中国近海新生代盆地沉积环境演变分析

中国近海新生代具有不同类型的沉积盆地,它们是不同板块之间的相互作用而形成的,包括板内裂谷型、板缘聚敛型和板缘离散型沉积盆地,其中板缘聚敛型可细分为裂谷型和坳陷型,板缘离散型可细分为裂谷型、坳陷型和扭张型。②不同类型的沉积盆地能够反映不同沉积环境的演变特征。在盆地的断陷—坳陷发育期,板内裂谷型沉积盆地沉积环境以陆相为主;板缘聚敛型沉积盆地的沉积环境总体上具有海相到陆相的演变特征;板缘离散型沉积盆地沉积环境总体上具有陆相到海相的演变特征。③在不同盆地结构和沉积环境下,发育不同类型的沉积体系。裂谷型沉积盆地以近源堆积的沉积体系为主,坳陷型沉积盆地以远源堆积的沉积体系为主;板缘聚敛型沉积盆地坡折及三角洲发育规模小,板缘离散型沉积盆地坡折及三角洲发育规模大。     

被动大陆边缘张-破裂过程与岩浆活动:南海的归属

岩浆在被动大陆边缘的张-破裂过程中起到决定性作用.南海东北部陆缘发育厚度达10 km的下地壳高速体,其成因机制长期存在争议,影响了对南海东北部陆缘构造归属的界定.为了分析南海共轭陆缘的张破裂机制,本文调研了国内外最新研究进展,系统分析了南海南北陆缘的地壳结构和岩浆活动特点,提出:南海陆缘和海盆中发育有大量岩浆活动,但东西陆缘存在较大差异,底侵高速体东厚西薄,推测为同张裂成因.根据地壳结构与底侵岩浆的量,将被动陆缘划分为5个子类,南海陆缘东侧为多岩浆型,向西变为少岩浆型.东西差异除与伸展速率有关,可能还与东侧陆缘发生了板缘破裂,而西侧陆缘发生了板内破裂有关.      

贝加尔裂谷构造发育的主控因素探讨：来自物理模拟的启示

贝加尔裂谷位于全球最大的大陆板块中心，远离任何活跃板块边界，却是地球上现今构造活动最为活跃和复杂的地区之一，其形成演化的主控因素是地球科学界广泛讨论的问题之一并一直存在争议。文章通过物理实验模拟手段，研究了裂谷区在局部拉张背景下，岩石圈形变过程。贝加尔裂谷区位于较强的西伯利亚克拉通与较弱的萨彦—贝加尔造山带结合部位。克拉通一侧下地壳强度大，壳幔机械耦合程度高，实验结果显示，当区域遭受局部拉张时，应力易在克拉通一侧聚集，最先于克拉通与造山带薄弱缝合处的靠近克拉通边缘一侧发育深大断裂。随着岩石圈不断伸展，应力向造山带一侧传递，断裂也随之向造山带一侧发生迁移，呈现雁列式排列。古老克拉通相比于年轻造山带下地壳流变性质差异，决定了贝加尔裂谷窄且深凹陷的发育特征及发育结构的不对称性。     

大陆板内盆山耦合及盆山成因——以青藏高原及周边盆地为例

摘要：大陆造山带与沉积盆地之间具有十分密切的内在联系,空间上相互依存,物质上相互补偿,构造上相互作用,时间上同步演化。这些内在联系体现在统一的形成机制上:大陆造山带和沉积盆地是在大陆边缘俯冲板片脱水熔融和大陆内部地幔柱(枝)上隆的热动力作用下,地壳由盆向山侧向流动,导致盆山地壳物质发生循环运动。青藏高原与周边盆地的耦合作用十分典型。青藏高原不是印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的结果,而是形成于下地壳流动驱动的板内盆山作用。青藏高原板内盆山耦合可分为两个阶段:(1)板内造山成盆阶段,表现为180～120 Ma→65～30 Ma→23～7 Ma从青藏高原北部和东部盆山系统→青藏高原中部盆山系统→青藏高原南部盆山系统有序迁移,以构造隆升、水平运动、地质作用和大规模板内金属成矿为特征;(2)均衡成山成盆阶段,表现为从36 Ma开始,青藏高原整体快速隆升和周边沉积盆地边缘坳陷带巨厚的磨拉石沉积,以36 Ma B.P.、25 Ma B.P.、18~12 Ma B.P.、 08 Ma B.P.和015 Ma B.P.等一系列脉动式快速隆升、垂直运动、地理作用和水系 环境变化为特征。大陆板内盆山构造演化经历从伸展构造向挤压构造的转换,伴随盆地主动作用转变成造山带主动作用。大陆下地壳流动和盆山耦合形成非安德森式的低角度拆离断层、波状起伏逆冲断层和异常共轭关系走滑断层。     

从卫星重力资料看中国及邻区地壳密度结构

本文应用小波多尺度分析等信息提取新方法,从地球重力场模型(EGM2008)经各项校正得到的中国及邻区卫星布格重力异常中提取和反演了中国及邻区上、中、下地壳的密度信息,揭示了区域地壳三维密度结构。下地壳低密度扰动主要出现在青藏高原和华南沿海到对马海峡一带,其它地区多现较高密度扰动。所有克拉通地体密度在中下地壳都是高密度的。中下地壳低密度扰动带可分成四类:(1)出现在板块边界的低密度扰动条带,(2)出现在中国西部挤压构造有关的山脉下方,(3)与拉张走滑构造有关的构造带,(4)和与大陆内部板内造山有关的构造带。上地壳结晶基底的低密度扰动可出现在显生宙造山带和未充分发育的大陆裂谷。碰撞俯冲造山带以地壳低密度大厚度为特征,但是板内造山带不同,以地壳局部高密度中厚度为特征,局部高密度反映了中基性结晶岩的存在,莫霍面上拱反映了中基性岩浆侵入。板内拉张裂谷带上地壳基底密度局部低、中地壳低速带发育反映拉张区的流体活动,而下地壳反射体发育、莫霍面变厚成层反映拉张区的玄武岩浆底侵。由于卫星重力测量资料分辨率毕竟有限,对中国东部地区还未能给出关于中地壳密度扰动的细节,还必须开展地面重力测量资料的小波多尺度分析。     

郯庐断裂中段古裂谷的基本特征

<正> 大陆裂谷是大陆板块内部的构造缝,它具有线型裂谷地貌和在拉伸应力下形成的窄长的垒堑构造;由于同生正断层的控制,裂谷内堆积了巨厚的陆相碎屑岩,尤以红色类磨拉石建造的发育为特征;裂谷深部地壳变薄,地幔上拱,具有透镜状壳幔层(或裂谷枕);裂谷一般伴随有碱性、偏碱性的火山岩,或拉斑系列玄武岩浆喷发,以及深成侵入活动;与此同时产生地壳上部的横张,并导致高热流和频繁的浅源地震活动。 在中国大陆上,究竟有没有裂谷?有没有古裂谷?这是一个重要研究课题。     

松辽盆地成因演化与软流圈对流模式

松辽盆地位于中国东北,是晚中生代在活动大陆边缘上发育的裂谷-坳陷盆地。松辽盆地有两个特点:一是裂谷期前火山岩分布以盆地西部的大兴安岭厚度大、面积大,盆地东部靠近俯冲边缘火山岩分布厚度、面积变小;二是裂谷期主要发育东倾控坳断层。由此推测在板块俯冲牵引作用下,在楔形区产生单向环流。单向环流在大兴安岭一带上升,在地表形成强烈的火山作用,然后沿岩石圈底部向东运动,并逐渐转变为下降流,火山作用也逐渐减弱。单向环流由上升流逐渐转入近平流后,对岩石圈底面施加单向剪切牵引作用,岩石圈伸展在脆性上地壳形成主要东倾控坳断层。单向环流可以源源不断地从深部将热能和动能带到浅部,满足岩石圈减薄和伸展的需要。而且用单向环流解释活动大陆边缘和弧后区火山岩的成分极性可能更趋于实际。     

南海西南次海盆地壳岩石圈伸展破裂过程的构造、沉积和岩浆作用记录

基于跨南海西南次海盆V型尖端区共轭被动大陆边缘的1 000 km长的深反射地震剖面的解释和分析,深入研究南海临界破裂区地壳结构、盆地构造地层格架和岩浆作用特征,阐明地壳岩石圈的伸展破裂过程.结果表明,在南海西南次海盆共轭陆缘可以识别出3条一级界面,即海底、基底（Tg/Tb）和Moho面,根据这些界面可将共轭边缘划分为箱型域、细颈域、楔型域和薄箱型域等多个地壳基底结构构造特征显著不同的构造单元;在西南次海盆V型尖端陆缘盆地充填序列中识别出岩石圈裂解分离的响应界面,即裂后不整合界面T50/Tm,该界面与基底面Tg/Tb限定了陆缘盆地的同裂陷沉积充填序列,其内发育了T70、T60两条重要的幕式构造响应界面,控制了早期高角度正断层控制的断陷盆地系（Tg-T70）、中期拆离断层控制的拆离盆地系（T70-T60）和晚期断坳转换作用控制的坳陷盆地（T60-T50）;西南次海盆V型尖端薄箱型域属于原洋洋壳域,为岩浆型地壳,代表了岩石圈临近裂解分离、但支撑稳定态海底扩张的地幔对流系统还未完全建立起来之前的“临界破裂”状态,发育于23.5~15.5 Ma（T60-Tm）期间.综合考虑地壳初始厚度、断裂活动性和不同时期的盆地原型等,运用平衡剖面技术重建了西南次海盆V型尖端共轭边缘的发育演化过程,建立了南海西南次海盆临界破裂区构造-地层-岩浆相互作用模式,揭示了南海陆缘岩石圈伸展破裂机制.本研究具有重要的理论意义,并对南海的深水油气勘探具有重大的实际应用价值.      

由冈瓦纳碎块碰撞焊接造成的喜马拉雅和印度-缅甸造山带的演化

在喜马拉雅和印度-缅甸造山带以及西藏Shan-Tenesserim-马来西亚地块上,具有晚古生代冈瓦纳型含冷水海洋动物群的沉积物,舌羊齿属、华夏式的或混合式的植物群或有或无,古生代-中生代陆缘特提斯式沉积物也有发育。这些特提斯造山带具有两个阶段的演化过程:①晚中生代发生泛印度大陆的解离—形成狭窄的新特提斯海洋,其中有一些被较开阔的陆缘海隔开的微型大陆,这可能是受二叠纪末期裂谷带下陷的影响。②这些小     

陆缘扩张型地洼盆地系构造-岩浆作用的独特性──以南海北部陆缘盆地系为例

南海北部陆缘扩张型地洼盆地系既显示了裂谷构造的某些一般性特征,又以其位于大陆壳体与大洋壳体相互作用的东亚陆缘地带;具有复杂的动力场和应力场环境;张裂发生于华夏型地洼余动期;发育由陆变海、陆海相交替的沉积建造;出现由钙碱性岩系、双峰式岩系到拉斑玄武岩和碱性玄武岩系的岩浆演化序列;形成宽阔而弥散的拉伸变形带,具条块状分割的构造格局,总体表现为由大陆盆岭型构造带（地壳张裂）发展到陆缘海盆地系（岩石圈张裂）的演变过程;强烈而持久的地壳运动,发生多幕式拉伸-造盆作用,晚期并在局部出现挤压（反转）构造;以及含丰富油气等矿产资源而展示特色。比较学研究进一步表明,地洼区的裂谷构造可以分出两种基本类型：①华夏型,其中包括东亚陆缘式和里奥格兰德陆内式两种亚型,它们是在地洼型挤压造山阶段之后发生拉伸裂陷;②东非型,它们是在古老克拉通（地台）基础上发生张裂,形成裂谷型地洼区。     

华北板块北缘东段中元古代造山带地质特征及构造演化

研究区内的中元古代魏家沟岩群原岩为一套碳酸盐岩、陆缘碎屑岩及火山岩建造,形成于大陆裂谷-活动大陆边缘阶段,并于1036 Ma左右遭受变质变形.通过岩浆岩形成构造环境的判别,研究区中元古代岩浆活动贯穿于板块碰撞前、同碰撞及碰撞后.伴随着造山带的演化,本区中元古代经历了3期韧性变形,分别形成于大陆裂谷、活动大陆边缘及碰撞造山阶段.通过上述研究,确定了本区中元古代造山带的存在,并经历了大陆裂谷-被动大陆边缘-活动大陆边缘-碰撞造山的地质演化过程,证实了格林维尔造山运动在华北板块北缘的存在和对中元古代末期Rodinia超大陆拼合的响应.     

阿尔金成矿带的归属及成矿特征

合理划分成矿区带对矿产资源预测评价和勘查具有指导价值,而正确认识构造单元性质和成矿时期的构造环境是成矿带划分的重要前提。本文从地质建造、地球物理、卫星遥感等多角度全面分析了阿尔金山的内部组成及其边界断裂特征,认为阿尔金山原属于南塔里木地块的组成部分,阿尔金造山带是在古老地块基础上活化以后形成的特殊造山带,其特点明显不同于秦祁昆造山系,阿尔金成矿带应划归塔里木成矿省。阿尔金成矿带可进一步划分为三个次级成矿单元:红柳沟-喀腊大湾(裂谷)成矿亚带主要形成海相火山岩型铅锌矿、火山-沉积变质型铁矿;阿尔金(陆缘地块)成矿亚带主要形成石棉矿和玉石矿;迪木那里克-苏巴里克(裂陷槽)成矿亚带则以沉积变质型铁矿和石棉矿为主。     

新疆于田普鲁-阿羌石炭纪裂谷地质特征及成矿意义

新疆于田普鲁—阿羌石炭纪裂谷 ,发育于塔里木板块晚古生代被动陆缘之上。裂谷发展经历了两个阶段 ,即早石炭世裂谷形成发展阶段和晚石炭世—早二叠世裂谷敛合阶段 ,形成发展阶段主要为双峰式火山岩建造 ,敛合期以钙碱性安山岩、基性玄武岩为主间夹灰岩、砂砾岩等。该裂谷为塔里木南缘晚古生代活动带的一部分。活动带内大量火山岩浆活动为以铜为主的多金属成矿提供良好条件 ,同时深大断裂活动使金刚石成矿成为可能。对该活动带的深入研究不仅对古特提斯演化研究具有重要意义 ,而且对指导找矿具有非常重要的现实意义。     

北山地区早古生代板块构造特征

位于甘肃省西北边界和内蒙古自治区西端的北山地区,早古生代大地构造单元由塔里木板块东段北缘和北侧贝加尔期分裂出来的旱山微板块组成,其间被石板井-小黄山蛇绿混杂岩带所分隔。在漫长的构造演化进程中发育有蛇绿岩带。同时,经历了大西洋型、安第斯型(?)和西太平洋型大陆边缘的演化阶段,陆壳增厚,地壳成熟度增加,由大洋地壳和过渡型地壳向大陆型地壳转化。晚古生代初,全区进入板内活动时期。     

Transects of the ancient and modern continental margins of eastern Canada

Rocks of the west flank of the northern Appalachian Orogen (miogeocline) record the history of the late Precambrian-early Paleozoic passive continental margin of Eastern North America. The ancient margin was destroyed by ophiolite obduction and arc collision during the Ordovician Taconic Orogeny. The present sinuous form of the miogeocline is interpreted to reflect ancient promontories and re-entrants of a previous orthogonal margin bounded by rifts and transforms.Four major terranes are recognized east of the miogeocline in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. From west to east, these are the Dunnage, Gander, Avalon and Meguma. The Dunnage and Gander terranes were linked to the miogeocline during the Middle Ordovician Taconian Orogeny. The Avalon terrane arrived later, possibly during the mid-Paleozoic Acadian Orogeny. The Meguma terrane of southern Nova Scotia had docked with the Avalon terrane by Carboniferous time. The Dunnage terrane contains arc volcanics which lie above an ophiolitic substrate. The Gander terrane comprises a thick sequence of clastic sedimentary rocks, underlain by basement rocks with continental affinities. It has been interpreted as a continental margin, perhaps once on the eastern side of the Paleozoic Iapetus ocean. The Avalon terrane consists of belts of sedimentary and volcanic rocks which are probably underlain by Grenvillian basement. Its tectonic affinities are unclear. The Meguma terrane comprises a thick sequence of sediments, derived from the south-east. It is found only in southeastern Atlantic Canada. The boundaries between terranes are compressional in the west and steep, transcurrent faults in the east.The surface extent of the geological terranes is grossly correlative with deep structural zones, although no direct evidence exists for linking the two because most surface structures can be traced geophysically to only a few kilometres depth. A striking feature of the deep crustal structure is a lower, high velocity crustal layer beneath the Dunnage and Gander terranes.The modern margin of Atlantic Canada developed by rifting and by transform motion between adjacent continents. Stretching and thinning of the lithosphere, and the consequent production of basaltic magma that in places intrudes or underplates the thinned continental crust, are the most likely processes responsible for the evolution of the modern margin. These processes predict the observed deep sedimentary basins along the margin, the thinning of continental crust, and the high seismic velocities found within the ocean-continent transition zones.Rifting adjacent to Nova Scotia began in Late Triassic-Early Jurassic time between the present African and North American plates. These plate motions are also responsible for the major transform margin south of the Grand Banks. Separation between Iberia and the eastern Grand Banks occurred in mid-Cretaceous time, before the Late Cretaceous opening of the Labrador Sea. While the rifted segments of the margin exhibit deep sedimentary basins and thinned continental crust, the Grand Banks transform segment is characterized by a sharp transition zone and a relatively thin sediment cover. Numerous volcanic seamounts are built on the ocean crust adjacent to this transform segment.Mimicry of Paleozoic promontories and re-entrants by modern rift and transform margin segments, the location of Mesozoic sedimentary basins on ancestral Appalachian structures, and the reactivation and propagation of major Precambrian and Paleozoic structural boundaries during the latest phase of ocean opening attest to ancestral controls of the modern margins.The rift phase of both the ancient and modern passive margins is characterized by volcanism, mafic dike intrusion and by the development of basins filled with clastic sediments. The drift phase of both the ancient margin and the present Nova Scotia margin is marked by a change in sedimentary environment, such that carbonates replaced the rift phase clastic sediments. Two of the markers used to delineate the ancient ocean-continent transition zone; carbonate banks and steep gravity anomaly gradients, should be used with caution as the modern analogs of these markers may lie 100 km or more of this transition zone. Furthermore, it is naive to view the ancient transition as simple and narrow, for the modern margins exhibits complex transition zones between 30 and 300 km wide.In general, the evolution of the ancient and modern passive margins appear to be remarkably similar. Predictably, closing the present Atlantic will mimic the evolution of the Appalachian Orogen.     

Post-collisional crustal extension setting and VHMS mineralization in the Jinshajiang orogenic belt, southwestern China

The Jinshajiang orogenic belt (JOB) of southwestern China, located along the eastern margin of the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen, includes a collage of continental blocks joined by Paleozoic ophiolitic sutures and Permian volcanic arcs. Three major tectonic stages are recognized based on the volcanic–sedimentary sequence and geochemistry of volcanic rocks in the belt. Westward subduction of the Paleozoic Jinshajiang oceanic plate at the end of Permian resulted in the formation of the Chubarong–Dongzhulin intra-oceanic arc and Jamda–Weixi volcanic arc on the eastern margin of the Changdu continental block. Collision between the volcanic arcs and the Yangtze continent block during Early–Middle Triassic caused the closing of the Jinshajiang oceanic basin and the eruption of high-Si and -Al potassic rhyolitic rocks along the Permian volcanic arc. Slab breakoff or mountain-root delamination under this orogenic belt led to post-collisional crustal extension at the end of the Triassic, forming a series of rift basins on this continental margin arc. Significant potential for VHMS deposits occurs in the submarine volcanic districts of the JOB. Mesozoic VHMS deposits occur in the post-collisional extension environment and cluster in the Late Triassic rift basins.     

The final rifting evolution at deep magma-poor passive margins from Iberia-Newfoundland: a new point of view

In classical rift models, deformation is either uniformly distributed leading to symmetric fault bounded basins overlying stretched ductile lower crust (e.g. pure shear McKenzie model) or asymmetric and controlled by large scale detachment faulting (simple shear Wernicke model). In both cases rifting is considered as a mono-phase process and breakup is instantaneous resulting in the juxtaposition of continental and oceanic crust. The contact between these two types of crusts is often assumed to be sharp and marked by a first magnetic anomaly; and breakup is considered to be recorded as a major, basin wide unconformity, also referred to as breakup unconformity. These classical models, are currently challenged by new data from deep rifted margins that ask for a revision of these concepts. In this paper, we review the pertinent observations made along the Iberia-Newfoundland conjugate margins, which bear the most complete data set available from deep magma-poor margins. We reevaluate and discuss the polyphase nature of continental rifting, discuss the nature and significance of the different margin domains and show how they document extreme crustal thinning, retardation of subsidence and a complex transition into seafloor spreading. Although our study is limited to the Iberia-Newfoundland margins, comparisons with other margins suggest that the described evolution is probably more common and applicable for a large number of rifted margins. These new results have major implications for plate kinematic reconstructions and invite to rethink the terminology, the processes, and the concepts that have been used to describe continental rifting and breakup of the lithosphere.     

东秦岭－大别山及邻区盆－山系统演化与动力学

东秦岭－大别造山带受不同块体间的拼合碰撞及其之后的陆内变形控制,在造山带边缘和内部形成了不同的盆山系统。造山带北缘响应北秦岭与华北板块的弧陆碰撞及其之后陆内变形作用,形成了后陆逆冲与弧后前陆盆地系统。造山带南缘三叠纪至白垩纪随着扬子板块与秦岭－大别微板块沿勉略缝合带自东向西的斜向俯冲和之后的陆内旋转挤压,在扬子北缘形成了前陆逆冲与周缘前陆盆地系统。自晚侏罗世末至白垩纪造山带挤压与伸展并存,伸展自核部向边缘发展,形成造山带伸展塌陷与近东西向裂谷盆地系统。大致在中始新世之后,受中国东部环太平洋构造带东西向伸展作用和深部构造作用控制,横跨造山带形成近南北向的裂谷盆地。     

东秦岭柞水-镇安地区泥盆纪沉积环境和沉积盆地演化

东秦岭陕南柞水-镇安地区泥盆纪沉积盆地中主要发育有冲积扇、小型辩状河、河口湾、潮坪、潮下洼地、台地边缘生物滩、生物礁、开阔台地、斜坡和盆地沉积环境。台地沉积主要由陆源碎屑和碳酸盐混合类型岩石组成,斜坡-盆地为巨厚的陆源碎屑浊积岩充填。根据沉积作用特征和大地构造差异,在构造活动期和构造稳定期的沉积模式就反映了沉积盆地演化特征。 根据沉积作用,沉积环境的发展变化,结合区域构造特征、地层层序、岩浆活动和变质作用、地球物理和化学资料,论证了当时沉积盆地为南北向展布（与秦岭造山带总体方向垂直）,具向东走滑的大陆边缘裂谷-断陷盆地。盆地的发展演化阶段为:（1）岩石圈裂前拱起-陆内裂谷早期阶段（Z₂-S）;（2）大陆边缘裂谷-断陷盆地的中期阶段（D₁-D₃）;（3）晚期回返-陆内俯冲阶段（C-T₂）。盆地的关闭是由于强烈陆内俯冲,同时盆地被挤压进东西向展布的秦岭造山带。     

西南三江构造体系及演化、成因

西南三江构造体系突出表现为以昌都-兰坪-思茅地块为中轴的不对称走滑对冲构造,次为与走滑断裂相伴的伸展滑脱、走滑拉分盆地构造体系,再次为块体内部的近北东、北西向走滑断裂系。西南三江造山带构造体系演化分为挤压收缩变形、走滑深熔热隆、走滑剪切伸展、走滑剥蚀隆升等4个阶段。自晚白垩世开始,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞,西南三江造山带对冲体构造体系初始形成。自渐新世开始,印度板块持续向北楔入欧亚大陆,印度板块与扬子克拉通构成力偶,两者相向、相对运动,挤压与剪切特提斯大洋缝合带及两大陆边缘弧盆系等地质体,西南三江造山带对冲体构造体系进一步发展,近南北向剪切走滑构造体系形成,构造方向也由近东西转为近南北向。而与近南北向主走滑断裂带之相伴的伸展滑脱构造、拉分盆地,块体内部近北东、北西“X”型剪切走滑断裂同时相伴形成。这样,就形成了西南三江造山带大规模的对冲、走滑、旋转及其伴生的伸展、拉分盆地构造的构造体系。