岩体中泥化夹层的流变试验及其长期强度的确定

文中首先介绍两种室内试验设备--单剪流变仪和剪应力松弛仪（松弛流变仪）及其试验方法,然后根根岩体中泥化夹层的试验成果,证实陈宗基教授提出的最高屈服值f3--强度的临界值即长期强度值,工程设计要重视它。     

多力系扭转流变仪的试验原理及其应用

土力学是一门应用技术科学,试验研究对本学科的发展具有举足轻重的意义.往往一个新的土力学问题的提出和解决与试验实践是分不开的,而且往往是与新的试验设备的出现和新的试验方法的实施相关联的.在研究土体的应力～应变和时间关系(本构关系式)、土的破坏条件与强度实质问题、土的长期强度和残余强度、地基在各种变形条件下的沉陷理论等问题中,由于作为地质介质的土,是由固、液、气三相组成的复杂体系,是历史过程的产物,     

THE EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF THE MULTI –FORCE SYSTEM TORSION PLASTOMETER

This paper presents the principles of the experimental study by the torsional plastometer with the multi-force systems (i .e .the case of axial compression under torsion and hydrostatic pressure ).Stress analyses of the pure shear tests and the three –dimensional stress –state tests are made .A simple and accurate testing method is suggested for studying the effect of the intermediate principal stress level on the strength and the stress –strain relationship of the soil .At the end ,the extensive uses of this apparatus are given .     

侧限压缩条件下土体的侧应力松弛试验研究

侧向应力松弛是侧限压缩土体的重要流变性质之一。通过在改装的固结仪上进行的土体侧限流变试验表明,在恒载侧限压缩条件下,土体的侧应力松弛曲线与竖向蠕变曲线同步出现不稳定、稳定、急剧变化3个阶段。将试验结果结合土的结构颗粒定向排列理论和强度理论探索了土体侧应力松弛的机制并得出结论：侧应力松弛曲线的3阶段特征是由于土体结构连接的压密恢复与剪切破坏相互作用所致;而侧应力松弛稳定的极限状态是由土的抗剪强度控制。此外,较高的应力水平将会使土体侧应力松弛程度相比低应力水平时更为显著。该分析结论为进一步研究地基长期承载力和地基沉降的关系奠定了基础。     

南宁膨胀土非线性剪切应力松弛特性试验

利用四联装等应变直剪仪,对南宁非饱和重塑膨胀土进行一系列室内剪切应力松弛试验,探讨南宁非饱和重塑膨胀土的剪切应力松弛特性,得到诸多有益的结论。试验结果表明,不同初始条件下的剪切应力松弛曲线均属于不完全衰减型,剪切应力逐渐减少并趋于一个稳定值;膨胀土的松弛曲线都可以明显的分成3个阶段：瞬间松弛阶段、衰减松弛阶段、稳定松弛阶段。不同初始条件下不同时刻的剪切应力-应变等时关系曲线都是非线性的曲线,说明南宁膨胀土具有明显的非线性流变特性,是弹、黏、塑性体。膨胀土的含水率越高,或者竖向荷载越小,或者初始应变越大,或者时间越长,则膨胀土的流变特性及其非线性程度就越高。对试验结果的分析,通过改进剪切应力对数与时间对数的线性关系,建立南宁膨胀土在直剪条件下的非线性剪切应力松弛经验方程,能较好地拟合试验结果。非线性经验模型考虑了应变水平对应力松弛的影响,直观地反映出南宁膨胀土的非线性应力松弛特性,更加符合工程实际,可为膨胀土非线性应力松弛问题的计算分析提供理论依据。     

一种控制直剪蠕变试验剪应力的简易装置

土的蠕变是指土在保持应力不变的条件下,应变随时间延长而增加的现象。研究土的蠕变性质对于确定土的长期强度有重要意义,土的蠕变研究也是近几年的研究热点。然而,土的蠕变试验周期特别长,因此简便、易行又有一定可信度的蠕变试验仪器,对于土蠕变性质的研究有较大的推动意义。直剪蠕变试验是研究确定土的蠕变性质的一种最简单、最直观的试验方法。但由于该试验只是控制剪切力不变,剪切过程中,试样受剪面积逐渐减小,剪应力持续增大,整个过程并不是蠕变。通过在传统仪器上附加一个简单装置,利用液体的浮力来控制试验剪切力,从而使得试样在剪切过程中的剪应力不变。在对仪器进行相应改进后,做了对比试验,检验该装置对剪应力的控制效果,试验结果表明,该简易装置可在一定程度上控制剪应力。     

高应力下砂土与钢材界面单剪试验研究

疏排水沉降引起的竖直附加力导致了华东地区多个立井井筒破裂,高应力下土与结构界面剪切特性研究是解决这一工程问题的关键。在自行加工、改造的高应力单剪仪试验系统上进行了一系列单剪试验。试验数据分析表明高应力下砂土同钢材界面剪应力-剪切位移关系可用非线性弹性-理想、塑性本构关系描述;高应力下界面的强度准则符合无粘聚力的莫尔-库仑公式表示。     

宜-巴高速公路泥质红砂岩三轴应力松弛特性研究

软岩应力松弛特性研究是其长期力学特性研究的重要方面,亦是保证高地应力软岩隧道长期安全稳定的关键。采用TLW－2000三轴流变仪,对宜－巴（宜昌至巴东）高速公路泥质红砂岩进行围压为30 MPa的应力松弛试验研究。试验结果表明,在松弛过程中,随着松弛损伤的发展,导致松弛具有明显的非线性特征。对松弛过程中损伤耗散能变化规律的分析,建立松弛损伤的演化方程,并将损伤因子引入到西原模型中建立非线性的松弛损伤模型,通过与试验结果的对比分析,验证所建模型的合理性,可为宜－巴高速公路高地应力软岩隧道长期稳定性分析提供科学依据。     

含卸压孔硬岩应力松弛特性试验研究

针对非完整硬岩应力松弛特性研究的不足,开展了含卸压孔的具有岩爆倾向性的辉长岩试样峰前加载、松弛和再加载、再松弛模式的应力松弛试验,得出了其峰前应力松弛特性、松弛模型和超声波变化规律,揭示了应力松弛过程的卸压孔作用机制。结果表明：含卸压孔硬岩应力松弛过程经历了迅速衰减、逐渐衰减和稳定3个演化阶段;随峰前加载载荷增加,其应力松弛度总体上呈现增加,能量耗散量增加,用于硬岩损伤破裂演化的能量比例增加;通过波速、波幅和波形变化对比分析可以反映含卸压孔硬岩应力松弛过程的变形损伤破裂演化进程;Burgers模型能较好地反映含卸压孔硬岩的应力松弛特性。经与完整辉长岩试样应力松弛试验对比分析,表明同等情况下含卸压孔硬岩的应力松弛度更大,松弛过程能量耗散量更多,耗散速度也更快。该研究结果对硬岩、含卸压孔硬岩长期稳定性分析、预测及岩爆解危具有很好的指导和借鉴意义。     

Measurement of Shearing Characteristics of Granular Materials at Low Stress Levels in a Shear Box

A range of geotechnical applications require measurement of shear strength at effective stresses below those commonly employed in conventional shear testing devices. Of these devices, the shear box testing apparatus is the oldest and remains the most popular for determining the shear strength characteristics of granular materials. The apparatus is, however, generally considered inadequate when testing at low normal stresses because second order frictional effects become significant at these stresses and lead to large errors in the inferred shear and normal loads on the plane of shearing. A number of new, more elaborate, devices have been employed to measure the frictional characteristics of clays at low stress levels (e.g. the Cam-shear and tilt table tests), but these require a high level of expertise to use correctly, and are not readily available in laboratories around the world. In this paper, statics principles are employed to develop a simple means of correcting for the mechanical friction in a shear box. The applicability of the corrections proposed is examined using data obtained in two different shear boxes for three separate sands over a large range of normal stresses. It is demonstrated that these corrections can be used to determine the peak and critical friction angles of granular materials at low stress levels in a shear box apparatus.     

拉压分散型锚索锚固机制及工程应用研究

近年来,结合拉力型、压力型以及荷载分散型锚索特点于一体的拉压分散型锚索在工程中有一定的应用,但内锚固段锚固机制以及设计方法研究尚不成熟。基于Kelvin解,分别推导拉力分散型锚索和压力分散型锚索的内锚固段与周围岩土体之间的剪应力解析解,再根据叠加原理得到了拉压分散型锚索内锚固段剪应力简化计算方法;基于理论成果将拉压分散型锚索应用于工程实例中,分别进行了拉压分散型锚索的基本性能试验及与拉力分散型锚索的预应力损失对比测试。通过算例分析结果表明,单元锚固体的两端剪应力较大,中间较小,剪应力的分布特征与现有文献资料模型试验及数值模拟结果相吻合;根据锚索的基本性能试验结果,按照本文计算方法得到了压力段和拉力段剪应力峰值强度,与已有的研究成果根据岩石单轴抗压强度得到的压力型和拉力型锚杆锚固段剪应力峰值强度结果基本吻合;经对锚索预应力损失测试结果分析及工程的长期监测,拉压分散型锚索在工程应用中荷载传递稳定可靠,工程应用效果良好。     

吹填软土UU三轴剪切应力松弛特性试验研究

当透水性较差的饱和软黏土处于施工速度快(加荷速率快)的实际工况时,往往夹杂着应力松弛现象,给工程实践的安全运营带来巨大隐患。以天津滨海吹填软土为研究对象,采用WF应力路径三轴仪,通过不固结不排水(UU)三轴剪切试验,分析了不同初始应变、围压、剪切速率、取样深度和结构性等因素对其应力松弛特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:不同试验条件下,天津滨海吹填软土的应力松弛过程都可分为快速、慢速和稳定3个阶段;应力松弛速率随初始应变和取样深度的增大而增大,而围压和剪切速率对其影响不太显著,土的结构性增强会明显增大应力松弛速率,从而加剧应力松弛现象的产生;通过对比分析,确定幂函数模型更适合描述不同试验条件下吹填软土的应力松弛变化规律。研究结果对天津滨海吹填软土场地安全施工与运营具有重要的现实意义。      

Simple-Shear Rheological Properties of Shallow Clay Layer in Shanghai

This paper presets the results of simple-shear rheological tests for the shallow clay layer in Shanghai and the rheological parameters of this clay layer, such as shear parameter, viscosity and long-term strength etc. , by using the obtained relationship among stress, strain and time. The test results show that with certain density and water content of the clay and shear stress less than the yield value, the relationship between shear stress and shear strain for the same shear duration can be obtained by superposition theorem. Because of its linearity, likewise, the relationship between long-term shear flow rate and shear stress also hold true thus, from the linear portion of the curves mentioned above the shear modulus G and viscosity η can be obtained . however , when shear stress is beyond a certain yield value, the curve becomes non-linear. This yield value can be regarded as long-term strength of the soil . In rheological experiments these parameters are all functions of time.     

软黏土蠕变特性试验研究：回顾与发展

大量的室内和现场试验表明软黏土存在长期变形难以收敛的问题,为了更深入地认识软黏土的蠕变特性,首先,从微观物理化学角度探讨蠕变机制;然后,深入分析一维应力条件下次固结系数的演变规律以及确定方法和三轴排水、不排水蠕变特性及黏土的长期抗剪强度、室内旁压试验和现场试验等复杂应力下的黏土蠕变特性等,并且讨论黏土蠕变特性与应变速率和应变松弛特性在一维和三轴条件下的关联性;最后,从黏土次固结特性与微观结构的相关性、如何准确描述次固结系数的非线性及蠕变过程中应力剪胀剪缩关系发展等三方面更深入地探讨软黏土蠕变特性。     

Analysis of simple shear tests with cell pressure confinement

The high cost of offshore infrastructure provides continuous encouragement for optimisation of design practices. Development of a more rational method to interpret results from simple shear tests with cell pressure confinement can reduce costs and improve reliability of offshore infrastructure. This paper addresses a commonly overlooked issue affecting design parameter selection: specimen shape varies from right cylinder to oblique cylinder after loading along a single shearing direction. Thus, horizontal stresses are not always equal to the cell pressure and their magnitude varies throughout the specimen’s lateral surface. An analysis is proposed that accounts for changing specimen geometry and lateral surface area during shearing and for the actual effect of cell pressure during testing. The analysis also describes how the intermediate principal stress can be assessed. Test results for medium dense silica sand are interpreted following de Josselin de Jong’s alternative shearing mechanism hypothesis. Conventional interpretation methods yield conservative design parameters for this soil. Failure states develop when the intermediate principal effective stress is halfway between major and minor principal effective stresses. Typical results for the soil tested show equipment performance meets standard direct simple shear requirements for shear strain rate, vertical stress and specimen height control.     

Characterizing the rheology of laterite slurries

The viscous behaviour of laterite slurries was characterized by measurements of shear stress at constant and changing shear rates. Steady state stresses were obtained after accounting for the settling solids: the values show that the fluids possess viscosities of order 100 mPa s and are moderately shear-thinning, for solid volume fractions from 0.06 to 0.18 and for shear rates between 10 and 1000 s⁻¹. Transient stress measurements were made for steps down in shear rate and for ramps down and up in shear rate. It was found that the Bingham–Maxwell model provides good fits to the transient data, both at low concentrations, where yield behaviour is dominant, and at high concentrations, where elasticity is dominant. For volume fractions of 0.10 or greater, relaxation times were found from step tests to be of order 10 s, but relaxation times found from the ramp tests were generally several times higher.     

Modeling of the simple shear deformation of sand: effects of principal stress rotation

The paper presents a simple constitutive model for the behavior of sands during monotonic simple shear loading. The model is developed specifically to account for the effects of principal stress rotation on the simple shear response of sands. The main feature of the model is the incorporation of two important effects of principal stress on stress–strain response: anisotropy and non-coaxiality. In particular, an anisotropic failure criterion, cross-anisotropic elasticity, and a plastic flow rule and a stress–dilatancy relationship that incorporate the effects of non-coaxiality are adopted in the model. Simulations of published experimental results from direct simple shear and hollow cylindrical torsional simple shear tests on sands show the satisfactory performance of the model. It is envisioned that the model can be valuable in modeling in situ simple shear response of sands and in interpreting simple shear test results.     

缓慢复活型滑坡滑带土的蠕变性质与特征强度试验研究

锁儿头滑坡是甘肃省舟曲县城附近、体积约72.85×106 m3的一个巨型老滑坡。20世纪70年代末滑坡开始复活,至今一直处于缓慢活动之中,显示滑坡活动具有典型的蠕动特点。滑带力学特性是控制滑坡活动机制的关键因素之一,为了弄清该滑坡滑带物质的蠕变性质以及控制滑坡活动的强度指标,通过滑带土残余状态下的直剪蠕变试验,研究了滑坡滑带土的蠕变特性,比较了滑带长期强度和残余强度的关系。研究发现,滑带土蠕变特性与应力状态相关,滑带进入加速蠕变的临界剪应力和剪切速率均与正应力线性正相关。该滑坡应力状态指示其已具备进入加速蠕变的条件。残余状态下该滑坡滑带土的长期与残余强度基本等价,前者略大于后者,且增大量值与正应力有负相关关系。     

砂土与钢材接触面剪切特性试验对比研究

为了研究砂土与钢材接触界面剪切特性,对原有的及改装后的DSJ-2型电动四联等应变直剪仪上分别进行了砂土同钢材界面的单剪试验和直剪试验,并做了对比分析。研究结果表明：1）单剪试验下在法向应力50kPa、100kPa时,砂土与钢材界面的剪应力-剪切位移关系曲线呈非线性弹性理想塑性关系,在法向应力200kPa、400kPa时呈刚塑性关系。直剪试验下在法向应力50kPa、100kPa时,砂土与钢材界面的剪应力-剪切位移关系曲线呈非线性关系,在法向应力200kPa、400kPa时呈双曲线关系;2）提出了界面抗剪强度指标的经验换算公式（直剪试验下得到的界面抗剪强度指标乘以一个小于1的系数）,以修正应用于设计的直剪试验结果。     

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the direct simple shear test

This paper investigates two aspect of the direct simple shear (DSS) using three-dimensional finite element analysis. Firstly, the different total stress paths followed by DDS devices that impose constant cross-sectional area using a stiff external boundary, and those that use a constant total stress lateral boundary condition are explored. This is done by conducting finite element analysis of a single cubic element. It is shown that this element may be subjected to perfect simple shear using four different boundary condition types. Each boundary condition type results in the same effective stress path, but different total stress paths and excess pore pressures. The boundary condition types are related to DSS devices in use. The second aspect investigated is the fact that no DSS device can impose true simple shear conditions, as they are unable to generate the required complementary shear stress on the vertical boundaries. Full three-dimensional finite element analysis of a UWA/Berkeley type simple shear device, which has a constant total stress lateral boundary, is then presented. The results are compared to the ideal solution and effects of stress non-homogeneity on the friction angle and undrained shear strength, deduced from a standard interpretation, are established.