不同倾角节理组和锚固效应对岩体特性的影响

首先采用DDARF(discontinuous deformation analysis for rock failure)分析方法对双裂隙岩块进行单轴和双轴压缩模拟试验,研究了裂隙角度和侧向应力大小对岩块特性的影响,得到了裂隙岩块在这两种加载试验中的破坏过程、应力-应变曲线以及岩块中裂隙的起裂应力和岩块的峰值强度。在双轴压缩模拟试验中绘制了裂隙角度为45°的岩块在不同侧向压力下的强度包络线。其次,采用DDARF分析方法模拟劈裂试验中含裂隙试块的锚固效果,得到了4种不同锚固角度试块的轴向荷载–位移变化曲线和裂隙扩展规律。模拟结果与前人的类似条件下的试验结果相符良好。随后又将双裂隙试块双轴压缩模拟试验中得到的参数运用到一个地下洞室的工程实例中,用等效力学特性的方法分析对比了完整岩体和节理岩体洞室开挖完成后的破损状态的差异。最后运用DDARF分析方法研究了随机生成4组节理岩体的地下洞室的稳定性,得到了洞室节理围岩的裂隙扩展过程。同时通过对关键点位移的监测分析了锚杆的锚固效应。     

A new rock mass failure criterion for biaxial loading conditions

To simulate brittle rocks, a mixture of glastone, sand and water was used as a model material. Thin galvanized sheets of thickness 0.254 mm were used to create joints in blocks made out of the model material. To investigate the failure modes and strength, both the intact material blocks as well as jointed model material blocks of size 35.6 × 17.8 × 2.5 cm having different joint geometry configurations were subjected to uniaxial and biaxial compressive loadings. A new intact rock failure criterion is proposed at the 3-D level. This criterion is validated for biaxial loading through laboratory experimental results obtained on intact model material blocks. Results obtained from both the intact and jointed model material blocks are used to develop a strongly non-linear new rock mass failure criterion for biaxial loading. In this failure criterion, the fracture tensor component is used to incorporate the directional effect of fracture geometry system on jointed block strength. The failure criterion shows the important role, the intermediate principal stress plays on rock mass strength.     

动载下节理岩体破坏过程的数值试验研究

节理岩体是工程中最常见的一类岩体,其在地震、爆炸等动载下的力学响应及破坏过程对相关工程安全性的影响至关重要。采用基于有限元应力分析和统计损伤理论开发的动态版RFPA2D数值模拟软件,对动载下节理岩体的动态破坏过程进行了模拟,重点讨论了节理条数、节理贯通度、节理倾角及应力波峰值对岩体动态破坏过程的影响规律。计算结果表明,断续节理岩体动态破坏过程及破坏强度与节理构造形态、应力波峰值密切相关。相同动载下,随着节理条数的增加,岩体破坏程度以及应力波能量损失增强,但当节理条数数超过一定值后,岩体破坏程度及应力波能量损失逐渐趋于稳定;节理贯通度较小时,岩体破坏程度较低且破坏单元自上而下均匀分布。随着节理贯通度的增加,岩体破坏增强,且破坏主要出现于节理上部岩体;节理倾角较小时,节理上部岩体破坏严重,易形成次生贯通裂纹。随着节理倾角增加,破坏范围逐渐变大,不易形成次生贯通裂纹;倾角为45°～60°时,岩体破坏效果最佳;动载荷的峰值越大,试样的破坏越严重。当峰值达到一定值时,节理附近发育出多条裂隙并向上下方不断发展而导致岩体完全破坏。在不同节理贯通度工况下与岩石霍布金森压杆（SHPB）试验结果进行比较,结论吻合,证明该数值模拟的合可行性和结论的可靠性。     

节理岩体冲击破坏的数值流形方法模拟

节理的存在是岩体明显区别于岩石的一个重要特征,也是导致岩体具有非均质性及各向异性的一个重要因素。节理岩体在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的破坏特征不仅是岩体力学研究的一个热点问题,也是岩石爆破领域经常遇到的一个工程问题。目前,常用的有限元和离散元等数值方法都不能很客观地反映岩体中节理分布的实际规律,而最新出现的数值流形方法则完全能够按照岩体中节理的实际分布规律进行建模,并能够很好地模拟岩体在外力作用下新裂纹的产生及已有节理的开裂。对3种不同节理岩体,即无节理岩体、均布水平节理岩体、均布垂直节理岩体等在均布垂直于圆周方向上的冲击荷载作用下的破坏过程进行了模拟。由模拟结果可以明显看出,节理的存在对岩体的破坏型式起到了关键性的控制作用。对于完整岩体,其破坏型式呈现出了很好的对称性;而对于水平及垂直节理岩体,其破坏型式在很大程度上受到节理分布的控制。研究结果对岩石爆破工程设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Discontinuous deformation analysis of super section tunnel surrounding rock stability based on joint distribution simulation

Based on binocular stereo photography measurement technology, the actual distribution information of joints and fractures in the tunnel face were obtained via image processing and feature extraction, and the preliminary evaluation of surrounding rock stability of Laohushan tunnel was conducted according to surrounding rock classification method. Since all available surrounding rock classification approaches didn’t consider the influences of the size effect of tunnel excavation span and unfavorable geologic bodies such as weak-fracture zones, an improved discontinuous deformation analysis (DDARF) method was adopted to conduct a numerical simulation of the deformation and fracture processes of the surrounding rock. Using the traveling wave method, triangle DDA blocks were automatically generated in the calculation zone, and the block boundaries were divided into real joints and virtual joints. Based on the real joint information obtained via aforementioned photographic measurement, the real joints in the tunnel face were dynamically modified, in order to achieve the simulation of joint distribution. The results revealed that the fracture evolution regularity, deformation failure mechanism, and block dropping phenomenon that the DDARF joint simulation model calculated are in good agreement with actual conditions, while those obtained based on conventional models present differences from field situation. Additionally, focusing on the localised rockfall phenomenon of Laohushan tunnel, the crack extension rate was introduced to conduct a quantitative comparison of the rock crack evolution process with or without anchor supporting. The research results offer practical guidance for field construction and anchorage support scheme optimization.     

岩体结构对岩质滑坡运动过程和堆积特征的影响研究

我国西南高山峡谷地区,常发生高位岩质斜坡失稳,形成碎屑流,造成巨大人员伤亡与经济财产损失。目前存在着许多关于岩质滑坡的研究理论和物理模型,但这些理论与模型都忽略了岩体结构这一属性,然而对岩质滑坡而言,岩体的结构特征不仅控制着斜坡变形失稳模式,同样影响失稳后滑体碎屑化运动过程,甚至最终的危害范围。因此,文章使用离散元数值模拟方法,通过模拟不同结构面强度、结构面密度、结构面方向和岩块强度下岩质滑坡碎屑化运动过程,研究了不同源区岩体结构对岩质滑坡破碎特征、运动形式和运动距离的影响规律及影响机制。研究结果如下:（1）质心运动距离随结构面强度增大而增大,结构面抗拉强度提升10倍,质心运动距离增加3%;（2）结构面密度的增加使得块体破碎率随之增加,但运动距离和分布面积都呈下降趋势;（3）水平向结构面岩体的前缘运动距离和质心运动距离与其他方向结构面工况相比均降低10%左右,分布面积则缩减接近30%,破碎率最大;（4）随着岩块强度增加,破碎率降低,分布面积最终缩减40%,完整块体工况运动距离最终增大15%左右。结果有助于进一步理解岩质滑坡动力学过程,指导山区防灾减灾工作。     

含横向节理的柱状节理岩体力学特性试验研究

针对柱状节理岩体的构造特性,采用水泥砂浆等材料制作出具有不同柱体倾角且含有横向节理分布的柱状节理岩体模型,并通过单轴压缩试验,研究柱体倾角和横向节理对岩体各向异性力学特性及破坏机制的影响。结果表明：试样峰值强度和变形模量随柱体倾角变化曲线均近似为U形,并体现出典型的各向异性特征;随着柱体倾角的变化,试样单轴压缩破坏模式可分为垂直于柱体轴向的劈裂破坏、沿纵向节理面的剪切滑移破坏、滑移破坏与劈裂破坏同时发生的复合破坏和平行于柱体轴向的劈裂破坏4类;横向节理的存在降低了柱状节理岩体沿柱轴方向的完整性,并影响了劈裂破坏裂纹的分布与扩展,因此,横向节理切割柱体是影响柱状节理岩体承载能力的重要因素。     

节理化岩体复合式滑移破坏的模型试验研究

针对节理化岩体的自身特点,提出沿岩体层面产生的应力集中以及层面与节理之间的残余完整岩桥破坏,将可能导致岩体产生复合式滑移破坏。在室内利用岩石三轴刚性伺服机,通过模型试验对岩体的层面和一组与层面正交的节理的情况进行模拟研究,分析了结构面性状和围压对复合式滑移破坏的影响,给出了在贯通性结构面（层面）倾角、非贯通性结构面的以及围压等因素共同作用下,节理化岩体发生复合式滑移破坏的条件以及破坏面特征。最后在与前人的试验资料进行对比分析的基础上得到可靠的结论,期望为在将来的实践工作中正确评估节理化岩体的破坏模式提供指导性意见。     

非连续子母块体理论模型研究(Ⅰ):基本理论

对节理岩体的非连续变形与破坏失稳的数值模拟分析是目前岩土力学与工程领域中的前沿课题之一,岩体由节理裂隙以及由其切割而成岩石块体组成,介于连续与非连续之间,由于其内部结构的不确定性造成了其宏观力学行为的复杂性。在讨论了岩体破坏失稳的研究尺度的基础上,从多尺度耦合的角度出发,同时考虑连续问题、非连续问题以及连续问题向非连续问题转化,提出了非连续子母块体理论模型。在非连续子母块体理论模型中,假定岩体与岩体内部被层理、节理等结构面所切割而成的岩石块体均属于宏观尺度,把宏观的岩石块体定义为母块体,用假想的人工节理将其继续分为若干更小的块体,更小的块体称为子块体,子块体为各向同性的均质体,并且在计算中不再发生破坏分解为更小的块体,作为计算分析的基本单元,子块体的研究尺度属于细观尺度。模型也重新定义了子块体间的接触,并将其划分为连续接触与非连续接触两种类型,连续接触在一定条件下发生破坏转化为非连续接触;采用增广拉格朗日乘子法对子块体间的接触进行处理,能够计算出准确的弹簧接触力。     

Estimation of Block Sizes for Rock Masses with Non-persistent Joints

Summary  Discontinuities or joints in the rock mass have various shapes and sizes. Along with the joint orientation and spacing, the joint persistence, or the relative size of the joint, is one of the most important factors in determining the block sizes of jointed rock masses. Although the importance of joint persistence on the overall rock mass strength has long been identified, the impact of persistence on rock strength is in most current rock mass classification systems underrepresented. If joints are assumed to be persistent, as is the case in most designs, the sizes of the rock blocks tend to be underestimated. This can lead to more removable blocks than actually exist in-situ. In addition, a poor understanding of the rock bridge strength may lead to lower rock mass strengths, and consequently, to excessive expenditure on rock support. In this study, we suggest and verify a method for the determination of the block sizes considering joint persistence. The idea emerges from a quantitative approach to apply the GSI system for rock mass classification, in which the accurate block size is required. There is a need to statistically analyze how the distribution of rock bridges according to the combination of joint orientation, spacing, and persistence will affect the actual size of each individual block. For this purpose, we generate various combinations of joints with different geometric conditions by the orthogonal arrays using the distinct element analysis tools of UDEC and 3DEC. Equivalent block sizes (areas in 2D and volumes in 3D) and their distributions are obtained from the numerical simulation. Correlation analysis is then performed to relate the block sizes predicted by the empirical equation to those obtained from the numerical model simulation. The results support the concept of equivalent block size proposed by Cai et al. (2004, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 41(1), 3–19).     

不规则柱状节理岩体力学特性模型试验研究

结合Voronoi图随机模拟和3D打印技术制备不规则柱状节理网络模型,采用白水泥浆类岩石相似模型材料浇筑模型并拆模,然后分别采用白乳胶和502胶水作为黏结剂黏结柱体得到两组不规则柱状节理岩体试件,通过对其进行室内单轴压缩试验研究不规则柱状节理岩体强度特性和破坏模式。试验结果表明：不规则柱状节理岩体试件单轴抗压强度随柱体倾角的变化曲线呈现近似“J”型,表现出显著各向异性特征;不规则柱状节理岩体试件典型破坏模式包括沿柱状节理面的劈裂破坏、沿柱状节理面的剪切破坏和沿柱体的压裂破坏等3种,其部分破坏形态有异于规则柱状节理岩体试件。同时,通过与采用净水泥浆作为黏结剂的柱状节理岩体试验结果进行比较,结果表明：采用白乳胶和502胶水作为黏结剂时柱体间黏结强度更低,能够较好反映柱状节理面的弱化效应,试件力学响应与真实柱状节理岩体更为一致。     

On the role of pre-existing discontinuities on the micromechanical behavior of confined rock samples: a numerical study

The deformation process and failure mechanism of rock mass with increased density of initial joints subjected to confined stress state are investigated in this study using discrete element method (DEM). A numerical model of standard size granite samples is developed and validated using experimental data for both intact and jointed rocks. The micro-parameters of the rock material are first determined, and the effects of the rock discontinuity on strength, deformability, stress–strain relationship, and failure modes are then investigated at the macro-scale level. Analyses are also performed to examine the tensile and shear crack distributions, fragmentation characteristics, particle kinematics, and energy dissipation to advance the current understanding of the deformation processes and failure mechanisms of jointed rock masses. The microscopic evolutions in the fabric and force anisotropy during loading and distributions of contact forces provide insights into the influence of increasing initial jointing on the macroscopic deformational behavior of the rock. The results show how the deceleration in the growth of fabric and contact force anisotropies develops and confirms that the increase in initial jointing and the associated changes in microstructure can restrain the development of anisotropy, thereby reducing significantly the strength of the rock samples.

     

An Anisotropic Geomechanical Model for Jointed Rock Masses at Taishan Nuclear Power Station, Southern China

An anisotropic geomechanical model for jointed rock mass is presented. Simultaneously with deriving the orthotropic anisotropy elastic parameters along the positive axis, the equivalent compliance matrix for the deflection axis orthotropic anisotropy was derived through a three-dimensional coordinate transformation. In addition, Singh’s analysis of the stress concentration effects of intermittent joints was adopted, based on two groups of intermittent joints and a set of cross-cutting joints in the jointed rock mass. The stress concentration effects caused by intermittent joints and the coupling effect of cross-cutting joints along the deflection-axis are also considered. The proposed anisotropic mechanics parameters method is applied to determine the deformation parameters of jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station. Combined with the deterministic mechanical parameters of rock blocks and joints, the deformation parameters and their variability in jointed rock masses are estimated quantitatively. The computed results show that jointed granite at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station exhibits typical anisotropic mechanical characteristics; the elastic moduli in the two horizontal directions were similar, but the elastic modulus in the vertical direction was much greater. Jointed rock elastic moduli in the two horizontal and vertical directions were respectively about 24% and 37% of the core of rock, showing weakly orthotropic anisotropy; the ratio of elastic moduli in the vertical and horizontal directions was 1.53, clearly indicating the transversely isotropic rock mass mechanical characteristics. The method can be popularized to solve other rock mechanics problems in nuclear power engineering.     

节理对爆炸波传播影响的数值研究

采用加入无反射边界条件的DDA程序,研究了节理面对应力波传播的影响。结果表明,节理面能阻碍波的传播,有利于波的衰减,节理面越多,波的反射越强,而波的透射越弱。模拟了一个现场爆炸试验,研究爆炸产生的应力波在节理岩体中传播、衰减的规律,模拟结果与现场试验结果比较吻合。研究表明,DDA方法可以模拟节理面对应力波传播的阻碍作用,用它来模拟爆炸波在节理岩体中的传播是适用的。     

Strength and Deformational Behaviour of a Jointed Rock Mass

Summary An assessment of the strength and deformational response of jointed rock masses is an essential requirement in the site selection, design and successful execution of Civil and Mining Engineering projects. A quick estimate of these properties for preliminary evaluation of alternate sites, will reduce considerable expenditures for field tests. An attempt has been made in the present study to develop a link between strength and deformability of jointed block masses with the properties of intact specimens, obtained from simple laboratory tests, taking into account the influence of the properties of the joints. Extensive experimentation has been carried out on large specimens of jointed block masses under uniaxial compression. The model material represents a low strength rock. Various joint configurations were introduced to achieve the most common modes of failure occurring in nature. A coefficient called Joint Factor has been used to account for the weakness brought into the intact rock by jointing. Methods of computing the Joint Factor for various modes of failure of a jointed mass in an unconfined state have been established. The effect of Joint Factor on strength and tangent modulus of the mass has been studied and the values have been correlated with those of intact rock. Guidelines for assessing probable modes of failure of a jointed mass will enable one to estimate the relevant strength and tangent modulus of the mass.     

含预制节理岩体卸荷条件下力学特性试验研究

节理对卸荷条件下岩体的力学性质有重要影响。通过含2条不同间距预制断续节理岩体的三轴卸荷破坏试验,研究了节理岩体在卸荷应力条件下的应力-应变特征、强度、变形特征、破坏规律及节理间距对岩体力学性质的影响。研究表明：相比于完整岩体,节理岩体卸荷破坏时从峰值强度跌落至残余强度过程中轴向应变较大,为完整岩体的3～4倍,岩体破坏时极限强度明显低于完整岩体,脆性特征不如完整岩体明显;节理岩体卸荷破坏时,变形模量有较大幅度的降低,其降低程度是同条件下完整岩体的6～7倍,节理间距越大,变形模量降低程度越大;与含预制节理岩样三轴加载试验结果相比,节理岩体卸荷条件下破坏程度更为强烈,除剪切破裂面外,沿最大主应力方向分布的不同级别的张性裂隙非常发育,预制节理的间距对岩体破坏形态影响不大。     

节理化岩体复合式滑移破坏的模型试验研究

针对节理化岩体的自身特点,提出沿岩体层面产生的应力集中以及层面与节理之间的残余完整岩桥破坏,将可能导致岩体产生复合式滑移破坏。并在室内利用岩石三轴刚性伺服机,通过模型试验对岩体的层面和一组与层面正交的节理的情况进行模拟研究,分析了结构面性状和围压对复合式滑移破坏的影响,给出了在贯通性结构面(层面)倾角、非贯通性结构面以及围压等因素共同作用下,节理化岩体发生复合式滑移破坏的条件以及破坏面特征。在与前人的试验资料进行对比分析的基础上得到可靠的结论,期望为在将来的实践工作中正确评估节理化岩体的破坏模式提供指导性意见。      

节理岩体中应力波传播规律研究的进展

讨论了位移不连续模型与特征值法结合的方法,对垂直于单一线性变形节理、多个平行线性变形节理、单一非线性变形节理,分别采用线性变形不连续模型、双曲线变形不连续模型(BB模型)进行的理论与相应的实验研究。用离散元程序UDEC,对上述问题进行数值模拟;用三维离散元程序3DEC,对节理岩体中三维波的传播进行的数值模拟。并用UDEC与有限差分程序AUTODYN-2D耦合,模拟爆炸过程及爆炸波在节理岩体中的传播。同时提出了几个有待研究的问题。     

基于自由面上环路对应节理无限切割的关键块体搜索

关键块体理论在评价工程裂隙岩体稳定性中得到了广泛应用。然而,一方面岩体中节理数量众多,关键块体的搜索将耗费较多机时;另一方面,极少数偶然出现的块体识别也会极大地增加计算量。因此,开发有针对性和灵活的关键块体搜索方法就非常重要。首先将研究区域分解成凸子区域,找出自由面上的闭合环路,然后利用环路的组成节理以及与其相交节理进行空间无限切割来识别该环路是否对应关键块体。该方法针对性强,能较好地适应人为规定的判别条件,如搜索楔形体以及后缘切割限定等,并能顺利实现凹面体的关键块体搜索,且编程实现简单。以某挂帮矿的顶柱为实例进行关键块体的搜索,验证了上述方法的可行性。     

综合考虑宏微观复合损伤的节理岩体本构模型

针对目前节理岩体损伤本构模型中仅考虑节理等宏观缺陷造成的损伤,而没有考虑岩块中微裂纹等微观损伤的不足,提出了综合考虑宏微观损伤的节理岩体本构模型。其中微观损伤模型采用基于应变强度理论和岩石微元强度服从Weibull分布假定的统计损伤模型,把其应用于被节理切割而成的岩块。而宏观损伤模型主要基于连续介质力学原理,把节理对岩体性质的劣化作为损伤来考虑。在考虑节理传压及传剪系数的基础上,提出了综合考虑宏微观复合损伤的节理岩体本构模型。算例表明宏观节理的存在大大削弱了岩体的强度,降低了其刚度,增大了其柔性。所提出的模型能够较好地反映宏微观两类损伤对岩体应力-应变关系及强度的影响,较为合理。