中国各省级行政区未来气候耗能变化可能情景

利用7个全球耦合气候模式的集成结果,得到我国2020~2029和2050~2059年气温和度日变化的可能情景。结合社会经济发展的影响,计算得到我国各省级行政区未来气候耗能变化的可能情景。结果表明:我国未来平均年总度日有显著的降低,总度日的变化有明显的地域性,西部和北方地区降低,南方地区有所增加;取暖度日普遍降低,降温度日有不同程度的增加;2020~2029年和2050~2059年度日变化空间格局相似, 2050~2059年的变化幅度大于2020~2029年;未来我国南方沿海大部分地区的气候耗能有所增加,气候耗能下降区主要分布在北方、中部和西部地区;气候耗能变化空间格局有度日变化的作用,也受社会经济发展水平的影响,同一地区的各省(区、市)具体气候耗能变化值也有较大差异。     

SRM融雪径流模型在乌鲁木齐河源区的应用研究

 乌鲁木齐河源区发育现代冰川7条,冰川面积5.6 km²,并有大范围的积雪,冰雪消融期融雪径流对乌鲁木齐河贡献显著。应用SRM（snowmelt?runoff model）融雪径流模型来探讨乌鲁木齐河源区融雪期径流情况,利用度日方法,由流域本身特征及参变量获取方法的深入分析来率定模型参数,应用模拟指标Nash-Sutcliffe系数R²=0.702和积差Dv=6.81%来评价模型表现,研究发现：（1）气温、降水作为该模型的直接驱动变量对模型的模拟较为敏感。尝试对乌乌鲁木齐河源区的气温、降水数据进行IDW插值并进行修正,使得模型模拟精度提高,对模型变量的输入精度问题上提供了新的思路;（2）不同高度带上积雪的度日因子并不是稳定的,而度日因子的选取与调整对模型也非常重要;（3）模型本身的局限性也导致模拟精度的降低。结果表明SRM模型可在乌鲁木齐河流域推广应用,这必将对认识和利用乌鲁木齐河流域冰雪水资源具有重要意义。     

纳木错流域冰雪消融特性研究及融水量估算

冰川积雪是寒区水资源的重要组成部分,在全球气候变暖背景下,进行寒区冰雪消融特性研究和融水量估算具有重要意义。以青藏高原纳木错流域为研究对象,采用2004—2013年MODIS数据对纳木错流域冰雪消融时空变异规律进行研究。结果表明:纳木错流域冰雪覆盖率年变化曲线呈"双峰型",7—8月冰雪消融最为剧烈,而2月和11月是季节性积雪的主要积累阶段;冰雪覆盖量在空间分布上差异明显,地势较高、坡度较陡、阴坡比例较大的流域东南侧年均冰雪覆盖率较大,而流域西北侧与之相反。为进一步探讨气温变化对冰雪消融的影响,选取研究区内典型冰川融水补给区域——曲嘎切流域2013年8月实测数据,建立气温与冰雪融水径流间函数关系,模拟结果显示两者呈指数相关(R2=0.7105),表明气候变暖、温度上升将引起寒区冰雪消融量的急剧增加。     

冰川与冻土

冰川P343.62006043174度日模型在冰川与积雪研究中的应用进展=Progressoftheapplicationofdegree-daymodeltostudyglaciersandsnowcov-er/张勇,刘时银∥冰川冻土.—2006,28(1).—101~107度日模型是基于冰川与积雪消融和气温,尤其是冰雪表面的正积温之间的线性关系建立的.度日模     

云南省农业生长季热量资源的时空特征

云南省是中国典型的湿润型雨养农业区，农业发展受热量资源变化影响显著。然而，当前对湿润型雨养农业区热量资源的研究较为缺乏，尤其是对区域内不同海拔梯度下各界限温度的积温研究仍有待深入。本研究基于云南省27个气象站近50年逐日气象数据，采用气候倾向率、小波分析以及Mann-Kendall检验等研究方法，分析了云南省不同海拔地区生长季≥0℃、≥10℃及≥20℃积温的时空特征，并探讨了各积温的周期演变特征与气候变化的响应。结果表明：(1)近50年，云南省不同海拔地区的各类积温均表现出稳定增加的趋势，峰值都出现在近5年，谷值出现在20世纪70年代中期。(2)除滇中城市群区域内呈现出显著性增温现象之外，不同海拔地区的各类积温呈现出高海拔地区增温趋势高于低海拔地区的特征。(3)在海拔因素、城市热岛效应和气候变暖的协同影响下，云南省气温增长多发生在≥10℃的天数上，≥20℃积温在不同海拔地区的空间分布差异性极大，增温趋势显著大于0℃积温和10℃积温。(4)不同海拔地区各类积温都存在15～25 a和40～50 a两个变化周期，且各类积温基本在20世纪90年代出现突变点，即各类积温在近20 a的增温趋势得到...     

天山乌一号冰川物质平衡特征的统计分析

利用天山乌鲁木齐河源一号冰川物质平衡的多年观测资料,通过数学统计方法提取主成分,获得影响该冰川物质平衡的主要因素,通过成分矩阵的旋转获得表示冰川物质平衡特征的两个主因子,其中第一主因子为影响冰川物质平衡的常年因子,代表该冰川的多年持续变化方向与趋势,第二主因子为影响冰川物质平衡的年际因子,代表该冰川在平衡年内的物质平衡变化特征。常年因子的持续下降反映了冰川持续后退的现实,年际因子在上世纪80年代中期以后突然强劲上升,实际上是冰川物质平衡水平提高,平衡年内积累量和消融量都增加的表现,清晰地指示了西北地区气候由暖干向暖湿的转型。常年因子是冰川物质平衡变化的主导因子,控制了冰川变化的方向。常年因子具有较好的周期性,以6年周期最为明显,但其形成原因尚不明。年际因子周期性不明显,但可以看出其周期与太阳黑子变化具有相关性,同时受到常年因子的影响。     

中亚阿拉套地区冰川退缩与气候变化关系研究

以1990-2011年的TM和ETM+遥感资料为信息源,通过遥感图像处理技术和目视解译方法提取冰川界限,应用GIS技术分析了阿拉套地区近22 a冰川面积变化。结果表明:1990-2011年阿拉套地区冰川呈退缩趋势,面积退缩了20.24%,大规模冰川分解使得小规模冰川的总面积和条数均有所增加,较大的变化率是由于研究区面积1 km2的冰川数量占总数的比重较大(近90%)造成的,依据研究区冰川空间结构特征,应用分形理论对未来冰川变化进行初步预测,认为研究区冰川的消融率仍保持比较高的状态。表明阿拉套地区冰川退缩的关键因素是气候变暖,年降水量的增加不能抵消由夏季温度剧烈上升导致的冰川消融。此外,地形条件、冰川规模都是影响冰川波动的重要因素,与西部其他区域相比,阿拉套地区冰川退缩表现出较快的趋势。     

基于无人机摄影测量的梅里雪山明永冰川末端表面高程动态监测

位于横断山区的梅里雪山地区,受地形与气候的影响,该地区光学遥感及微波遥感应用较为受限。论文基于大疆精灵4RTK无人机搭配中海达UBase,于2018年11月9日和2019年11月12日对梅里雪山地区明永冰川末端开展了2期摄影测量,估算冰川消融区表面高程变化,监测冰川动态变化。研究结果表明:冰川区表面形态在不同位置有显著差别,航测冰川区中下部大量表碛覆盖,有少量沿冰川主流线方向发育的裂隙;航测冰川区中上部表碛覆盖较少,大量横向裂隙发育。2018年11月至2019年11月,明永冰川末端表面高程平均变化-1.67 m。冰川表面高程变化空间分布差异显著,在航测冰川区上部高程差存在正负交替现象,航测冰川区中部以减薄为主,而航测冰川区下部以增厚为主。与高亚洲地区其他山系冰川变化对比,梅里雪山地区是冰川表面高程变化最显著的地区。     

冰川系统模理及其应用——以金沙江流域为例

全球气候变化带来了一系列的影响,冰川的生存与发展也受到了它的影响。目前,全球变化下冰川的变化是国际冰川学界的研究热点之一。中国是世界上冰川分布最广的中纬度国家,冰川是中国西部干旱地区的重要水资源,冰川的变化对中国环境有重大影响。冰川系统模型是一种基于冰川系统理论的水文学冰川变化预测模型,该模型从系统论的角度对全球变化的背景下冰川融水的变化进行宏观预测,充分利用已有的冰川数据资料对冰川的变化趋势做出总体预测。本文以金沙江流域冰川系统为例,根据流域内的自然环境特征将其分为河源区冰川系统和非河源区冰川系统两个并列的系统,利用冰川系统模型对其在不同的气候变化情景下的响应趋势作了预测,证实了模型的正确性和可行性。这一模型的研究成果对应对全球变化可能产生的影响有积极作用。     

中国省域气候舒适度与星级饭店经营效率的协调性研究

基于660个中国地面气象站点逐日观测资料,运用气候舒适度模型、耦合协调模型等方法,研究中国内地31个省份不同季度的气候舒适度及其对不同省份星级饭店经营效率的耦合协调关系。结果表明:气候舒适度与星级饭店经营效率之间的协调关系随季节变化波动较大,年度协调程度空间变化特征明显,呈现出东南高、西北低,且从东南向西北协调程度逐渐降低的变化特征。     

Recent progress of glaciological studies in China

1IntroductionIn the early 1960s, glaciers in western China were classified into maritime- and continental-types by different glacial environment and physical characteristics (Shi and Xie, 1964). With extensive glaciological investigations in the western regions (Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology of CAS, 1988), Lai and Huang (1990) suggested a new classification of temperate, subpolar and quasipolar glaciers, corresponding to the maritime-, subcontinental- and extremely contin…     

Recent progress of glaciological studies in China

Glacier inventory compilation during the past 20 years and modifications of that for the Eastern Pamir and Banggong Lake indicate that there are 46,342 modern glaciers with a total area and volume of 59415 km2 and 5601 km3 respectively in China. These glaciers can be classified into maritime and continental (including sub-continental and extremely continental) types. Researches show that glaciers in China have been retreating since the Little Ice Age and the mass wastage was accelerated during the past 30 to 40 years. Being an important part of glaciological studies in China, ice core climatic and environmental studies on Tibetan Plateau and in the Antarctica have provided abundant, high resolution information about past climatic and environmental evolution over the Tibetan Plateau and Antarctica. Except for different parameters recorded in ice cores relating to climate and environment changes on Tibetan Plateau, records from ice cores extracted from different glaciers show that the discrepancies in climatic and environmental changes on the north and south parts of the plateau may be the consequence of different influencing effects from terrestrial and solar sources. Glaciological and meteorological phenomena imply that Lambert Glacier valley is an important boundary of climate in the east Antarctica, which is thought to be connected with cyclonic activities and Circum-polar Waves over the Antarctica.     

中国冰川研究进展

Glacier inventory compilation during the past 20 years and modifications of that for the Eastern Pamir and Banggong Lake indicate that there are 46,342 modern glaciers with a total area and volume of 59415 km^2 and 5601 km^3 respectively in China. These glaciers can be classified into maritime and continental (including sub-continental and extremely continental) types. Researches show that glaciers in China have been retreating since the Little Ice Age and the mass wastage was accelerated during the past 30 to 40 years. Being an important part of glaciological studies in China,ice core climatic and environmental studies on Tibetan Plateau and in the Antarctica have provided abundant, high resolution information about past climatic and environmental evolution over the Tibetan Plateau and Antarctica. Except for different parameters recorded in ice cores relating to climate and environment changes on Tibetan Plateau, records from ice cores extracted from different glaciers show that the discrepancies in climatic and environmental changes on the north and south parts of the plateau may be the consequence of different influencing effects from terrestrial and solar sources.Glaciological and meteorological phenomena imply that Lambert Glacier valley is an important boundary of climate in the east Antarctica, which is thought to be connected with cyclonic activities and Circum-polar Waves over the Antarctica.     

Modelling Changes in Glacier Mass Balance that may Occur as a Result of Climate Changes

Projections of changes in glacier mass balance caused by climate changes involve modelling present mass balance in terms of climate and then perturbing the climate variables to calculate future mass balance. The simplest model involves linear regression of mass balance time series on temperature and precipitation data at stations close to the glacier but we prefer the degree-day model. This model uses temperature and precipitation to calculate snow accumulation, snow and ice melting, and possible refreezing of meltwater at regular altitude intervals on a glacier. Model parameters are still somewhat uncertain and are established for individual glaciers by tuning the model mass balance as a function of altitude to fit observed data. The model has been applied to 37 glaciers in different parts of the world so far and some details are given for Storglaciären to illustrate the approach. The sensitivity of modelled mass balance to a +1°C temperature increase shows a wide range for the 37 glaciers from about 0.1 to 1.3 m water a⁻¹ . Sub-polar glaciers have lower temperature sensitivities, and maritime and tropical glaciers have higher sensitivities.     

青藏高原黑碳气溶胶外源传输及气候效应模拟研究进展与展望

青藏高原毗邻全球大气污染物排放增长最快速的地区,受西风和南亚季风的影响,中亚、南亚等高原周边排放的污染物通过大气环流传输,进入高原并对其气候环境产生重要影响。观测事实表明：近几十年青藏高原东部和南部雪冰中黑碳含量呈显著上升趋势,这可能导致冰川加速融化和积雪持续时间缩短,最终影响青藏高原的水循环过程。前人对青藏高原黑碳的外源输送,特别是南亚大气污染物的贡献及其对高原气候、冰冻圈变化的影响,还没有较清晰和统一的认识。青藏高原污染物定点监测网络的发展及高分辨率区域气候—大气化学模式的应用,为定量评估高原污染物外源输送及气候效应提供了契机。本文在国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目“南亚黑碳气溶胶跨境传输及其对青藏高原气候影响的数值模拟研究”的资助下,在以下三个方面取得了进展：①系统性论证了高分辨率区域气候—大气化学模式在高原的适用性,模拟了青藏高原及周边区域黑碳时空分布、传输和沉降过程;②揭示了污染物扩散的机制,评估了大气黑碳的气候及雪冰效应,并对比了自然源粉尘和人为源黑碳对青藏高原气候的影响;③定量估算了不同区域排放对高原黑碳外源输送的贡献率,其中来自南亚的黑碳对青藏高原外源输送的贡献率最高,在非季风期为61.3%,季风期为19.4%。本文揭示了外源输送黑碳对青藏高原气候的影响,为提高一带一路核心区冰冻圈与水资源的管理及预测能力,制定应对环境变化策略及国家气候外交谈判提供科学依据。     

中国冰川区表碛厚度估算及其影响研究进展

表碛覆盖型冰川是中国西部分布较为广泛的冰川类型,其典型特征是冰川消融区部分或全部覆盖了一层厚度不一的表碛。与裸冰或雪相比,表碛覆盖层下冰的融化过程有独特性,表碛厚度空间分布对一条冰川的消融、物质平衡和径流过程的影响有别于无表碛覆盖型冰川。本文回顾了近年来表碛厚度分布及其影响的研究,通过对这些进展进行总结以进一步明晰表碛影响研究的方向;同时着重介绍了近期发展的基于遥感影像热红外波段和可见光近红外波段、大气—表碛层—冰川界面能量平衡过程的表碛厚度估算方法和表碛覆盖综合评估模型,结合地面观测,分析了以遥感反演的表碛层热阻系数表征表碛厚度的精度,介绍了这类模型在表碛覆盖型冰川物质平衡和径流研究中的应用效果,以及在综合评估流域/区域尺度表碛影响的应用情况,并分析了该模型存在的不足及进一步改进的研究方向,为实现中国西部区域表碛影响的系统评估奠定基础,从而提升对区域水资源和冰川灾害的模拟和预测能力。     

Current Behaviour and Dynamics of the Lowermost Italian Glacier (Montasio Occidentale,Julian Alps)

Smaller glaciers (<0.5 km²) react quickly to environmental changes and typically show a large scatter in their individual response. Accounting for these ice bodies is essential for assessing regional glacier change, given their high number and contribution to the total loss of glacier area in mountain regions. However, studying small glaciers using traditional techniques may be difficult or not feasible, and assessing their current activity and dynamics may be problematic. In this paper, we present an integrated approach for characterizing the current behaviour of a small, avalanche‐fed glacier at low altitude in the Italian Alps, combining geomorphological, geophysical and high‐resolution geodetic surveying with a terrestrial laser scanner. The glacier is still active and shows a detectable mass transfer from the accumulation area to the lower ablation area, which is covered by a thick debris mantle. The glacier owes its existence to the local topo‐climatic conditions, ensured by high rock walls which enhance accumulation by delivering avalanche snow and reduce ablation by providing topographic shading and regulating the debris budget of the glacier catchment. In the last several years the glacier has displayed peculiar behaviour compared with most glaciers of the European Alps, being close to equilibrium conditions in spite of warm ablation seasons. Proportionally small relative changes have also occurred since the Little Ice Age maximum. Compared with the majority of other Alpine glaciers, we infer for this glacier a lower sensitivity to air temperature and a higher sensitivity to precipitation, associated with important feedback from increasing debris cover during unfavourable periods.     

Variations of the alpine precipitation from an ice core record of the Laohugou glacier basin during 1960-2006 in western Qilian Mountains,China

The net accumulation record of ice core is one of the most reliable indicators for reconstructing precipitation changes in high mountains. A 20.12 m ice core was drilled in 2006 from the accumulation zone of Laohugou Glacier No.12 in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China. We obtained the precipitation from the ice core net accumulation during 1960-2006, and found out the relationship between Laohugou ice core record and other data from surrounding sites of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Results showed that during 1960-2006, the precipitation in the high mountains showed firstly an increasing trend, while during 1980 to 2006 it showed an obvious decreasing trend. Reconstructed precipitation change in the Laohugou glacier basin was consistent with the measured data from the nearby weather stations in the lower mountain of Subei, and the correlation coefficient was 0.619 (P<0.001). However, the precipitation in the high mountain was about 3 times more than that of the lower mountain. The precipitation in Laohugou Glacier No.12 of the western Qilian Mountains corresponded well to the net accumulation of Dunde ice core during the same period, tree-ring reconstructed precipitation, the measured data of multiple meteorological stations in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and also the changes of adjacent PDSI drought index. Precipitation changes of the Laohugou glacier basin and other sites of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau had significantly positive correlation with ENSO, which implied that the regional alpine precipitation change was very likely to be influenced by ENSO.     

近50年气候变化背景下青藏高原冰川和湖泊变化(英文)

本文综述了近年来青藏高原冰川和湖泊变化研究取得的成果,并特别着重于冰川和湖泊变化的相互关系论述。在全球变暖背景下,近几十年青藏高原冰川以退缩为主,湖泊水量以增加为主。本文一方面对青藏高原冰川末端退缩、冰川面积和冰川储量变化方面的研究成果进行了综合分析,探讨了冰川变化的时空特征;另一方面从湖泊面积和水位与水量变化探讨了湖泊变化的时空规律。结果表明青藏高原冰川退缩的幅度总体上呈从青藏高原外缘向内陆呈减小的变化态势,受冰川融水补给比较大的湖泊近期面积扩张、水位上升明显。最后指出了青藏高原冰川、湖泊变化研究中存在的问题及今后的发展趋势。     

The Impact Of Extreme Summer Melt on Net Accumulation of an Avalanche Fed Glacier,as Determined by Ground‐Penetrating Radar

Glacier mass balance is more sensitive to warming than cooling, but feedbacks related to the exposure of previously buried firn and ice in very warm years is not generally considered in sensitivity studies. A ground‐penetrating radar survey in the accumulation area of Rolleston Glacier, New Zealand shows that five years of previous net accumulation was removed by melt from parts of the glacier above the long‐term equilibrium line altitude during a single negative mass balance year. Rolleston Glacier receives a large amount of accumulation from snow avalanches, which may temporarily buffer it from climate warming by providing additional mass that has accumulated at higher elevations, effectively increasing the elevation range of the glacier. However, glaciers reliant on avalanche input may have high sensitivity to climatic variations because the extra mass is concentrated on a small part of the glacier, and small variations in avalanche input could have a large impact on overall glacier accumulation. Further research is needed to better estimate the amount and spatial distribution of accumulation by avalanche in order to quantify the climate sensitivity of small avalanche‐fed glaciers.