渗心端附近应力水平和渗透坡降均有不同程度的提高，表明考虑渗流场和应力场耦合作用的计算结果对土坝稳定安全性不利。     

Too hot to handle: Depoliticisation and the discourse of ecological modernisation in fire management debates

The management of fire within landscapes is a topic of increasing contestation. This is particularly the case in relation to the practice of ‘prescribed burning’, which aims to exercise a form of control of wild fires through the application of science-based techniques that putatively reconcile the conservation of biodiversity with the protection of human life and property in particular places. The belief in possibilities to solve environmental problems by scientific approaches and in outcomes that do not involve harm or vulnerabilities is an element of a trend called “Ecological Modernisation” (EM). Various studies have shown how discourses of EM have come to dominate the ways in which many contemporary environmental problems are approached. We argue that highlighting the presentation of such discourses as neutral and non-politicised precludes a critical examination of the ways in which the knowledge claims upon which they rest can be seen to reinforce only particular sets of constructions of the relationship between humans and the natural world. Through an analysis of knowledge claims made in relation to recurring topics such as the use of fire by Indigenous Australians and the adaptation of species to fire, we illustrate that behind the discourse of ecological modernisation sit deeply engrained variations in terms of where people locate vulnerability in relation to the pressing problem of wildfire and fire management. We argue that the depoliticisation of the topic sustains specific types of relationships between people and nature while delegitimising others and obscures the fundamentally different notions about relationships between humans and non-human nature upon which the debate ultimately pivots.     

铜石金矿田金元素来源新认识

铜石金矿田位于鲁西中生代富碱次火山杂岩体--铜石岩体周围,该岩体侵入于燕山晚期,主要有闪长玢岩、二长斑岩和隐爆角砾岩组成.岩体与金矿田有密切的成因关系,目前一般认为铜石金矿田金元素来源于泰山群地层,岩体与金矿是衍生关系而非同源关系.但文章通过对铜石金矿田地质特征、流体包裹体成分、氢氧同位素证据、锶、氧和铅同位素比值、碲元素地球化学特征以及国内外成矿地质条件相似地区研究成果分析得出新的观点:铜石金矿田金元素来源于深部碱性玄武岩浆,矿体与岩体是同源而非衍生关系.该新认识对鲁西黄金找矿具有一定参考价值.     

岩体水力学基础(五)——岩体渗流场与应力场耦合的裂隙网络模型

岩体是由裂隙和其间的岩块组成。当岩块处于近乎隔水状态时，岩体中的渗流可看作为裂隙网络流。本文通过分析岩体裂隙网络渗流场、应力场以及它们之间的相互力学关系，提出了岩体渗流场与应力场耦合的裂隙网络模型及数值计算方法。     

前陆冲断带构造应力场与裂缝发育关系

针对前陆冲断带地层裂缝预测难的现状, 在选择适合于研究区破裂准则的基础上, 确立了造缝时期古地应力和现今地应力与裂缝参数之间的关系; 通过构造特征研究确定了造缝时期古地应力的性质和方向, 用断层和裂缝走向统计法、声速法、水力压裂法和声发射法计算了现今地应力的方向和大小; 将古、今地应力场的数值模拟结果代入到裂缝参数计算模型中, 计算出了乌夏前陆冲断带二叠系火山岩-沉积岩混杂地层裂缝的开度、密度、孔隙度和渗透率, 并分析了分布趋势。研究表明, 构造应力和岩性对裂缝发育起决定性作用, 构造应力差异大的地区容易产生裂缝, 且裂缝各项参数较大; 靠近主断层的构造高部位裂缝发育程度较高; 凝灰质和泥质含量越大, 粒度越细, 裂缝越发育。      

断裂输导在我国高效和中效聚集的大-中型气田形成中的作用

基于对我国53个大.中型气田生储盖组合类型及天然气运移输导类型的研究,认为生储盖组合类型决定了断裂是我国大一中型气田天然气运移的主要输导通道.通过这53个大,中型气田天然气聚集效率与其输导通道之间关系的剖析,发现被断裂输导的大一中型气田主要为高效和中效聚集的气田.这主要是由于断裂本身具有较强的输导能力,同时其输导时期与源岩大量排气期匹配关系好.利用断裂输导天然气的输导能力综合评价参数对我国44个大-中型气田断裂输导天然气能力进行了研究,提出我国要形成高效和中效聚集的大-中型气田的条件是：断裂输导天然气速度一般应大于0.47×10^-12m/s.     

采空区水平钻孔瓦斯抽放工艺与原理

针对采空区瓦斯抽放问题,讨论抽放钻孔布置、工艺特点及抽放原理。水平钻孔抽放的优点是可选择高的钻孔位置,能获得更大的瓦斯抽放浓度,可提高抽放效率。钻孔应选择在较坚固的岩层中,避免塌孔或遇到断层等构造破碎带。提出采空区水平钻孔瓦斯抽放模拟计算方案,计算了瓦斯抽放时流场风流规律。抽放时,工作面向采空区的漏风流,在下游回风段形成了上、下分流。模拟试验中,在扩大抽放流量时,能加大工作面向采空区的总体漏风量,而降低了采空区向工作面的漏回风量;随着抽放流量的增大,工作面与采空区风流交换平衡点向回风侧移动。由此给出抽放流量等于总漏回风量的绝对安全抽放关系准则,为确定瓦斯抽放流量及抽放浓度提供依据。     

Spatial estimation of geotechnical parameters for numerical tunneling simulations and TBM performance models

In this paper, we further elaborate on a methodology dedicated to the modeling of geotechnical data to be used as input in numerical simulation and TBM performance codes. The expression “geotechnical data” refers collectively to the spatial variability and uncertainty exhibited by the boundaries and the mechanical or other parameters of each geological formation filling a prescribed 3D domain. Apart from commercial design and visualization software such as AutoCAD Land Desktop^® software and 3D solid modelling and meshing pre-processors, the new tools that are employed in this methodology include relational databases of soil and rock test data, Kriging estimation and simulation methods, and a fast algorithm for forward or backward analysis of TBM logged data. The latter refers to the continuous upgrade of the soil or rock mass geotechnical model during underground construction based on feedback from excavation machines for a continuous reduction of the uncertainty of predictions in unsampled areas. The approach presented here is non-intrusive since it may be used in conjunction with a commercial or any other available numerical tunneling simulation code. The application of these tools is demonstrated in Mas-Blau section of L9 tunnel in Barcelona.     

冻土地区水渠的温度场和应力场数值分析

建立了含损伤的冻土弹性本构模型,对于在不同冰体积含量和不同温度下的冻结砂土,由该损伤本构模型计算的结果与实测的应力-应变曲线相吻合.利用自行开发的程序进行数值模拟,通过对渠道冻结水分场、温度场、应力场三场的数值计算结果分析,得到了比较准确且符合实际的温度场与应力场、位移场、应变场耦合的计算结果,与前人计算结果相符合,规律一致.算例表明,此程序能够计算冻土材料的相关物理量,且能很好地描述它们之间的关系,可为工程设计和施工提供必要的参考.     

Thermodynamic mixing properties of olivine derived from lattice vibrations

We use a lattice vibrational technique to derive thermophysical and thermochemical properties of fayalite, Fe₂SiO₄. This semi-empirical technique is based on an extension of Kieffer’s model to incorporate details of the phonon spectrum. It includes treatment of intrinsic anharmonicity and electronic effects based on crystal field theory. We extend it to predict thermodynamic mixing properties of olivine (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ solid solutions by using results of our previous work on the system MgO–SiO₂. Achieving this requires a relation between phonon frequency and composition and a composition relation for the energy of the static lattice. Directed by experimental Raman spectroscopic data for specific optic modes in magnesium–iron solid solutions of olivine and pyroxene we use an empirical relation for the composition dependence for phonon frequencies. We show that lattice vibrations have a large effect on the excess entropy and that the static lattice contribution and lattice vibrations have a large impact on excess enthalpy and excess Gibbs energy. Our model indicates that compositional effects in electronic and magnetic properties are negligible. The compositional variation the Néel temperature has a large impact on excess heat capacity for temperatures below 100 K.