大地测量坐标框架建立的进展与思考

坐标框架是描述地球形状及变化、表达地球空间信息的基础,也是拓展人类活动、促进社会发展的关键地球空间信息基础设施。随着空间大地测量观测技术的发展,地球科学及相关学科间的交叉渗透融合,利用其建立全球或区域坐标框架成为当前大地测量的主要任务。研究建立1毫米级坐标框架是国际大地测量学界21世纪的学科目标和重要挑战。本文以当前建立理论最完善、应用最广泛、精度最高的国际地球参考框架为例,描述了基于空间大地测量观测技术的坐标框架建立方法,阐述了全球及区域地心坐标框架建设的最新进展及局限性,最后针对建立1毫米级坐标框架的几个关键问题提出了研究思路。     

从国家自然科学基金项目资助探讨大地测量学的学科架构与发展

大地测量学是地球科学的一个重要发展领域,通过对地球和行星几何与物理量的观测与分析,研究地球和行星几何形状、物质运动状态及其空间环境响应,为国家基础设施和国防建设提供时空和重力基准保障。随着大地测量学向地球科学基础研究和交叉应用等方面的不断延伸和快速发展,其研究水平得到了显著提高,在描绘、构建和认知地球和行星中占据了越来越重要的地位。本文基于历年来国家自然科学基金申请和资助项目,从项目类型、分支领域、依托单位、研究方向和关键词等方面进行了统计分析,梳理了学科发展特点,构建了学科架构知识图谱——大地测量学科树,以期为大地测量学领域相关学者提供参考。     

区域地质环境稳定性大地测量监测方法及应用

全球大地测量观测系统(GGOS)已在地球变化监测中得到了广泛应用。本文系统介绍了综合大地测量各类观测数据,以及地质、地震等资料,开展区域地质环境稳定性大地测量监测和评价的方法。以环渤海区域和川滇区域为例,分别针对地面沉降显著、地震多发等不同地质环境特征,介绍了区域地质环境稳定性监测技术最新进展及应用成果。结果表明,针对不同地质环境背景,基于各类大地测量监测数据,结合地质、地震、水文等资料,可有效实现区域地质环境稳定性监测和评价,拓展了大地测量地球变化监测的应用领域,有重要的科学意义和实用价值。     

四维整体大地测量实用模型及观测方程

顾及时空几何及物理效应的四维整体大地测量,给大地测量提出了许多新的研究课题,同时也为大地测量开辟了新的应用前景。本文从实用观点出发,建立了四维整体大地测量实用模型,并给出了地面观测值的观测方程。在所有观测方程中,都以点位速率和重力位速率为未知数,以便减少观测值的历元归算;而且随着观测历元的增加,速率参数的精度将不断提高。     

陆态网络对大地测量的贡献

陆态网络是以全球卫星导航定位系统为主,辅以多种空间观测技术,实时动态监测大陆构造环境变化,探求其对资源、环境和灾害的影响的地球科学综合观测网络,为国家大地测量产生了巨大的影响.现从陆态网络对大地测量基本骨架网精度的贡献、对动态大地测量基准的建立和维持、对高等级军用大地测量手段的多样化及其他领域等方面进行了分析.     

基于GML 3.0的大地测量数据建模

分析了GML 3.0对空间数据建模的支持,讨论了基于GML 3.0的大地测量数据建模,包括大地测量坐标参考系、大地测量观测值的模型描述,给出了基于GML 3.0的大地测量对象建模实例。     

德艺双馨的大地测量学家胡明城

胡明城先生是著名的大地测量学家,他热爱祖国,从事大地测量工作近70年。1948年从美国海军天文台和海岸大地测量局进修回国,长期担任外国测绘科学信息的研究,发表了大量论文和译述,主要著作有《等高观测手册》、《现代大地测量学》、《现代大地测量学的理论及其应用》等。2007年时逢他90岁诞辰,本文介绍他在我国大地测量学方面的贡献。     

国家大地测量数据库维护的设计与实现

国家大地测量成果是国家测绘基准和体系的基础成果,大地测量数据库是大地测量成果档案管理和服务的重要手段。对原国家大地测量数据库进行了分析,结合数据库的现状、计算机与网络技术的发展及大地测量技术服务需求等特点,对国家大地测量数据库维护的功能、数据库、体系结构、实现技术及系统维护的实现进行了分析,并对国家大地测量数据库的发展进行了探讨。     

整体大地测量的虚拟点质量模型

本文根据局部重力场逼近的虚拟质点方法,导出整体大地测量的虚拟点质量模型,给出了地面大地测量及GPS水准观测在这一模型下的观测方程,并讨论了有关问题。     

空间VLBI观测量估计大地测量

介绍了研究空间VLBI在大地测量等领域应用的意义,探讨了空间VLBI的观测量类型、观测模型及其涉及的大地测量所关心的参数;并采用1980～2004年的VLBI观测数据进行了计算,对大地测量所关心的几种参数的计算结果进行了分析.     

国外测绘机构大地测量的新动向

本文概述国外测绘机构大地测量的动向 ,目的在于了解全球大地测量的发展趋势 ,作为借鉴。综观各国的大地测量动向可以看出 ,高精度国家大地控制网的建立 ,都是采用 GPS,无一例外 ,而且它们之间只是细节上的差异。从各国建立高精度大地控制网的目的来看 ,都是为多学科服务的。面对这样的总趋势 ,大地测量工作者必须拓宽知识面 ,迎接新的挑战。     

Using the Global Positioning System (GPS) for geodetic positioning

The development of relatively inexpensive satellite receivers in the early 1970's has resulted in cost-effective applications of satellites for a variety of geodetic surveying needs. Currently achievable accuracies range from 10 to 20 centimeters. The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System, now under development by the Department of Defense, incorporates advanced technology which has the potential capability of revolutionizing satellite geodesy. Several concepts for utilizing GPS signals are briefly reviewed, and another concept, called the reconstructed carrier phase method, is described in some detail. This concept is being pursued by the Defense Mapping Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the U.S. Geological Survey. These agencies have numerous requirements for accurate positioning. Several prototype receivers are planned to be available for testing in mid-1982. These receivers should be highly portable, consume little power, and obtain base line accuracies of several centimeters in several hours of observation time. However, water vapor radiometers will be needed in order to achieve the full accuracy. Initial simulation results utilizing the reconstructed carrier phase method are included.     

Marine geodesy

Summary This discussion only scratches the surface of the subject of marine geodesy. Its sole purpose is to bring into focus some of the problems and the requirements which will arise as a result of the exploration of the sea. It seems clear at least at this time that the geodetic accuracies obtainable over the ocean areas in general will be at least one or two orders of magnitude less than those obtainable on land. But modern science which has produced the atom bomb, artificial satellites, soft landings on the moon, and other highly sophisticated accomplishments, might be expected in the future to provide some means of obtaining much higher geodetic accuracies at sea than can now be foreseen.     

四维整体大地测量的有限单元法

本文以有限单元法为基础，将四维整体大地测量模型与固体力学方程求解构造应力场结合起来，在四维整体大地测量方程中加入了由地壳构造运动产生的地面点重力变化的观测方程，其中包含测点的位移参数，边界结点上待求以数利用有限单元法在四维整体大地测量平差过程中推估，采用统一的插值函数。     

地震大地测量确定凹凸体研究进展与展望

介绍了凹凸体、障碍体及其震源模式相关概念,综述了地震大地测量确定凹凸体的研究进展,主要从介质结构分布（高强度异常体）、地震活动性分析和断层滑动特性三个方面探讨凹凸体确定的技术与方法,并分析了存在的问题。对活动断层凹凸体分布的精细确定研究进行了展望,今后的研究重点是开展大地测量数据联合反演确定凹凸体分布、联合大地测量与地震、地球物理数据确定凹凸体分布以及基于机器学习方法进行凹凸体分布确定。     

VLBI全球观测系统(VGOS)研究进展

甚长基线干涉测量(VLBI)因其独具的超高空间分辨率和定位精度,使其从20世纪70年代末开始就一直是各国的大地测量学研究热点。然而目前VLBI的测量水平依旧不能满足许多需要毫米级精度的科学和工程领域的需求。为促进实现全球尺度下1mm位置精度的目标,国际VLBI大地测量与天体测量服务组织(IVS)正在推进新一代VLBI全球观测系统,即VGOS。本文从组成VGOS测站的各个子系统入手,介绍了国内外当前的进展情况及未来VGOS的发展趋势,并在最后列出了现阶段依旧面临的问题和挑战。     

Constructive approximation and numerical methods in geodetic research today – an attempt at a categorization based on an uncertainty principle

Current activities and recent progress on constructive approximation and numerical analysis in physical geodesy are reported upon. Two major topics of interest are focused upon, namely trial systems for purposes of global and local approximation and methods for adequate geodetic application. A fundamental tool is an uncertainty principle, which gives appropriate bounds for the quantification of space and momentum localization of trial functions. The essential outcome is a better understanding of constructive approximation in terms of radial basis functions such as splines and wavelets. Received: 4 May 1999 / Accepted: 21 May 1999     

Inertial survey systems in the geodetic arsenal

After reviewing the overall goals of geodesy, the paper focuses on the unique properties of inertial survey systems in the geodetic arsenal: three-dimensionality; ability to determine relative positions and changes in the anomalous components of the earth’s gravity field; and independence of line-of-sight observations and the effects of refraction, both traditional antagonists in geodetic operations. Inertial survey systems, including field and office computational procedures, are briefly reviewed. Their short-comings are pointed out and certain remedies offered. Future possible improvements in hardware and software, as well as the development of hybrid systems (e.g., with gravity gradiometers), are discussed. “Apart from the refinement of existing techniques through the use of computers and the introduction of electromagnetic and optical distance measurement devices, instrumental research and development has been conducted by scientists and engineers outside the geodetic profession. This separateness of geodetic instrument research and development is seen as a deficiency by some, because of the reduced interaction between measurement techniques and the problems to which they apply. However, geodesy does not seem extraordinarily different from other environmentally oriented sciences in this respect and certainly has been quick to adopt new techniques once the benefits become evident.” (NAS 1978, p. 6) From the Keynote Address presented at Second International Symposium on Inertial Technology for Surveying and Geodesy, June 1–5, 1981, Banff, Alberta, Canada.