1961-2010年中国十大流域水分盈亏量时空变化特征

采用线性回归方法和Mann-Kendall方法对1961-2010年中国和十大流域水分盈亏量的气候及变化趋势特征进行分析,并对各流域年水分盈亏量变化成因进行探讨。结果表明:1中国多年平均年水分盈亏量(1961-2010年平均)为负值,水分条件表现为亏缺。空间分布总体呈现南方盈余,向北向西水分亏缺态势。2中国水分盈亏量月变化特征表现为夏季6-8月有盈余,7月盈余量最大;其余各月为亏缺,4月亏缺量最大,十大流域月变化特征各有不同。31961-2010年,中国年水分亏缺量呈现多—少—多变化态势,1990s亏缺量为近50年来最少。2000s中国水分亏缺量较常年偏多,主要是由于大多数流域水分亏缺量偏多或盈余量偏少造成的。4近50年来,全国平均年和春夏冬三季水分盈亏量呈现增加趋势,秋季减少趋势显著。5松花江、辽河、海河、黄河流域及西南诸河年水分盈亏量呈现减少趋势,除西南诸河是由于年降水量增加速率小于蒸散量增加速率导致其减少趋势外,其它四个流域则是由于年降水量减少速率大于潜在蒸散量减少速率,年降水量减少变化趋势起主要作用;其余流域年水分盈亏量呈现增加趋势,淮河和长江流域主要是因为潜在蒸散量减少速率大于降水的减少速率,潜在蒸散量的减少变化趋势起主要作用,东南诸河、西北诸河、珠江流域由于年降水量增加、潜在蒸散量减少,二者均对水分盈亏量增加有利。     

西辽河流域潜在蒸散量时空格局

利用地处北方农牧交错带的西辽河流域及其周边45个地面气象台站1974-2005年的月平均气象资料(温度、湿度、风速和太阳辐射等),采用先计算后插值(CI)的方法,选用彭曼-蒙特斯(Penman-Monteith)(98)模型,对45个站点的多年平均潜在蒸散量进行了计算,在ArcGIS 9.0软件平台的地统计模块下,运用普通克里格法,对西辽河流域的多年平均潜在蒸散量逐月进行空间插值.在此基础上对全流域多年平均潜在蒸散量进行了时空格局分析,结果表明:西辽河流域潜在蒸散量ETO与气温、日照时数和风速显著正相关,与平均相对湿度为显著负相关;受各气象要素影响,ETO的逐月变化曲线为一条单峰曲线,冬季ETO普遍较低,春末、秋初及夏季ETO则较高;西辽河流域潜在蒸散量空间分布格局呈现以科尔沁沙地为中心区域向东北、西南两侧逐渐递减的总体趋势.     

热处理对沙漠边缘土壤腐殖酸荧光性质及其与Cu(Ⅱ)络合作用的影响

利用Penman-Monteith公式和常规气象资料计算和分析中国北方半干旱典型沙区(科尔沁沙地、浑善达克沙地和毛乌素沙地)50多年来主要气象要素和潜在蒸散量的变化趋势及其原因。 结果表明,自20世纪50年代以来,北方半干旱典型沙区年平均气温均呈上升趋势,年降水量均呈波动变化特征,但年平均风速呈明显下降的趋势。浑善达克沙地年潜在蒸散量随时间呈现显著增加趋势,科尔沁沙地年潜在蒸散量随时间呈现小幅的增加趋势,但毛乌素沙地年潜在蒸散量随时间呈现微弱的下降趋势。偏相关分析显示,毛乌素沙地潜在蒸散量与日照时数和风速呈显著的正相关,与平均温度呈显著的负相关;浑善达克沙地和科尔沁沙地潜在蒸散量与年平均温度显著正相关,但与日照时数无显著相关性。因此,毛乌素沙地日照时数减少和风速降低有可能是区域潜在蒸散量近几十年呈现减少的主要原因,科尔沁沙地和浑善达克沙地潜在蒸散量变化可能主要受温度的影响。     

近40 a江河源区潜在蒸散量变化特征及影响因子分析

 利用1966—2005年江河源区8个气象站的逐月气候资料,采用Penman-Monteith公式,对源区近40 a潜在蒸散量的时空分布特征和变化趋势进行了分析,并对造成潜在蒸散量变化的主要气候影响因子进行了探讨。结果表明:①江河源区年潜在蒸散量平均为977 mm,高值区位于西北部,低值区位于东南部;潜在蒸散量在空间上可以划分为源区北部、长江源区南部和黄河源区南部3个不同的区域;②近40 a来,江河源区年及四季潜在蒸散量均呈减少趋势,且长江源区南部比其他区域下降显著,夏季比其他季节下降显著,年潜在蒸散量的变化主要以21 a左右和7 a左右的周期振荡为主,且在1985年左右发生均值突变;③源区年和四季潜在蒸散量与风速、净辐射和饱和差关系密切,40 a来风速的明显减小是导致源区潜在蒸散量减小的主要原因。     

京津风沙源区1959-2011年潜在蒸散气候敏感性的时空变异

基于Penman-Monteith公式和京津风沙源区及周边46个气象站1959-2011年逐日气象数据,分析了潜在蒸散对气温、风速、日照时数和相对湿度的敏感性及其时空变化规律。结果表明:(1)年尺度潜在蒸散对最高气温最为敏感,其次是相对湿度,对风速最不敏感;季节尺度最高气温和日照时数敏感系数的高值发生在夏季,最低气温、风速和相对湿度敏感系数的高值发生在冬季。(2)空间尺度潜在蒸散对最高气温、最低气温和相对湿度的敏感性表现为从东北向西南减少,而对日照时数表现为增加。(3)京津风沙源区1959-2011年潜在蒸散对气温的敏感性呈下降趋势,而对风速、日照时数和相对湿度的敏感性呈增加趋势。(4)气温的敏感性随温度升高而下降,而日照时数和相对湿度的敏感性随光照和湿度下降而升高。     

近50年环青海湖高寒地区和环鄱阳湖湿润地区潜在蒸散变化比较分析

选择地理位置和气候环境差异较大的环青海湖地区和环鄱阳湖地区,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算两地区近50年潜在蒸散,并分析其时空变化规律,提取影响潜在蒸散的主要气候因子,探讨两地区的气候特征差异。结果表明：近50年来,环鄱阳湖地区潜在蒸散年总量呈现逐年减少的趋势,倾向率达到-2.2 mm·a-1,环青海湖地区潜在蒸散年总量未呈现明显的变化特征,倾向率为-0.02 mm·a-1;两地区潜在蒸散年总量在空间分布上具有明显差异。在影响潜在蒸散的各主要气象因素中,日照时数、温度、风速与潜在蒸散呈正相关关系,水汽压与潜在蒸散表现为负相关关系,不同地区各气象要素对潜在蒸散的贡献大小不同,主要的影响因子是温度,其次是风速;但在局部可能出现其他气象因子的综合作用大于温度对潜在蒸散变化的影响的情况。     

“蒸发悖论”在黄河流域的探讨

利用黄河流域72个气象站点1960-2010年的气象资料,系统分析了过去51年间气温、降水量以及潜在蒸散量的变化趋势,研究了气温、降水量与潜在蒸散量之间的长期变化趋势关系,对影响潜在蒸散量下降的主要因子进行了探讨,重点对黄河流域是否存在“蒸发悖论”进行验证.研究结果表明:(1)过去51年间,黄河流域内气温增加显著、潜在蒸散量呈下降趋势,总体上存在“蒸发悖论”;(2)“蒸发悖论”具有空间上和时间上的不一致性,随着气温增加,春、夏、冬三季潜在蒸散量呈减少趋势,减少区域主要集中于山西、河南大部分区域以及甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、陕西等少部分区域;时间上主要表现在1960-1979年潜在蒸散量变化趋势不明显,1980-2010年气温与潜在蒸散量变化趋势在空间分布上的逆向关系更加明显;(3)过去51年间,降水量无论是年际还是夏、秋季变化趋势都不明显,降水量与潜在蒸散量时空变化分布上大体呈现逆向变化关系;(4)从气象要素变化对潜在蒸散量变化的贡献率来看,近51年来风速的明显减小是导致黄河流域潜在蒸散量减少的主导因素.     

1971-2010年若尔盖湿地潜在蒸散量及地表湿润度的变化趋势

利用若尔盖、红原、玛曲3个气象站1971-2010年的地面气象观测资料,根据Penman-Monteith模型计算了若尔盖湿地的潜在蒸散量,发现若尔盖湿地年潜在蒸散量呈明显上升的趋势,上升趋势为9.1 mm/10a;若尔盖湿地潜在蒸散量在2001年出现了增大突变,2001-2010年平均潜在蒸散量比1971-2000年上升了28.6 mm;各季节潜在蒸散量均呈上升趋势,其中以秋季上升最明显,上升趋势为4.3 mm/10a。导致若尔盖湿地潜在蒸散量上升的主要气象因子是温度上升、相对湿度下降和降水量的减少,虽然日照时数减少和风速减小有利于潜在蒸散量的下降,但由于气温上升的趋势更明显,影响更大,所以若尔盖湿地潜在蒸散量呈明显的上升趋势。近40 a若尔盖湿地地表湿润度以-0.03/10a的趋势减小,其中2001-2010年比1981-1990年下降了0.11,下降十分明显;与此同时,年平均气温以0.41℃/10a的趋势上升,降水量以-13.5 mm/10a的趋势减少,虽然若尔盖湿地仍属于湿润区,但出现了明显的暖干化趋势。     

近55年淮河上中游流域气候要素多时间尺度演变特征及关联性分析

选取1960~2014年淮河上中游流域19个气象站点的月降水量、气温和日照时数等数据,采用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall、Morlet小波和相关系数法,对流域年和四季降水、气温和日照时数的变化趋势、多时间尺度演变特征以及相关性进行了研究。结果表明：① 降水在年和四季线性变化趋势不显著;气温除夏季不显著外,年和春、秋、冬季变暖趋势显著;日照时数除春季不显著外,年和夏、秋、冬季节变短趋势显著;② 降水、气温、日照时数在年和四季分别表现出多个时间尺度的相对丰枯、冷暖和长短交替特征;第一主周期尺度及其相应的平均变化周期在年和四季有的较接近有的相差较大,第一主要平均周期介于2~10 a之间;③ 气温的复相关系数均小于降水和日照时数;除冬季气温复相关系数较小外,其他季节各要素均较大。降水-日照的偏相关系数绝对值在年和四季均最大。降水-日照时数、降水-气温大部分情况呈反相关系,冬季气温和日照时数在主周期尺度28 a下呈同相变化。     

石羊河流域近50 a来日照时数的时空变化特征分析

 基于石羊河流域5个气象站点1959—2008年的日照时数资料,采用气候倾向率分析、Kriging空间插值、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析等方法对石羊河流域日照时数的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明,近50 a来,石羊河流域年日照时数呈显著增加趋势,其变化倾向率为33.9 h/10a;四季日照时数均呈增加趋势,春季增加最显著,对年日照时数的贡献率最大,冬季次之。石羊河流域日照时数空间差异显著,表现为年日照时数自南向北递增。突变分析表明,1987年为日照时数的突变年。Morlet小波分析表明,石羊河流域年日照时数存在8 a的显著周期。     

Spatial and temporal variations and controlling factors of potential evapotranspiration in China: 1956-2000

Based on the climatic data of 580 stations in China during 1956 and 2000, potential evapotranspiration are calculated using the Penman-Monteith Method recommended by FAO. The spatial and temporal distributions of the potential evapotranspiration over China and the temporal trends of the regional means for 10 major river basins and whole China are analyzed. Through a partial correlation analysis, the major climate factors which affect the temporal change of the potential evapotranspiration are analyzed. Major results are drawn as follows: 1) The seasonal and annual potential evapotranspiration for China as a whole and for most basins show decline tendencies during the past 45 years; for the Songhua River Basin there appears a slightly increasing trend. 2) Consequently, the annual potential evapotranspirations averaged over 1980-2000 are lower than those for the first water resources assessment (1956-1979) in most parts of China. Exceptions are found in some areas of Shandong Peninsula, western and middle basins of the rivers in Southwest China, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as well as the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, which may have brought about disadvantages to the exploration and utilization of water resources. 3) Generally, sunshine duration, wind speed and relative humidity have greater impact on the potential evapotranspiration than temperature. Decline tendencies of sunshine duration and/or wind speed in the same period appear to be the major causes for the negative trend of the potential evapotranspiration in most areas.     

1956-2000年中国潜在蒸散量时空变化特征

1 Introduction Evaporation is one of the important components in the water and heat balances. The transpiration of vegetation and evaporation from soil are collectively called evapotranspiration. Potential evapotranspiration is not only the theoretical li…     

滹沱河上游山区近50年蒸散变化及主要影响因子分析

准确估计流域蒸散,掌握其变化趋势和主要影响因子,对科学认识流域水文循环规律以及管理流域水资源具有重要意义。利用傅抱璞年蒸散量公式计算滹沱河上游山区及其子流域1958-2007年逐年蒸散量,并利用Mann-Kendall-Sneyers等方法分析了流域蒸散趋势和突变特征,及其主要影响因子。结果表明在滹沱河流域傅抱璞公式能够较好的拟合蒸散。50 a来全流域及各子流域年均蒸散呈下降趋势。降水对蒸散起控制作用,相对湿度在流域部分地区显著影响蒸散(α=0.05)。     

气候变化和人类活动对中国地表水文过程影响定量研究

利用中国372个水文站月径流数据（1960-2000年）及41个水文站年径流数据（2001-2014年）,采用基于Budyko假设的水热耦合平衡方程,构建气候变化和人类活动对径流变化影响定量评估模型,在Penman-Monteith潜在蒸发分析基础上,进一步分析气象因子对径流变化的弹性系数,量化气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的影响。结果表明：① 中国北方地区流域径流变化对各气象因子弹性系数明显大于中国南方地区。就全国而言,径流变化对各因子的弹性系数为：降水>土地利用/土地覆盖变化（LUCC）>相对湿度>太阳辐射>最高气温>风速>最低气温;② 1980-2000年,气候变化总体上有利于增加中国年径流量,而降水对年径流量增加的贡献最为显著;③ 1980-2000年,中国南方流域中,气候变化对年径流变化的影响以增加作用为主,而北方流域,以减少年径流作用为主。对中国大多数流域径流变化而言,人类活动的影响主要以减少年径流量为主。2001-2014年,气候变化以减少径流量为主,人类活动对径流变化的影响程度明显增强,气候变化与人类活动对径流变化的贡献率分别为53.5%、46.5%。该研究对气候变化与人类活动影响下,中国水资源规划管理、防灾减灾及保障水资源安全具有重要理论与现实意义。     

渭河流域关中段潜在蒸发量时空变化特征

根据渭河流域关中段11个主要代表气象站点1955~2012年逐日气象数据,以FAO Penman-Monteith 公式得出潜在蒸发量,分析渭河流域关中段潜在蒸发量的时空变化特征。结果表明：① 渭河流域关中段年平均潜在蒸发量在1 073.9~1 284.1 mm,流域内多年平均蒸发量随着海拔的降低逐渐增高。② 夏季潜在蒸发量在327.6~547.2 mm,占全年的34%~42%,变化趋势与全年潜在蒸发量变化趋势高度一致。③ 渭河关中段随气温上升,潜在蒸发量减少。④ 年均潜在蒸发量与日较差、平均气温、平均风速、日照时数呈正相关,与相对湿度和水汽压呈负相关。     

五种潜在蒸散发公式在汉江流域的应用

以汉江流域14个测站1960-2009年逐日气象资料为数据源,采用FAO 56 Penman Monteith以及Hargreaves,Blaney Criddle,Thornthwaite,Hamon 4种温度法计算各测站逐日以及逐月潜在蒸散发量,利用反距离加权插值法得到流域面平均年潜在蒸散发量。以FAO 56 Penman Monteith结果为标准,与温度法年潜在蒸散发量计算结果进行对比,修正温度法计算公式的经验系数,分析修正公式在汉江流域的适用性。结果表明：参数修正前温度法计算结果存在较大误差,相对偏差最大可达41.34%。修正后计算结果相对误差明显减小,最大偏差小于0.1%,并显示出较好的变化趋势和峰谷一致性。修正后的Hargreaves公式与FAO 56 Penman Monteith公式相关性最好,相关系数达到0.94,其次为Hamon公式和Thornthwaite公式,最后是Blaney Criddle公式。     

Climate change over the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin during 1961–2005

The Yarlung Zangbo River (YR) is the highest great river in the world, and its basin is one of the centers of human economic activity in Tibet. Using 10 meteorological stations over the YR basin in 1961–2005, the spatial and temporal characteristics of temperature and precipitation as well as potential evapotranspiration are analyzed. The results are as follows. (1) The annual and four seasonal mean air temperature shows statistically significant in-creasing trend, the tendency is more significant in winter and fall. The warming in Lhasa river basin is most significant. (2) The precipitation is decreasing from the 1960s to the 1980s and increasing since the 1980s. From 1961 to 2005, the annual and four seasonal mean precipi-tation is increasing but not statistically significant, especially in fall and spring. The increasing precipitation rates are more pronounced in Niyangqu and Palong Zangbo river basins, the closer to the upper YR is, the less precipitation increasing rate would be. (3) The annual and four seasonal mean potential evapotranspiration has decreased, especially after the 1980s, and most of it happens in winter and spring. The decreasing trend is most significant in the middle YR and Nianchu river basin. (4) Compared with the Mt. Qomolangma region, Tibetan Plateau, China and global average, the magnitudes of warming trend over the YR basin since the 1970s exceed those areas in the same period, and compared with the Tibetan Plateau, the magnitudes of precipitation increasing and potential evapotranspiration decreasing are larger, suggesting that the YR basin is one of the most sensitive areas to global warming.     

Spatial and temporal change in the potential evapotranspiration sensitivity to meteorological factors in China (1960?2007)

Potential evapotranspiration (E0), as an estimate of the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, has been widely studied in the fields of irrigation management, crop water demand and predictions in ungauged basins (PUBs). Analysis of the sensitivity of E0 to meteorological factors is a basic research on the impact of climate change on water resources, and also is important to the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. This paper dealt with sensitivity of E0 over China, which was divided into ten drainage systems, including Songhua River basin, Liaohe River basin, Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Southeast river drainage system, Northwest river drainage system and Southwest river drainage system. In addition, the calculation method of global radiation in Penman-Monteith formula was improved by optimization, and the sensitivities of Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiration to the daily maximum temperature (STmax), daily minimum temperature (STmin), wind speed (SU2), global radiation (SRs) and vapor pressure (SVP) were calculated and analyzed based on the long-term meteorological data from 653 meteorological stations in China during the period 1960-2007. Results show that: (1) the correlation coefficient between E0 and pan evaporation increased from 0.61 to 0.75. E0 had the decline trends in eight of ten drainage systems in China, which indicates that “pan evaporation paradox” commonly exists in China from 1960 to 2007. (2) Spatially, Tmax was the most sensitive factor in Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin and Southeast river drainage system, and VP was the most sensitive factor in Songhua River Basin, Liaohe River basin, Northwest river drainage system while Rs was the most sensitive factor in Southwest river drainage system. For the nation-wide average, the most sensitive factor was VP, followed by Tmax, Rs, U2 and Tmin. In addition, the changes in sensitivity coefficients had a certain correlation with elevation. (3) Temporally, the maximum values of STmax and SRs occurred in July, while the maximum values of STmin, SVP and SU2 occurred in January. Moreover, trend analysis indicates that STmax had decline trends, while STmin, SU2, SRs and SVP had increasing     

雅鲁藏布江流域1961-2005年气候变化趋势

The Yarlung Zangbo River (YR) is the highest great river in the world, and its basin is one of the centers of human economic activity in Tibet. Using 10 meteorological stations over the YR basin in 1961–2005, the spatial and temporal characteristics of temperature and precipitation as well as potential evapotranspiration are analyzed. The results are as follows. (1) The annual and four seasonal mean air temperature shows statistically significant increasing trend, the tendency is more significant in winter and fall. The warming in Lhasa river basin is most significant. (2) The precipitation is decreasing from the 1960s to the 1980s and increasing since the 1980s. From 1961 to 2005, the annual and four seasonal mean precipitation is increasing but not statistically significant, especially in fall and spring. The increasing precipitation rates are more pronounced in Niyangqu and Palong Zangbo river basins, the closer to the upper YR is, the less precipitation increasing rate would be. (3) The annual and four seasonal mean potential evapotranspiration has decreased, especially after the 1980s, and most of it happens in winter and spring. The decreasing trend is most significant in the middle YR and Nianchu river basin. (4) Compared with the Mt. Qomolangma region, Tibetan Plateau, China and global average, the magnitudes of warming trend over the YR basin since the 1970s exceed those areas in the same period, and compared with the Tibetan Plateau, the magnitudes of precipitation increasing and potential evapotranspiration decreasing are larger, suggesting that the YR basin is one of the most sensitive areas to global warming.