珠江冲淡水季节变化及动力成因

依据珠江口及其附近海域2006-2007年4个航次的CTD资料,分析珠江冲淡水的扩展形态和垂向结构,结果表明:表层冲淡水仅在夏季同时向粤西和粤东扩展,其余季节以西向扩展为主,而底层冲淡水全年向西扩展;冲淡水的主体部分大致位于10 m水深之上,但最大厚度在秋季可以超过20 m水深。通过结合同期风、海流、潮汐资料分析发现径流和风是控制冲淡水扩展范围和垂向结构的关键因子,夏季珠江冲淡水的范围最广,其次是春季,冬季最窄;夏季西南季风有利于其向东及向外海扩展,东北季风驱使珠江冲淡水向西扩展并制约冲淡水向外海扩散;粤西的水位梯度全年都驱动沿岸流向西流,而粤东的水位梯度仅在夏季有利于珠江冲淡水东向扩散,相应的粤东沿岸流在夏季指向东北,其余季节均指向西南。     

基于FVCOM的夏季珠江冲淡水年际变化特征

珠江冲淡水对南海北部的物理、化学以及生物特性具有十分重要的意义。本文以1993至2012年连续20年的FVCOM(The Finite Volume Community Ocean Model)模型后报模拟数据为基础,将海表盐度32等值线与岸线所围面积定义为珠江冲淡水的扩展范围,对珠江冲淡水在夏季（6月、7月和8月）的年际变化特征进行研究,并分析了南海季风和珠江径流量等因素对珠江冲淡水的影响。在西南风和较大的珠江径流量的作用下,夏季是珠江冲淡水同时向粤西和粤东两侧扩展的唯一季节,冲淡水扩展范围最大,且夏季珠江冲淡水的扩展形态和扩展面积具有明显的年际变化特征,1994年的东风异常极大增强了冲淡水的西向扩展。通过对2008年台风“风神”的分析,发现热带气旋引起的表层对流和垂向混合对珠江冲淡水具有明显的作用,但是由于其持续时间较短,对年际变化的影响并不显著。1998年夏季的强厄尔尼诺事件导致6月、7月和8月均出现了西南风异常,强西南风阻碍了冲淡水的西向扩展,促进了区域的上升流和表层流。     

基于融合遥感数据的广东沿岸温度锋面的季节变化研究

基于2015年全年多源遥感数据融合的Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis(OSTIA)海表温度数据,利用最大温度梯度法,对广东沿岸(20°—23°N,110°—118°E)海表温度锋面的季节变化及生消机制进行了分析。广东沿岸温度锋面季节变化明显,冬季强,夏季弱;粤东温度锋面常年存在,粤西温度锋面夏季消失;珠江口区域温度锋面与珠江羽状流的扩散路径有关,即夏季锋面主轴往东北方向延伸,秋季往西南方向延伸。对比温度锋面与风速的关系,发现其形成及消失受季风的影响。通过简单的模型实验,发现季风通过影响锋面两侧的湍流热通量引起锋面强度的变化:西南(东北)季风带来的暖湿(干冷)空气减弱(增加)了近岸冷水的潜热释放,导致冷水区温度上升(下降)大于暖水区,引起锋面消失(生成)。     

2016年春季季风转换期的珠江冲淡水分布与生态特征分析*

基于2016年4—6月珠江口航次的现场调查资料及卫星数据, 对春季季风转换期的风场分布特征, 冲淡水路径的时空变化情况以及相应的生态响应进行了分析。结果显示珠江口及其临近海域在4—5月表现为过渡性风场, 受冬季风和夏季风的共同作用, 且风向多变。至6月, 冬季风消失, 西南季风控制了整个研究海域, 与此同时珠江径流量逐月增大, 冲淡水的分布特征也随着风场及径流变化发生转变。具体表现为4—5月份冲淡水向粤西沿岸方向扩展, 且在5月流幅更宽, 可达离岸70km处。6月冲淡水向东西两个方向扩展, 向西的冲淡水在河口外受到夏季风场以及背景流场的抑制, 形成以盐度和浊度为特征的锋面; 向东的冲淡水离岸扩展, 在粤东外海形成大面积的羽状流。此外, 珠江口叶绿素和溶解氧的分布主要受冲淡水的影响, 其分布形态与冲淡水路径相似。垂向上, 可观测到珠江口低氧的形成过程, 海水层化, 稳定水柱的形成以及生物分解过程共同导致了珠江口底部的溶解氧较低。浊度的分布主要受径流携带的悬沙影响, 与盐度有很强的负相关性。     

黄海和东海表层悬沙浓度年际变化特征

运用547 nm反射率、海表温度和海表风场遥感数据,分析了黄、东海表层悬沙浓度的年际变化特征、影响因素和形成机理。研究区近岸海域表层悬沙浓度较高,远离陆地的海域悬沙浓度一般较低,且存在明显的季节变化,其季节变化的敏感区(变化较大的区域,其反射率差大于1%)为浑浊羽状流分布区域和近岸海域。该羽状流从江苏海岸向东偏南方向延伸至黄、东海陆架中部,其边界以4 mg/L表层悬沙浓度为标志,冬季最盛,夏季最弱,甚至消失。研究区表层悬沙浓度也存在明显的年际变化,其冬季敏感区为浑浊羽状流与朝鲜半岛之间的海域(即羽状流东北部)、台湾海峡、近岸海域、浑浊羽状流南部边缘;其夏季敏感区主要是近岸海域。悬沙浓度年际变化的幅度略小于季节变化。冬季黄海暖流和台湾暖流对浑浊羽状流的扩散起阻碍作用,二者基本框定了该季节浑浊羽状流的边界范围,其年际变化形成多年尺度上冬季表层悬沙浓度的敏感区。虽然风浪作用对悬沙浓度变化有影响,但不是影响年际变化的主要因素。研究区冬季浑浊羽状流的形成和扩展的变异是受陆架环流控制的,是表层悬沙向深海输运的重要因素。此外,对敏感区的平均海表温度与南方涛动指数(SO)I、太平洋十年涛动指数(PDO)I的相关分析结果表明,本区陆架环流的宏观格局受到了厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)和太平洋十年涛动(PDO)的影响,而PDO的影响弱于ENSO。     

闽浙沿岸流扩展范围的季节特征及其对典型海湾的影响

根据2006~2007年春、夏、秋、冬季4个航次的监测数据分析闽浙沿岸流扩展范围和温度、盐度、营养盐含量平面分布季节变化特征,结果显示:调查期间,闽浙沿岸流主要分布于浙闽沿岸海域,具有明显的季节变化特征,冬季闽浙沿岸流扩展范围最大,可影响至广东南澳岛海域,秋季次之,可影响至厦门湾、东山湾海域,春季可扩展至泉州湾附近海域,夏季影响范围最小,仅局限于浙江北部沿岸海域.选取福建罗源湾、厦门湾和东山湾,分析闽浙沿岸流对典型海湾的影响,结果显示:冬季闽浙沿岸流给福建典型海湾带来了大量的营养盐物质,罗源湾、厦门湾和东山湾均受其影响,海水营养盐含量明显提高,秋季次之,春季影响略小,夏季基本不受闽浙沿岸流影响.     

琼东和粤西海表温度锋的季节与年际变化特征分析

以2006—2013年卫星遥感海表温度资料(GHRSST SST)为基础,通过数字图像处理的边缘检测方法提取温度锋面的核心位置,分析了琼东、粤西海域海表温度锋位置及强度的季节变化和年际变化特征,并进一步结合海面高度异常资料和海面风场资料探讨了温度锋变化的可能机制。分析结果表明,琼东、粤西海域温度锋的空间分布及锋面强度存在显著的季节变化,沿岸风应力是影响该海域锋面变化的主要动力因素。夏季温度锋面主要分布于琼东沿岸的东部及南部海域近岸50m到100m等深线之间,而冬季则主要分布在琼东的东部海域和粤西沿岸20m到100m等深线之间,春秋两季为其过渡季节;锋面强度的季节变化表现为冬季最强,春季、夏季次之,秋季最弱,其冬季锋面强度平均值可达到3℃?100km–1,夏季为1.7℃?100km–1;同时,锋面核心位置及强度的分析结果表明,琼东和粤西海域温度锋也存在较强的年际变化。     

太平洋海气界面净热通量的季节、年际和年代际变化

根据 COADS资料 ,使用经验正交分解 (EOF)等分析方法 ,研究了北太平洋海气热通量的季节、年际和年代际变化特征。分析结果表明 :北太平洋海洋夏季净得热 ,冬季净失热 ,且黑潮及其延伸体区失热最大。净热通量年际变化较明显 ,北太平洋西部模态水形成区冬季净热通量和副热带失热区春季净热通量的年际变化都主要依赖于潜热和感热通量的年际变化。夏季净热通量的低频变化中心在热带 ,冬季低频变化中心在黑潮及其延伸体区。冬季赤道东、西太平洋净热通量异常的年际变化相反 ;在热带北太平洋中部年际变化达到最大。夏季热带太平洋是净热通量异常的年际变化最大的海域 ,沿赤道两侧在 16 5°E处呈偶极子型分布。     

中国海洋贻贝观察：华南沿海近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)体多氯联苯含量时空变化

根据近年观测和历史资料,分析了南海北部沿岸海域近江牡蛎样品中多氯联苯(PCBs)含量状况。气相色谱-电子捕获检测器测定结果显示:2006—2007年,南海北部沿岸海域近江牡蛎样品中PCBs残留量为0.003—0.253mg/kg(湿重),虽然没有超过国内外贝类卫生标准,也低于俄罗斯西部沿岸海域、英格兰梅斯河口和日本东京湾贻贝中的含量,但明显高于其它7个亚洲国家沿岸海域贻贝中的含量;牡蛎样品中PCBs含量表现出明显的空间差异,测站最高值(1243ng/g,干重)与最低值(82ng/g)相差15倍,在粤东沿岸海域(487ng/g)明显高于珠江口沿岸海域、粤西沿岸海域、海南岛沿岸海域和北部湾湾顶海域(分别为218、202、207和268ng/g)。2003—2007年,广东沿岸海域牡蛎样品中PCBs干重含量为30—2041ng/g,比1989—1991年的0.35—1.43ng/g明显增加,平均值171ng/g比1989—1991年的0.62ng/g增加近275倍,其区域分布格局在1989—1991年为珠江口沿岸海域>粤东沿岸海域和粤西沿岸海域,但近年来变为粤东沿岸海域>珠江口沿岸海域和粤西沿岸海域。     

山东半岛黄海沿岸强壮箭虫丰度的季节变化和分布特征

于2006年8月~2007年11月对山东半岛黄海沿岸海域进行的春、夏、秋、冬4个航次的调查,根据强壮箭虫的个体丰度分析其季节变化、水平分布、垂直分布特征,并运用聚集度指标法分析其聚集特征。结果表明,山东半岛黄海沿岸海域4个季节强壮箭虫的平均丰度为63.2ind·m3,呈现秋季冬季夏季春季的变化规律。水平分布上,春夏两季形成的丰度密集中心多于秋冬两季,但高丰度区分布范围小于秋冬两季;春夏两季丰度密集中心主要分布于近岸海域,而秋冬两季则以远岸海域为主。垂直分布上,春夏季强壮箭虫表层平均丰度高于底层,而秋冬季表层平均丰度则低于底层;强壮箭虫存在一昼夜内2次上升和2次下沉的垂直移动现象,其上升和下沉的时间随季节不同而有所变化。强壮箭虫在山东半岛黄海沿岸海域呈现聚集分布。强壮箭虫的分布与多种环境因子变化有关,其中温度、盐度、桡足类分布是影响强壮箭虫分布的重要因素。     

Satellite-measured temporal and spatial variability of the Tokachi River plume

River plumes have important effects on marine ecosystems. Variation in the extent and dispersal of river plumes is often associated with river discharge, wind characteristics and ocean circulation. The objectives of this study were to identify the Tokachi River plume by satellite, determine its relationship with river discharge and clarify its temporal and spatial dynamics. SeaWiFS multispectral satellite data (normalized water-leaving radiance: nL_w) with 1.1 km spatial resolution were used to determine the spatial and temporal variability of the plume during 1998–2002. Supervised maximum likelihood classification using six channels of nL_w at 412, 443, 490, 510, 555 and 670 nm with each band's spectral signature statistic was used to define classes of surface water and to estimate the plume area. Supervised maximum likelihood classification separated three to four classes of coastal water based on optical characteristics as a result of wind stress events. The satellite-observed plume area was correlated with the amount of river discharge from April to October. The plume distribution patterns were influenced by wind direction and magnitude, the occurrences of a near-shore eddy field and surface currents. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) was used to express the spatial and temporal variability of the plume using anomalies of nL_w(555) monthly averaged images. The first mode (44% of variance) showed the turbid plume distribution resulting from re-suspension by strong wind mixing along the coast during winter. This mode also showed the plume was distributed along-shelf direction in spring to early autumn. The second mode (17% of variance) showed spring pattern across-shelf direction. EOF analysis also explained the interannual variability of the plume signature, which might have been affected by the flow of the Oyashio Current and the occurrence of a near-shore eddy field.     

Surface chlorophyll-a dynamics in the upper Gulf of Thailand revealed by a coupled hydrodynamic-ecosystem model

Although plankton bloom incidents in the upper Gulf of Thailand (UGoT) have been reported, no dynamic investigation of the phenomenon has been conducted. To address this need, a simple pelagic ecosystem model coupled with the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) was employed to investigate seasonal variations in surface chlorophyll-a (chl-a) distributions to clarify phytoplankton dynamics in this area. The results revealed patterns of seasonal chl-a distribution that correspond to local wind, water movement and river discharge. High chl-a patchiness was found to be concentrated near the western coast following westward circulation near the northern coast developed during the northeast monsoon. During the southwest monsoon high concentrations were observed around the northeastern coast due to eastward flow. The simulated results could explain the seasonal shifting of phytoplankton blooms, which typically arise along the western and eastern coasts during the northeast and the southwest monsoons, respectively. Sensitivity analyses of simulated chl-a distributions demonstrate that water stability, including wind-induced vertical currents and mixing, plays significant roles in controlling phytoplankton growth. Nutrients in the water column will not stimulate strong plankton blooms unless upwelling develops or vertical diffusivity is low. This finding suggests an alternative aspect of the mechanism of phytoplankton bloom in this region.     

Ocean variability along the southern coast of Java and Lesser Sunda Islands

The sea surface height data from 1992 through 2012 in the Eastern Indian Ocean, the 6 sets of hydrographic data sparsely spanning 1990–2001 in water south of Java–Bali, and the 24 shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data across the Ombai Strait during 1997–2000 were used as a combined dataset to understand sea level and current variability along the southern coast of Java and Lesser Sunda Islands. The first two dominant empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes capture combined seasonal with interannual and seasonal variability that account for 44.5 and 19.9 % of the total variances caused by El Niño Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole events, and by the seasonal change of the Asian monsoon, respectively. The geostrophic current and ADCP data show that the eastward and westward currents are distinguishable via the vertical profiles of current velocity. The eastward-flowing South Java Current (SJC) is characterized by a large vertical shear and shallower diminishing depth of about 150 m and it is increased to 300 m in the presence of the Indian Ocean Kelvin Waves (IOKWs). In contrast, the westward current is dominated by the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) with no vertical shear and has uniform current in the upper 300 m layer. The coastally trapped SJC and IOKWs are responsible for the eastward current. The SJC is not observed in the westward current because of non-existence of coastally trapped modes. The ITF and SJC generate persistent cyclonic (cold) and anticyclonic (warm) mesoscale eddies, respectively, in waters south of eastern Java.     

Wind-driven variability of the Amazon River plume on the continental shelf during the peak outflow season

The hypothesis that variations of the Amazon plume are forced primarily by wind is further explored through a series of simplified numerical model simulations. The wind's role in the change in plume structure and the nature of this change are investigated for two events: a shift in wind direction from westward to southeastward and a reduction in magnitude of the westward wind speed. Under winds with a southeastward component, the plume is confined to below 5°N; this simulation represents a rare but illustrative event showing how the balance of forces is quickly adjusted under changing winds. The freshest portions of the plume expand eastward, but are confined near the river mouth, as observed. The cross-shelf and alongshelf dynamic balances are similar in magnitude to those with westward wind stress, but the balance between the equatorial jet and buoyancy-driven cross-shelf flow is altered, controlling a new along-shelf position of the front. During wind-relaxation events, the plume widens near the mouth as a result of strong, eastward cross-shelf velocities associated with an equatorial Kelvin wave.     

Linkages among halocline variability,shelf-basin interaction,and wind regimes in the Beaufort Sea demonstrated in pan-Arctic Ocean modeling framework

To address the mechanisms controlling halocline variability in the Beaufort Sea, the relationship between halocline shoaling/deepening and surface wind fields on seasonal to decadal timescales was investigated in a numerical experiment. Results from a pan-Arctic coupled sea ice-ocean model demonstrate reasonable performances for interannual and decadal variations in summer sea ice extent in the entire Arctic and in freshwater content in the Canada Basin. Shelf-basin interaction associated with Pacific summer and winter transport depends on basin-scale wind patterns and can have a significant influence on halocline variability in the southern Beaufort Sea. The eastward transport of fresh Pacific summer water along the northern Alaskan coast and Ekman downwelling north of the shelf break are commonly enhanced by cyclonic wind in the Canada Basin. On the other hand, basin-wide anti-cyclonic wind induces Ekman upwelling and blocks the eastward current in the Beaufort shelf-break region. Halocline shoaling/deepening due to shelf-water transport and surface Ekman forcing consequently occur in the same direction. North of the Barrow Canyon mouth, the springtime down-canyon transport of Pacific winter water, which forms by sea ice production in the Alaskan coastal polynya, thickens the halocline layer. The model result indicates that the penetration of Pacific winter water prevents the local upwelling of underlying basin water to the surface layer, especially in basin-scale anti-cyclonic wind periods.     

Interannual variability in the Mindanao Eddy and its impact on thermohaline structure pattern

The major feature,interannual variability and variation cause of the Mindanao Eddy and its impact on the thermohaline structure are analyzed based on the Argo profiling float data,the history observed data and the SODA data.The analysis results show that the Mindanao Eddy is a permanent cyclonic meso-scale eddy and spreads vertically from about 500 m depth upward do about 50 m depth.In addition to its strong seasonal variability,the Mindanao Eddy displays a remarkable interannual variability associated with ENSO.It strengthens and expands eastward during El Nin o while it weakens and retreats westward during La Nin a.The interannual variability in the Mindanao Eddy may be caused by the North Equatorial Counter Current,the North Equatorial Current,the Mindanao Current and the Indonesian Through Flow.The eddy variability can have a great influence on the thermohaline structure pattern in the local upper ocean.When the eddy is strong,the cold and low salinity water inside the eddy moves violently upward from deep layer,the thermocline depth greatly shoals,and the subsurface high salinity water largely decreases,with the upper mixed layer becoming thinner,and vice versa.     

南海北部夏季叶绿素a分布规律及影响因素

采用2002—2016年6—9月Aqua/MODIS叶绿素a产品分析珠江冲淡水在南海北部生态效应的季节及年际变化特征。6月来自陆源的营养物质在西南季风作用下向河口以东陆架区输运, 浮游植物增殖, 叶绿素a含量增大; 7月河口以东高浓度叶绿素a覆盖面积达到最大; 8月在减弱的珠江径流和环境风场共同影响下, 口门外海高浓度叶绿素a覆盖面积明显减小; 9月北部陆架区处于东北季风影响之下, 河口以西覆盖面积逐渐增大。通过线性回归分析可知, 珠江径流量是口门外海高浓度叶绿素a覆盖面积的主要影响因素, 且这种影响有一个月左右的滞后效应。显著大于(小于)多年平均的珠江径流量和环境风场等因素共同作用, 导致2008(2004)年表现为高浓度叶绿素a覆盖面积的极大值(极小值)年份。叶绿素a在南海北部陆架区的时空变化特征主要受冲淡水过程影响, 订正过的卫星叶绿素a产品可以用来讨论珠江冲淡水的季节及年际变化。     

E1 Ni■o期间热带西太平洋海流对不同季节风场响应的数值模拟

本文试用二维绝热模式,用 KWBC 风场资料研究了1987年 E1 Ni■o 期间热带西太平洋表层流系对冬、春、夏、秋季风场的响应特征.模拟结果表明;在1987年 E1 Ni■o 期间,赤道附近东向流加强了,西向流减弱了;冬季东向流距平比夏季强度大,纬向范围小且位置偏南;模拟海流及水位分布特征与中、美海-气相互作用热带西太平洋联合调查及 Wyrtki 的观测基本一致.     

Sub-seasonal variability of Luzon Strait Transport in a high resolution global model

The Luzon Strait is the main impact pathway of the Kuroshio on the circulation in South China Sea (SCS). Based on the analysis of the 1997–2007 altimeter data and 2005–2006 output data from a high resolution global HYCOM model, the total Luzon Strait Transport (LST) has remarkable subseasonal oscillations with a typical period of 90 to 120 days, and an average value of 1.9 Sv into SCS. Further spectrum analysis shows that the temporal variability of the LST at different depth is remarkable different. In the upper layer (0–300 m), westward inflow has significant seasonal and subseasonal variability. In the bottom layer (below 1 200 m), eastward outflow exhibits remarkable seasonal variability, while subseasonal variability is also clear. In the intermediate layer, the westward inflow is slightly bigger than the eastward outflow, and both of them have obvious seasonal and subseasonal variability. Because the seasonal variation of westward inflow and eastward outflow is opposite, the total transport of intermediate layer exhibits significant 50–150 days variation, without obvious seasonal signals. The westward Rossby waves with a period of 90 to 120 days in the Western Pacific have very clear correlationship with the Luzon Strait Transport, this indicates that the interaction between these westward Rossby waves and Kuroshio might be the possible mechanism of the subseasonal variation of the LST.