三峡水库运用后荆江段非均匀悬沙恢复特性

三峡工程运用后,坝下游荆江段来沙量大幅度减小,处于严重的不平衡输沙状态,次饱和水流冲刷河床使悬沙量沿程恢复.基于实测水沙资料,分析了三峡工程运用后荆江段非均匀悬沙恢复特点.提出了恢复效率的概念用以表征悬移质沿程恢复的程度,并根据实测水沙资料计算了荆江段1994-2017年非均匀悬沙的恢复效率.结果表明：三峡工程运用前,荆江段各粒径组悬沙恢复效率绝对值均接近0,故该时期内各粒径组泥沙冲淤幅度不大;三峡工程运用后,各粒径组悬沙恢复效率绝对值均明显增大,且粗沙（d>0.125 mm）恢复效率绝对值远大于细沙（d<0.125 mm）,故粗沙恢复程度更高.这主要是由于荆江段床沙组成中粗沙部分含量大,而细沙含量小.最后建立了三峡水库蓄水后非均匀悬沙恢复效率与来水来沙条件（来沙系数）的关系,结果表明：各粒径组悬移质恢复效率均与来沙系数呈正相关关系,全沙、细沙和中沙的决定系数（R²）分别为0.89、0.67和0.69,相关性较高,故荆江段各粒径组悬移质泥沙恢复效率较大程度上受到来水来沙条件的影响.     

三峡工程运用后荆江河段崩岸时空分布及其对河床调整的影响

三峡工程运用后长江中游荆江河段河床持续冲刷,局部河段崩岸频发,影响河道内悬沙输移与河床形态调整.本研究采用实测长程河道地形及固定断面地形资料,确定了2002-2018年荆江河段的主要崩岸区域,估算了崩岸土体的泥沙总量,进而定量分析了河岸崩退对河床调整的影响.计算结果表明:荆江段累计河岸崩退体积约为2.0亿m3,约占该河...     

三峡水库蓄水运用以来长江中下游沙量平衡分析

以三峡工程为核心的梯级水库群联合调度运用显著改变水沙条件,坝下游河段出现长时间、长距离的冲淤调整,长江中下游沙量平衡分析是合理评估水库群修建对河道影响的重要依据,是河湖管理与保护的关键支撑.本文基于长时间序列原型观测资料,采用沙量平衡法分析长江中下游不同时空尺度泥沙沿程恢复特征,对比断面地形法计算结果,结合河道空间区域性特征,从临底悬沙测验误差、断面代表性及断面间距、河道采砂等多角度深入揭示两种方法计算冲淤量产生差异的主要原因.结果表明:(1)2003-2018年宜昌至大通河段冲刷泥沙10.76亿t,其中粒径d<0.125 mm的泥沙冲刷量占比达90.9%.以螺山为界,宜昌至螺山段"粗细均冲",螺山至大通河段则"细冲粗淤";(2)宜昌至大通河段2003-2018年沙量平衡法与断面地形法计算冲淤量相对偏差为71%,从沿程差异分布来看,距离三峡大坝坝址较近的宜昌至沙市河段两方法计算绝对差值较小,而沙市至大通河段差值较大,占宜昌至大通全河段绝对偏差的近86%;(3)宜昌至沙市河段河道采砂量占实测河床冲刷量的比例约为20%,临底悬沙对输沙量的改正比例为13.2%~26.7%(平均约为20%),修正后,沙量平衡法、断面地形法计算结果吻合相对较好;沙市至大通河段泥沙测验、固定断面布设、河道采砂等是导致沙量平衡法与断面地形法出现差异的主要原因.     

近100年来长江与洞庭湖汇流河段水文特征演变

洞悉长江洞庭湖汇流河段的水文关系及其变化规律对确保长江中下游的防洪安全至关重要.为了掌握汇流河段水文特征演变情况,本文结合汇流河段处监利、城陵矶、螺山等国家重要水文控制断面的近百年水文资料,通过M-K检验、Morlet小波分析等方法研究了该河段逐日水位、流量等水文数据,分析了汇流河段年内分配、年际变化、变化趋势、突变点及变化周期等水文特征,并探讨了具体成因.研究结果表明:①长江与洞庭湖汇流河段年最高水位一般出现在7月,年最低水位一般出现在1、2月;②汇流河段年径流量主要集中在59月,占年径流总量的63.64%~73.44%;③近50年城陵矶水位高、中、低水分别约抬升0.98、0.56、1.46 m;④近10年城陵矶与监利年径流比降至0.66.⑤在长江中下游水利开发历程中,经突变检验表明,下荆江裁弯取直和三峡蓄水175 m对江湖水文特征的影响较为明显.⑥城陵矶站和螺山站的年径流量、水位平均周期约为16 a,监利站的年径流量、水位平均周期约为8 a.⑦19542017年间,汇流比最大值一直在降低,其发生时间在逐渐提前.以上成果为深入研究流域复杂的江湖演变规律提供了科学参考.     

三峡工程运用后长江中游河床调整沿程变化特点

三峡工程运行后,坝下游河道发生持续冲刷。本文研究了长江中游(955 km)不同河段沿程演变差异及其原因。总体而言,河床形态调整幅度自上而下减弱,这是因为在河床持续冲刷过程中,水流含沙量沿程恢复,故越往下游冲刷相对缓慢。平面形态方面,长江中游岸线崩退及洲滩变形的强度均呈沿程减弱趋势,且在荆江河段最为显著。断面形态方面,河床冲深幅度在宜枝下段>荆江河段>宜枝上段>城汉河段>汉湖河段。理论上距离三峡工程最近的河段冲刷应最为剧烈,但由于宜枝上段床沙粗化显著,限制了冲刷的进一步发展。过流能力方面,宜枝河段由于距洞庭湖较远,并未受到入汇顶托作用,故其平滩流量的调整基本由进口水沙条件控制,并随着河床冲深下切而增大;对于荆江、城汉和汉湖河段,河床冲刷虽显著,但支流或湖泊的入汇顶托对平滩流量产生的影响大于前者,故平滩流量总体随上下游水位差同步波动。     

三峡大坝下游粗细颗粒泥沙输移规律及成因

以三峡下游河段为研究对象,利用1987-2014年原型观测数据,分析粗细颗粒在时间和空间的输移过程,并以水文站作为划分单元探讨其成因.三峡水库蓄水后坝下游d≤0.125 mm(细颗粒)各粒径组沙量沿程递增,并小于蓄水前均值;d0.125 mm(粗颗粒)沙量在宜昌—监利河段得到补给,其下游为淤积趋势,其中2003-2007年至监利站恢复程度最大.在成因上:(1)宜昌—沙市河段,河床粗化限制了粗细颗粒泥沙补给,其中细颗粒补给受制于总水量,粗颗粒受制于大流量持续天数和量值;(2)沙市—监利河段,粗细颗粒补给均受制于总水量;(3)监利—螺山河段,洞庭湖入汇对细颗粒补给起决定作用,河床补给量中洪水年大于中枯水年,粗颗粒为淤积趋势,且中洪水年淤积量小于中枯水年;(4)螺山—汉口河段,细颗粒增加受河床补给决定,2008-2014年补给强度弱于2003-2007年,2010年前后粗颗粒泥沙由淤转冲,与大流量持续天数和量值增加有关;(5)汉口—九江河段,细颗粒泥沙淤积,粗颗粒因河床冲刷得到补给,大水年补给量高于枯水;(6)九江—大通河段,鄱阳湖入汇和河床补给对细颗粒增加的贡献比例为1∶2.82,河床冲刷对粗颗粒泥沙起补给作用,受大流量持续天数和量值影响.     

三峡工程运用后坝下游河道泥沙输移变化规律

三峡工程蓄水后"清水"下泄,坝下游河段将会长期处于严重不饱和状态,水流含沙量沿程恢复将会引起坝下游长距离冲刷,本文根据三峡工程蓄水前、后的实测资料分析了坝下游河道泥沙输移变化规律,探索不同粒径组沙量沿程恢复对河床冲刷的影响,得到以下结论:在蓄水初期d≤0.031 mm沙量恢复主要受河床补给与江湖入汇共同的影响,随着水库下泄该粒径组沙量递减,使得各站该粒径组年均输沙量均远小于蓄水前的水平,沙量恢复仍主要受河床补给与江湖入汇的影响,这是造成坝下游河道发生长距离冲刷的主要原因之一;在蓄水初期0.031 mmd≤0.125 mm沙量恢复主要受河床补给的影响,但江湖入汇的影响较大,随着河床补给量逐渐减少,各站该粒径组年均输沙量均小于蓄水前的水平,沙量恢复仍主要受河床补给的影响,江湖入汇的影响逐渐减小,这也是坝下游河道发生长距离冲刷的主要原因之一; d0.125 mm沙量恢复主要受河床补给的影响,蓄水初期该粒径组沙量在宜昌监利河段沿程恢复速率较快,且在监利站达到蓄水前的水平,随着时间推移,在宜昌监利河段沿程恢复且速率仍较快,在监利站达到最大值,其数值逐渐小于蓄水前的水平,这是造成坝下游河道冲刷重点集中在宜昌监利河段的主要原因.     

三峡水库蓄水后上荆江不同河床组成江心洲的演变过程及其机制

三峡及上游梯级水库群运用后,大坝下游江心洲以冲刷为主,直接影响分汊河段河势条件及航道边界的稳定性。本文采用卫星遥感影像、实测水沙及固定断面床沙级配等资料,分析上荆江枝江、沙市河段中不同河床组成江心洲的演变过程及其机理。结果表明:(1)三峡水库蓄水后(2003—2019年),沙市段沙质江心洲较枝江段卵石夹沙质江心洲萎缩更为显著,出露面积的减幅分别达31%和24%。(2)以关洲和金城洲分别代表卵石夹沙质和沙质江心洲,三峡工程运用后关洲洲头形态较为稳定,受无序采砂的影响其沙质组成的洲尾面积显著减小,而金城洲面积萎缩程度更大。(3)床沙组成对江心洲冲刷程度差异具有重要影响,关洲洲头较金城洲抗冲性更强,与其床沙在年内达到起动条件的数量更少、时长更短有关;建立了江心洲面积与水流冲刷强度及相对水深的定量关系,该关系能综合考虑水沙变化与床沙组成调整的影响,能更好地反演近期江心洲的面积变化特点。     

东、南洞庭湖的径流、泥沙特征及冲淤规律

通过实地调查并对1957年以来水文、泥沙观测资料做系统分析和计算,探讨东、南洞庭湖出、入湖水量、沙量的年际和年内变化特征,以及长江下荆江段裁弯对湖区径流和泥沙的影响。提出了湖区泥沙汛淤枯冲的变化规律及水位升降与湖区泥沙冲淤的关系;论证了丰、平、枯年湖区淤积严重,面积日益缩小对径流的调节作用正在减弱。     

三峡工程蓄水后长江中游城陵矶—汉口河段过流能力变化及影响因素分析

受上游水库运行的影响,自2003年后长江中游河段河床调整,引起河道自身过流能力的变化.本文选取长江中游城陵矶-汉口河段作为研究对象,根据实测资料计算了2003-2016年两个水文断面的水位-流量关系及特征流量变化,并采用一维水动力学模型计算了河段尺度的平滩流量.结果表明:(1)螺山站及汉口站2003-2016年的水位-流量关系呈现枯水流量下水位降低、洪水流量下水位抬升的特点;(2)两站年最大流量下对应的水位整体抬升,警戒水位下对应的流量分别减小9%和16%;(3)2003-2016年城汉河段平滩流量有增有减,无明显单向变化趋势,2014年后呈减小趋势.分析断面的过流能力变化,发现螺山站与汉口站警戒流量与动床阻力呈明显的反比关系,过流能力由于河道阻力的增大而减小;床沙粗化、河道相对水深的减小及洲滩植被覆盖度的增大是引起河道阻力增大、过流能力减小的原因.     

2D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOOD AND FLUVIAL PROCESS IN THE MEANDERING AND ISLAND-BRAIDED MIDDLE YANGTZE RIVER

The characteristics of water flow and sediment transport in a typical meandering and island-braided reach of the middle Yangtze River is investigated using a two-dimensional （2D） mathematical model. The major problems studied in the paper include the carrying capacity for suspended load, the incipient velocity and transport formula of non-uniform sediment, the thickness of the mixed layer on the riverbed, and the partitioning of bed load and suspended load. The model parameters are calibrated using extensive field data. Water surface profiles, distribution of flow velocities, riverbed deformation are verified with site measurements. The model is applied to a meandering and island-braided section of the Wakouzi-Majiazui reach in the middle Yangtze River, which is about 200 km downstream from the Three Gorges Dam, to study the training scheme of the navigation channels. The model predicts the processes of sediment deposition and fiver bed erosion, changes of flow stage and navigation conditions for the first 20 years of impoundment of the Three Gorges Project.     

Study of deposition of fine sediment within the pores of a coarse sediment bed stream

Elaborate experiments were performed in a 30 m long, 0.5 m deep and 0.2 m wide laboratory flume to study the process of infiltration of fine sediment into the pores of coarse sediment forming the channel bed material. Different concentrations of suspended load of fine sediment of size 0.064 mm were passed over the channel bed made up of three different types of coarse sediments; two uniform and one nonuniform. The proportion of fine sediment infiltrated into the pores of bed material for each equilibrium concentration of suspended load of fine sediment in the flow was studied during several experimental runs. The proportion of fine sediment within the pores of bed material increased with an increase in the equilibrium concentration of suspended load of fine sediment in the flow. This process continued till the pores within the coarse sediment bed were filled up to the capacity with the fine sediment transported by the flow in suspension. The theoretical value was identified for limit for maximum proportion of fine sediment that can be present within the pores of bed material. On further increase in the concentration of suspended load of fine sediment in the flow, deposition of fine sediment occurs on the surface of the flume bed in the form of ripples of the fine sediment. This condition is defined as 'depositional condition'. Experimental observations on these and related aspects are presented herein.     

PROCESS-BASED MODEL OF GRAIN LIFTING FROM RIVER BED TO ESTIMATE SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION IN A SMALL HEADWATER BASIN

Suspended sediment is supplied from river bed sediment in Hiyamizusawa Brook, Hokkaido, Japan, during the early snowmelt season. The stirring up of fine grains from the river bed is an important control of the time variation of suspended-sediment flux. In this stream, about 10 per cent of the river bed is covered with sand sediment, 80 per cent with cobbles and/or pebbles and the remaining 10 per cent is exposed bedrock. A model previously used to explain the stirring up of fine grains within a cobble and pebble bed is applied to a sand bed, with the modification that fine grains in a sand bed are assumed to be stirred up from the tractive layer formed on the surface, whereas those in a cobble and pebble bed are assumed to be stirred up from the gaps formed by the selective movement of pebbles on the river bed. The lift force acting at the river bed is estimated from the bed shear stress, and the maximum grain size capable of being stirred up was calculated from the lift force. Consequently, the amount of fine material stirred up from the river bed is estimated from the grain size distribution of river bed sediment, and the suspended-sediment flux is thus calculated. All stirred-up fines are assumed to become suspended sediment. The simulated time variation of suspended-sediment concentration was similar to that obtained in the field study. The calculated grain size of suspended sediment was also equivalent to the field data.     

Suspended sediment transport and deposition over a dune: Río Paraná, Argentina

Field data from the Rio Paraná, Argentina, are used to examine patterns of suspended sediment transport over a sand dune. Measurements of three‐dimensional velocity are made with an acoustic Doppler current profiler whilst suspended sediment concentration and particle size have been quantified using a laser in situ sediment scattering transmissometer. Suspended sediment concentration and streamwise and vertical sediment flux are highest close to the bed, with an upward vertical flux over the stoss side of the dune and downward flux over the lee side. Suspended sediment concentrations are higher over the crest compared with the trough and suspended sediment is coarsest near the bed. About 17% of the suspended‐load transported over the crest is deposited in the lee side before it reaches the trough. Most of this deposited sand is coarser sediment that originates close to the bed over the crest, a result consistent with simulations based on the model of Mohrig and Smith (Water Resources Research 1996; 32: 3207–3217) for the excursion lengths of sediment dispersed in the lee side of a dune. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lithology‐controlled evolution of stream bed sediment and basin‐scale sediment yields in adjacent mountain watersheds,Idaho, USA

The composition, grain‐size, and flux of stream sediment evolve downstream in response to variations in basin‐scale sediment delivery, channel network structure, and diminution during transport. Here, we document downstream changes in lithology and grain size within two adjacent ~300 km² catchments in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA, which drain differing mixtures of soft and resistant rock types, and where measured sediment yields differ two‐fold. We use a simple erosion–abrasion mass balance model to predict the downstream evolution of sediment flux and composition using a Monte Carlo approach constrained by measured sediment flux. Results show that the downstream evolution of the bed sediment composition is predictably related to changes in underlying geology, influencing the proportion of sediment carried as bedload or suspended load. In the Big Wood basin, particle abrasion reduces the proportion of fine‐grained sedimentary and volcanic rocks, depressing bedload in favor of suspended load. Reduced bedload transport leads to stronger bed armoring, and coarse granitic rocks are concentrated in the stream bed. By contrast, in the North Fork Big Lost basin, bedload yields are three times higher, the stream bed is less armored, and bed sediment becomes dominated by durable quartzitic sandstones. For both basins, the geology‐based mass balance model can reproduce within ~5% root‐mean‐square error the composition of the bed substrate using realistic erosion and abrasion parameters. As bed sediment evolves downstream, bedload fluxes increase and decrease as a function of the abrasion parameter and the frequency and size of tributary junctions, while suspended load increases steadily. Variable erosion and abrasion rates produce conditions of variable bed‐material transport rates that are sensitive to the distribution of lithologies and channel network structure, and, provided sufficient diversity in bedrock geology, measurements of bed sediment composition allow for an assessment of sediment source areas and yield using a simple modeling approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of silt trapping in large reservoirs on downstream morphology: the Yangtze River

The sediment load of the Yangtze River (China) is decreasing because of construction of dams, of which the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) is the best known example. The rate of the decline in sediment load is well known, but changes in the sediment grain size distribution have not been given much attention. The TGD mostly traps sand and silt while clay is flushed through the reservoir. A large amount of sand is available in the Yangtze River downstream of the reservoir, and therefore the pre-dam sand concentration is not substantially reduced. The availability of silt on the Yangtze River bed is limited, and it is expected that most silt will be removed from the riverbed within one to two decades. In order to evaluate the impact of the change in grain size distribution on the tidal flats of the Yangtze Estuary, a highly schematized tidal flat model is setup. This model broadly reveals that the observed deposition rates are exceptionally large because of the high sediment concentration, the abundance of silt, the seasonal dominance of waves (shaping a concave profile), and the offshore tidal asymmetry. The model further suggests that deposition rates will be limitedly influenced by reductions in clay or fine silt but strongly impacted by reductions in median to coarse silt. The response of the downstream morphology to reservoir sedimentation therefore strongly depends on the type of trapped sediment. As a consequence, silt-dominated rivers, such as the Yangtze River and the Yellow River may be more strongly impacted than sand-dominated systems.     

三峡工程下游宜昌至沙市河段河床冲刷预测

在已建水库下游河床冲刷泥沙数学模型的基础上针对宜昌－沙市河段的河道特性,修改并建立了能够反映该河段水沙运动特性的一维水流泥沙数学模型,在此基础上,进行了三峡建库后,前２０年内宜昌－沙市河段的一维水沙运动及河床冲淤计算。