青藏高原南部枪勇冰川雪冰中痕量元素的组成特征及其环境意义

为了认识青藏高原南部雪冰中痕量元素的组成特征、背景含量水平以及人为污染的可能影响,利用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪首次对2009年4月19日采自枪勇冰川一个40 cm 雪坑中 Al、 Fe、 Ba、 Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Li、Ni、Zn、Pb、Sb、Sr、U 和 V 共15个痕量元素的浓度进行了测试和研究.分析表明,不同痕量元素之间浓度变化很大,从 Cd 的0.004 ng/g 变化到 Fe 的8628 ng/g;同一痕量元素的浓度变化范围也较大,最大值/最小值从13(Cd)变化到94(Sr).研究表明,不同痕量元素记录反映了人类活动与自然活动的不同影响.对痕量元素地壳富集系数分析表明,岩石和土壤粉尘是 Ba、Fe、Sr、Co、Cr、V 和 U 的主要来源;而人为污染是枪勇冰川中 Pb、Zn、Cu、Li、Ni、Cd 和 Sb 的一个重要来源.对比研究表明,无论是以粉尘源为主要来源的痕量元素,还是以人为源为主要来源的痕量元素,它们的浓度明显高于中亚有关地区冰川中痕量元素的浓度,更远远地高于格陵兰和南极雪冰中的相应浓度,揭示了该地区大气中痕量元素受到粉尘和人为源污染物带来的显著影响     

碳酸钠浸取一紫外荧光光谱法测定地质样品中痕量铀

地质样品经HF-HNO_3-HCl-HClO_4溶解后,用50 g/L碳酸钠溶液浸取分离,采用紫外荧光光谱法直接测定上清液的铀含量。浸取时间选择30 min,Fe、Zn、Ca、Co、Ni、Cu和Mn等元素留在残渣中不产生干扰。方法精密度(RSD,n=12)为3．37%～7．06%,检出限为0．009μg/g(进样量100μL)。方法参加区域地球化学考核样品的测试,合格率100%,适用于土壤、水系沉积物、岩石及Fe、Zn、Ca、Co、Ni、Cu和Mn含量较高的样品中痕量铀的测定。     

浙东沿海某地区大气干湿沉降对土壤重金属 元素含量的影响

基于对浙东沿海某典型固废拆解区重金属元素大气干湿沉降特征的研究,探讨了重金属元素干湿沉降输入对土壤环境的影响。结果表明,研究区露天焚烧等不规范的固废拆解行为造成大气质量恶化,对土地质量造成严重的负面影响。区内干、湿沉降中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni等重金属元素的含量均远高于浙江省干、湿沉降平均值和其它相关标准值,并且其年沉降通量在省内居高,尤其是Cu、Zn两种元素每年每平方百米沉降通量分别达7108g、11420g。研究显示,大气沉降能大大增加研究区土壤重金属元素的含量水平,Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb平均年增加量分别达3426ng/g、5819ng/g、6.50ng/g、582ng/g,并且年增加率较大,Pb、Cu、Zn等重金属元素的年增加率达0.5%以上。     

钴矿石浸取液中Co、Cu、Fe的萃取分离

探讨了钴矿石浸出液中Co、Cu、Fe的萃取分离 ,以及不同萃取剂萃取上述元素时的影响因素。提取液用P2 0 4 、LIX984 和正辛酸分别萃取Fe、Cu和Co ,萃取率分别为 99.9%、99.4%和 98.1%。成功地实现了复杂钴矿石中Co、Cu、Fe的分离与提纯     

向红菲啰啉-吐温-40体系测定矿石中铁

向红菲啰啉已广泛应用于水、血清、高纯ZnO和Cu、Co、Ni、Pt等纯金属中痕量Fe的萃取光度测定,但操作手续较为复杂,并使用了苯等有毒溶剂。为此,有文献将Triton X-100引入向红菲啰啉测Fe体系实现水相测定。本文采用吐温-40作增溶剂,在水相中测定Fe,灵敏度为邻菲啰啉的2倍。方法用于白云石、长石、粘土、萤石、石膏等矿石中Fe的测定,结果满意。     

碳酸钠浸取-紫外荧光光谱法测定地质样品中痕量铀

地质样品经HF—HNO3-HCl-HClO4溶解后，用50g／L碳酸钠溶液浸取分离，采用紫外荧光光谱法直接测定上清液的铀含量。浸取时间选择30min，Fe、Zn、Ca、Co、Ni、Cu和Mn等元素留在残渣中不产生干扰。方法精密度（RSD，n=12）为3．37％～7．06％，检出限为0．009μg／g（进样量100μL）。方法参加区域地球化学考核样品的测试，合格率100％，适用于土壤、水系沉积物、岩石及Fe、Zn、Ca、Co、M、Cu和Mn含量较高的样品中痕量铀的测定。     

北太平洋铁锰结核富集区沉积物和间隙水中重金属元素地球化学

对北太平洋28个相对富集铁锰结核的沉积物和间隙水中重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Co、Ni)地球化学研究表明:沉积物中重金属元素明显的比陆地土壤、河口、陆架及贫结核洋区的沉积物富集,并与沉积物类型密切有关;沉积物中元素的赋存状态不同,进入间隙水的途径不同;由于Cu、Co的生物作用大于Zn、Ni,使沉积物中 Cu/Zn、Co/Ni比值由钙质软泥—钙、硅软泥—硅质软泥—褐色粘土升高。     

泉州湾洛阳江河口潮间带沉积物中重金属来源分析

采用ICP-MS检测技术,对泉州湾洛阳江河口潮间带3个沉积柱中重金属Hg、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Fe的含量与垂向分布特征进行了分析,并结合因子分析、聚类分析和元素地球化学特征对柱中各重金属元素的来源进行了探讨。结果表明,泉州湾洛阳江潮间带柱状沉积物中主要受污染元素为Cu、Zn、Cd、Hg,以人类活动输入为主;V、Mn、Co、Ni、Fe主要受地球化学背景值影响,以自然来源为主。并利用V和Fe作为参考元素,将数据进行标准化,以目标元素和V对应Fe的变化趋势做了归一化分析并作散点图,得出的结论与因子分析和聚类分析的结果一致,说明该方法适用于区分沉积物重金属的自然来源和人为来源。     

TCLP法评价泉州市大气降尘重金属的生态环境风险

对泉州市不同功能区大气降尘中的重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Fe、Mn、Co、Ni、V)含量进行了分析测定,采用由美国环保署(USEPA)提出并被广泛推荐采用的TCLP法对泉州市不同功能区大气降尘中的重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr)的生态环境风险进行评价。以TCLP法提取的泉州市大气降尘重金属Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb、Cr、As、Fe、Mn、Co、Ni和V含量分别在2.592～63.20、0.084～2.978、9.276～3141、0.147～345.0、0.628～9.696、0.019-5.152、5.037-248.9、55.00-1261、0.040-63.56、0.735-37.43和0.020-24.07 mg/kg之间。根据TCLP法测定项目的法定阈值,泉州市大气降尘不同程度地受到Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr的污染,其中以Pb、Zn污染最为严重,其次为Cu、Cd、Cr。相关性分析结果显示,Fe、Mn、Ni、Cr、V的TCLP法提取量受样品pH值的显著影响;Pb、Cd、Mn、Co、Ni、As提取量除了受金属本身的总量影响外,还受到其它元素总量和TCLP提取量的影响。主成分分析结果表明,交通尾气尘、燃油尘、装饰材料尘、地面土壤尘、工业粉尘、建筑尘和燃煤烟尘等是泉州市大气降尘的主要来源,占总贡献率的86.01%。     

盐酸提取条件下土壤重金属元素的释放特征

采用河南省黄淮海平原典型农田土壤样品,开展了不同浓度盐酸(1,0.1,0.001,0.000 01 mol/L)和振荡时间(2,24,48,96 h)的土壤重金属元素提取实验,分析了盐酸浓度和振荡时间等对土壤重金属元素释放的影响,探讨了不同提取条件下土壤重金属元素的释放效果及其影响因素。研究表明:土壤Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和Pb采用1 mol/L盐酸振荡48 h时萃取率显著高于其他处理,其中Pb的萃取率最高,土壤As采用1 mol/L盐酸振荡2 h时萃取率最高,碱性土壤Cd采用0.1 mol/L盐酸振荡2 h时萃取率最高。在此基础上,根据1 mol/L盐酸振荡2 h的提取结果,采用统计分析方法分析了土壤重金属元素全量、理化性质以及土壤类型对土壤重金属元素释放的影响,结果表明:土壤Cr全量越高,Cr萃取率越高;土壤干密度越大,Pb萃取率越高;土壤pH值越低,土壤Ni萃取率越高,而土壤Pb正好相反;土壤有机质对重金属元素萃取率无统计上的显著影响;Cu、As、Pb在碱性土壤(黄河流域)萃取率相对较高,而Cr、Ni、Zn在酸性土壤(淮河流域)萃取率相对较高;土壤类型对重金属元素释放的影响表现为砂姜黑土Cr,水稻土Cu、Ni、Zn,潮土As、Pb的萃取率相对较高。     

微型氢化物发生-原子荧光光度法测定调味品中痕量铅

采用微型氢化发生技术,在自行改造的XDY-Ⅲ原子荧光光度计上测定调味品中痕量铅。结果表明,在酸性介质中氢化反应体系稳定;Fe、Co、N、iCu和氢化元素等干扰元素均允许较高含量。方法的检出限达到0.30ng/g,精密度(RSD,n=11)为1.1%,样品加标回收率为87.5%~100.0%。方法用于调味品中痕量铅的检验,结果满意,改造后的原子荧光光度计可用于实际样品的测定。     

Heavy metals contamination in road dust in Delhi city,India

Road dust samples were collected from four different areas having different landuse patterns: industrial, heavy traffic, residential and mixed use in Delhi city of India. The samples were analyzed for Ba, Co, Cr, Cu Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn by ICP-AES. Results indicate high levels of Co, Cr, Cu, Mn and Ni in samples collected from industrial area. Ba, Pb and Zn showed higher concentration levels in heavy traffic area while Fe did not show any discernible variation between the localities. The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Ba, Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Co showed a decreasing trend. The content of heavy metals was comparable to those in other cities in the world. A multivariate statistical approach which includes Pearson’s correlations and principal component analysis was used to identify the possible sources of metals in the road dust. Enrichment factors were estimated for further confirming the sources of contamination. Significant positively correlations between road dust metals Cu–Mn–Co–Cr–Ni suggest that major common source of origin is industrial activities. A meaningful correlation between Ba and Zn, and a moderate positive correlation between Pb and Ba indicate the influence of traffic activities. Enrichment factors calculation indicated that Pb, Cu, Cr and Zn are moderately enriched whereas Co, Ni and Mn are less enriched while Ba exhibited very low enrichment in the dust samples. The results indicate that industrial and vehicular traffic are the two major sources. Traffic appears to be responsible for the high levels of Zn, Cu and Ba. High concentration of Co, Cr, Cu and Mn may be due to industrial sources.     

The chemical composition of metallic spheroids and metallic particles within impactite from Barringer Meteorite Crater,Arizona

Atomic absorption analyses of 25 metallic spheroids from Barringer Meteorite Crater have been carried out for Fe, Ni, Co and Cu. In addition, electron microprobe analyses of 58 impactite metallic particles have been carried out for Fe, Ni and Co from four different impactite samples. The normalized Ni, Co and Cu contents of the spheroids were from 13–22 per cent, 0.8–1.3 per cent and 260–430 μg/g, respectively. These figures represent enrichment factors of 2–3 in the spheroids compared to analyses of the bulk meteorite. The Co/Ni and Cu/Ni ratios in the spheroids are close to the respective ratios in the bulk meteorite. This suggests that the spheroids were formed by preferential removal of iron by oxidation from a chemically homogeneous liquid.The impactite metallic particles had Ni contents from 10 to 95 per cent and Co contents from 0·3 to 4 per cent. The Co contents of these particles showed a positive correlation with Ni up to 60 per cent Ni and a negative correlation beyond 60 per cent Ni. Reaction of the impactite metallic particles with SiO₂ of the target can explain these variations. Our findings show that extensive chemical reaction between projectile and target occurs at impact.     

焙烧分离-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤样品中微量硒

采用艾斯卡试剂(碳酸钠和氧化锌)作焙烧试剂,半熔法分解样品,沸水提取,分离出Cu、Co、Ni等过渡金属元素,氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤样品中微量硒。通过正交试验确定了测定方法的仪器和试剂条件,考察了Cu、Ni、Fe、Al、Pb、Au、As、Bi、Sb、Pt等共存元素的干扰情况。方法检出限为0.0135μg/g,回收率为87.0%~123.0%。对多个土壤国家一级标准物质进行测定,其结果与标准值相符。方法同时适合于地质样品及多金属矿中硒的测定。     

宁沪高速公路句容段两侧土壤磁化率异常与重金属元素的关系研究

高速公路两侧土壤的磁化率从路中央向两侧具有逐渐降低的特征,相对应的样品中的重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、N i、Cr、Fe等元素的含量也具有从路中心向两侧逐渐降低的现象。相关分析表明,土壤磁化率与土壤中的Cu、Pb、Zn、N i、Cr、Fe的相关性显著,因而可以利用磁化率异常来指示高速公路两侧土壤的重金属污染状况。元素的赋存形态分析表明铁锰氧化物态与残渣态是Cu、Pb、Zn、N i、Cr、Fe的主要赋存形式;各元素的形态分析结果与土壤磁化率的相关统计分析表明,高速公路两侧土壤的磁化率与可交换态中的Cu、Pb、Zn、铁锰氧化物态中的Fe、Pb、Zn、有机还原态中的Cu、Cr、Fe、Zn和残渣态中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Co、N i具有明显的相关性。     

Development of a Field Preconcentration/Elution Unit for Routine Determination of Dissolved Metal Concentrations by ICP-OES in Marine Waters: Application for Monitoring of the New Caledonia Lagoon

An iminodiacetate chelating resin was optimised for the rapid determination of Co, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni in seawater. Using inexpensive, high-capacity, reusable cartridges allowed high flow rates of up to 25 ml min⁻¹. High preconcentration factors, of up to 500, were obtained in order to analyse samples using an ICP-OES. The requirement for a buffer was eliminated due to the high tolerance of the ICP-OES to interfering matrix elements, thereby further reducing the potential for contamination. Quantification limits in seawater were: Co = 6 ng l⁻¹, Cu = 8 ng l⁻¹, Fe = 6 ng l⁻¹, Mn = 5 ng l⁻¹ and Ni = 6 ng l⁻¹. The method was verified by the analysis of near shore seawater (CASS-4) and open ocean seawater (NASS-5) reference materials. In order to satisfy the high sampling demands using the iminodiacetate cartridges, a portable off-line preconcentration unit was developed for routine analysis. The multi-channel preconcentration unit, was capable of treating up to eight samples simultaneously with concentrating times as little as 30 minutes. The technique was also used to determine dissolved metals in fresh and interstitial waters. The technique has been successfully used in a number of environmental studies and impact assessments to evaluate the effects of mining on the New Caledonian lagoon.     

亚硝基-R盐分光光度法测定铜镍锰矿中的钴

利用钴与亚硝基R盐在pH 5.5~7的乙酸溶液中,生成红色可溶性络合物,进行光度测定。拟定了刚果(金)高铜、高镍、高锰样品中钴的测定方法。实验确定了样品的溶解方式、显色剂的浓度及用量、煮沸时间和放置时间,并对矿样中铁、铜、镍、锰等主要干扰元素进行了试验。分析结果经标准样品验证、方法比对,均符合分析规范要求。     

Partitioning of manganese,iron, copper,zinc, lead,cobalt, and nickel in black coatings on stream boulders in the vicinity of the Magruder mine,Lincoln Co., Georgia

Sequential digestions of Fe-Mn oxide coated boulders collected upstream and downstream from the Magruder mine, Lincoln Co., Georgia, indicate probable partitioning relationships for Zn, Cu, Pb, Co, and Ni with respect to Mn and Fe. Initial digestion with 0.1M hydroxylamine hydrochloride (Hxl) in 0.01M HNO₃ selectively dissolyes Mn oxides, whereas subsequent digestion with 1:4 HCl dissolves remaining Fe oxides.The results indicate that partitioning is not constant, but varies systematically with respect to the location of metal-rich waters derived from sulfide mineralization. Upstream from the mineralized zone Zn and Ni are distinctly partitioned to the Fe oxide component and Co and Cu are partitioned to the Mn oxide component. Immediately downstream from the mineralized zone, Mn oxides become relatively more enriched in Zn, whereas Fe oxides are relatively more enriched in Cu, Co, and Ni. Analytical precision for Pb is poor, but available data suggests it is more closely associated with Fe oxides.For routine geochemical surveys utilizing coated surfaces, a one-step digestion method is probably adequate. Parameters useful for detecting sulfide mineralization are metal concentrations normalized to surface area or various ratios (e.g. Zn/(Mn + Fe), Cu/Mn, Pb/Fe). Ratios can be obtained much faster, and at lower analytical costs than conventional analysis of stream sediment.     

Multivariate statistical techniques for evaluating and identifying the environmental significance of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Yangtze River, China

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Fe) in sediments of the Yangtze River, China, were investigated to evaluate levels of contamination and their potential sources. The lowest heavy metal concentrations were found in the source regions of the river basin. Relatively high concentrations of metals, except Cr, were found in the Sichuan Basin, and the highest concentrations were in the Xiangjiang and Shun’anhe rivers. All concentrations, except Ni, were higher than global averages. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis showed that Zn, Pb, As, Hg, and Cd were derived mainly from the exploitation of various multi-metal minerals, industrial wastewater, and domestic sewage. Cu, Co, and Fe were derived mainly from natural weathering (erosion). Cr and Ni were derived mainly from agricultural activities, municipal and industrial wastewater. Sediment pollution was assessed using the geoaccumulation index (I _geo) and enrichment factor (EF). Among the ten heavy metals assessed, Cd and Pb had the highest I _geo values, followed by Cu, As, Zn, and Hg. The I _geo values of Fe, Cr, Co, and Ni were <0 in all sediments. EF provided similar information to I _geo: no enrichment was found for Cr, Co, and Ni. Cu, Zn, As, and Hg were relatively enriched at some sites while Cd and Pb showed significant enrichment.