气举技术应用于深海无隔水管泥浆回收钻井工艺可行性分析

无隔水管泥浆回收钻井技术作为新兴钻井技术,具有安全环保、简化井身结构和降低钻探风险等优点。传统的无隔水管泥浆回收钻井技术依靠水下泵将海底井口泥浆举升至甲板面,该方式对水下泵的举升能力及可靠性要求极高。未来深海钻井领域,水下泵将会是限制无隔水管泥浆回收钻井技术应用的“瓶颈”。本文借鉴陆地气举反循环钻井原理,利用气举技术部分或完全替代水下泵,分别从设备技术现状、流量可调性、适用环境、井控安全等方面探究气举用于无隔水管泥浆回收技术的可行性。结果表明,气举反循环技术及相关设备性能满足无隔水管泥浆回收的使用要求,而且具有上返流量可调、安全等特点,有较高的研究应用价值。     

无隔水管泥浆回收钻井技术控制系统功能设计

无隔水管泥浆回收钻井技术（RMR）作为双梯度钻井工艺之一,具有绿色环保、井身结构简易、工程成本低和安全程度高等优点。但是RMR作为新兴钻井工艺,虽然国外应用较为成熟,但国内目前尚无工程应用,缺乏相关使用经验。最关键的是RMR控制系统功能复杂,对可靠性、准确性及灵敏性等要求高,面对复杂工况时,要求控制系统能够及时准确的做出应对处理。因此,为发展国内无隔水管泥浆回收钻井技术（RMR）,拉近甚至超越国外钻井工艺水平,迫切需要对控制系统做出相对完善的设计。本文针对无隔水管泥浆回收钻井过程中的几类典型工况,分析不同工况下控制系统所具备的功能,设计控制功能具体的实现形式。通过对无隔水管泥浆回收钻井技术控制系统的功能设计与实现的研究,以期为今后同类研究提供有益的借鉴。     

钻井泥浆冷却技术发展现状与新型泥浆冷却系统的研究

在中高温地热钻井、深部油气钻井、冻土带钻井及天然气水合物钻井中,钻井泥浆冷却技术是钻井工艺中的关键技术之一。适当的井内循环泥浆温度是钻井作业安全快速进行的保证,根据泥浆冷却冷源获得方式的不同,将钻井泥浆冷却技术分为高温泥浆冷却技术和低温泥浆冷却技术。分别论述了在中高温地热钻井和深部油气钻井中采用的高温泥浆冷却技术,以及在冻土带和天然气水合物钻井中采用的低温泥浆冷却技术,并针对我国在低温泥浆冷却技术领域的现状,介绍了一种新型钻井泥浆冷却系统。     

南海深水水基钻完井液防水合物技术

深水区油气钻完井作业相比浅水区和陆地遇到了很多难题,由于海底压力增大和低温的环境,天然气水合物已成为影响深水钻井安全的主要危害之一。目前,国际上深水钻完井作业中通常采用油基钻井液来防水合物,但是油基钻井液环保风险高,为此在陵水区块超深水钻完井作业中尝试采用水基钻完井液进行作业。鉴于国内无类似经验可循,结合陵水区块超深水井的实际情况,首先模拟分析了2口井的水合物风险,明确该区块水合物形成的条件;其次,针对水合物形成的风险,筛选合适的抑制剂及钻完井液配方;在此基础上,研究出相配套的工艺措施。陵水区块深水钻井作业的成功实践表明,由此形成的一套深水水基钻完井液防水合物技术在深水钻完井作业中能够较好地防治天然气水合物,保障作业安全,对后续类似深水井的作业具有借鉴意义。     

无隔水管泥浆循环举升泵选型及性能参数计算方法

无隔水管泥浆循环钻井技术作为一种新兴的工艺及装备系统,已经为国内外多口油气井提供了成功示范。通过无隔水管泥浆循环钻井技术,介绍了支撑该技术的装备系统——无隔水管泥浆循环系统,并重点说明了该系统中的核心装备——泥浆举升泵的选型范围、选型结果和性能参数计算方法。     

浮式钻井平台隔水管应急解脱分析

在深水油气勘探开发中,作业环境复杂多变,为了躲避台风等恶劣天气对海上钻井的危害,防喷器与隔水管的应急解脱成为避免海上钻井事故的关键环节。为探究隔水管应急解脱的反冲规律,分析了隔水管应急解脱的原因及反冲过程,利用OrcaFlex方法建立了应急解脱工况下隔水管系统轴向力学分析模型,利用该计算模型,以南海某1520 m深水井为例研究了张紧力、波浪运动、钻井液密度、平台漂移等因素对隔水管反冲的影响。结果表明,解脱时顶部张紧力越大,解脱后隔水管的反冲位移和伸缩节的冲程变化也越大;随着波浪高度的升高隔水管的反冲响应有加强趋势;波浪方向对隔水管的反冲响应没有影响;管内不同钻井液密度对隔水管反冲影响明显;随着平台漂移距离的增加,隔水管的反冲响应更加剧烈。研究结果对保障反冲时隔水管的安全有一定指导意义。     

东北冻土区天然气水合物科学钻探试验及钻进效率影响因素分析

东北冻土区天然气水合物钻探试验MK-2井中,采用了天然气水合物取心技术,同时还装备了钻井参数监控系统。利用钻井参数监控系统采集到的钻井深度、钻压、钻速、转速、回转扭矩、流量、泥浆循环泵压力等数据,结合地层情况,对影响钻进效率的因素进行了分析。分析表明：①在破碎带、碳质板岩和糜棱岩的地层中钻进效率低,在砂岩、砂质泥板岩、泥板岩和板岩的钻进效率较高;②得到了在不同地层中的最优钻压;③ MK-2井钻探试验使用的技术、设备和试验结果对于以后的天然气水合物钻探具有一定的借鉴意义。     

天然气水合物钻井泥浆冷却系统的设计及现场应用

从天然气水合物赋存的温压条件入手,说明了制冷泥浆的重要性。介绍了天然气水合物钻井泥浆冷却系统的结构组成、工作原理及设计过程。进而阐述了该套系统在中国冻土区天然气水合物科学钻探施工中的应用情况。试验证明：该套系统完全达到了设计要求,并首次成功地在青藏高原木里盆地永冻区钻获天然气水合物样品。     

水平对接井钻井技术在天然气水合物试采中的应用

2016年,在祁连山冻土区完成了天然气水合物试采水平对接井钻井施工,针对不同井段分别制定了合理的钻进参数及泥浆配方,采用MWD技术及慧磁中靶导向系统,实现了小曲率半径下精准对接,将水平对接井钻井技术成功应用于水合物试采,取得了良好的效果。水合物试采对接井钻井施工不同于可溶性矿藏,其对接精准度要求更高,施工难度更大,主要介绍了水合物水平对接井钻井施工工艺的相关内容。     

西藏鸭湖地区天然气水合物调查井钻探施工技术

西藏羌塘盆地是公认的天然气水合物有利找矿区,钻探取心是鉴别天然气水合物最直接、最准确的手段。为满足天然气水合物钻探需求,制定了大直径取心、低温泥浆护心的技术方案。试制了跟管取心钻具和大直径绳索取心钻具;逐步完善低温泥浆配方;研制出新型高效泥浆冷却装置。在鸭湖地区天然气水合物调查井施工中,克服地层复杂、环境恶劣等难题,完成钻探取样施工,终孔深度700.70 m,岩心采取率满足地质要求。查明了地层岩性、冻土厚度、气源、岩石物性特征等,不仅为天然气水合物资源评价也为其他油气资源调查提供了地质资料、技术支撑和人才储备。     

Effect of using transient polyaxial failure criterion in wellbore instability analysis

ABSTRACT

Wellbore instability is one of the major challenges facing the drilling industry and it shows itself in the form of wellbore collapse and/or fracture. The major reason for this challenge is the inability of the mud density to balance the weight of the excavated materials. While most drilling operations are carried out through shale formations, the complexities of drilling such wells are increased because of the tendency for shale to react with water-based mud. Moreover, the very low permeability of shale means that time-dependent effects may set in. The convention used to incorporate time-dependent effect is to couple the constitutive stress model and chemical diffusion, but in this study, we considered the effect of incorporating time variable into the rock failure criterion. The choice criterion used is the Mogi-Coulomb rock failure criterion, which was modified to incorporate the time effect. The results indicate that in an open-hole the mud density to prevent wellbore collapse increases with time while that to prevent wellbore fracture decreases, thus making the mud window reduce with time.     

Analysis of Pore Pressure and Stress Distribution around a Wellbore Drilled in Chemically Active Elastoplastic Formations

Drilling in low-permeable reactive shale formations with water-based drilling mud presents significant challenges, particularly in high-pressure and high-temperature environments. In previous studies, several models were proposed to describe the thermodynamic behaviour of shale. Most shale formations under high pressure are expected to undergo plastic deformation. An innovative algorithm including work hardening is proposed in the framework of thermo-chemo-poroelasticity to investigate the effect of plasticity on stresses around the wellbore. For this purpose a finite-element model of coupled thermo-chemo-poro-elastoplasticity is developed. The governing equations are based on the concept of thermodynamics of irreversible processes in discontinuous systems. In order to solve the plastic problem, a single-step backward Euler algorithm containing a yield surface-correction scheme is used to integrate the plastic stress–strain relation. An initial stress method is employed to solve the non-linearity of the plastic equation. In addition, super convergent patch recovery is used to accurately evaluate the time-dependent stress tensor from nodal displacement. The results of this study reveal that thermal and chemical osmosis can significantly affect the fluid flow in low-permeable shale formations. When the salinity of drilling mud is higher than that of pore fluid, fluid is pulled out of the formation by chemical osmotic back flow. Similar results are observed when the temperature of drilling mud is lower than that of the formation fluid. It is found that linear elastic approaches to wellbore stability analysis appear to overestimate the tangential stress around the wellbore and produce more conservative stresses compared to the results of field observation. Therefore, the drilling mud properties obtained from the elastoplastic wellbore stability in shales provide a safer mud weight window and reduce drilling cost.     

新疆吉木萨尔县准页4井钻探施工技术

以新疆吉木萨尔县准页4井钻探工程为背景,从钻井井身结构、钻具组合、泥浆工艺、取心技术措施、井斜控制等方面,简要介绍了页岩气参数井采用石油钻机施工工艺流程。针对施工过程中遇到的大砾径覆盖层钻进、超长裸眼段钻进及钻井漏失等问题,通过采取优化钻具结构、调整泥浆粘切润滑性能、使用桥浆堵漏等技术措施,工程得以顺利完工,各项技术指标满足设计要求。总结了实践经验,可为该区大口径钻井施工提供经验借鉴。     

Maintaining the stability of deviated and horizontal wells: Effects of mechanical,chemical and thermal phenomena on well designs

Wellbore instability, particularly in shale formations, is regarded as a major challenge in drilling operations. Many factors, such as rock properties, in-situ stresses, chemical interactions between shale and drilling fluids, and thermal effects, should be considered in well trajectory designs and drilling fluid formulations in order to mitigate wellbore instability-related problems. A comprehensive study of wellbore stability in shale formations that takes into account the three-dimensional earth stresses around the wellbore as well as chemical and thermal effects is presented in this work. The effects of borehole configuration (e.g. inclination and azimuth), rock properties (e.g. strength, Young's modulus, membrane efficiency and permeability), temperature and drilling fluid properties (e.g. mud density and chemical concentrations) on wellbore stability in shale formations have been investigated. Results from this study indicate that for low-permeability shales, chemical interactions between the shale and water-based fluids play an important role. Not only is the activity of the water important but the diffusion of ions is also a significant factor for saline fluids. The cooling of drilling fluids is found to be beneficial in preventing compressive failure. However, decreasing the mud temperature can be detrimental since it reduces the fracturing pressure of the formation, which can result in lost-circulation problems. The magnitude of thermal effects depends on shale properties, earth stresses and wellbore orientation and deviation. Conditions are identified when chemical and thermal effects play a significant role in determining the mud-weight window when designing drilling programmes for horizontal and deviated wells. The results presented in this paper will help in reducing the risks associated with wellbore instability and thereby lowering the overall non-productive times and drilling costs.     

泡沫泥浆钻进工艺及护壁堵漏机理研究

介绍了所研制的ＤＦ－１型泡沫剂组分及性能；对泡沫泥浆钻进的配方进行了研究，得出的最优配方应用于现场，取得了较好的效果，并对泡沫泥浆的护壁机理进行了研究。     

空气钻井技术在柳林煤层气井的应用

空气钻井技术是煤层气高效开发的重要钻井技术,具有循环压耗低、携砂能力强、井眼净化好的特点,同时能有效防止井漏、保护储层、提高机械钻速等,但面临着井壁稳定、水动力条件等复杂的工程和地质难题,在柳林煤层气井施工中,开展了岩层特征、水文地质条件、煤层含水特性、泡沫钻井液设计等研究,针对地层特点,设计了适合空气钻井的配套工艺技术。通过柳林地区7口井的施工,钻井周期缩短50%,储层得到有效保护,直井产气量达到1000 m3/d,水平井产气量达15000 m3/d,初步取得了良好的示范效果,推广应用前景广阔。     

叶舞凹陷ZKX井深部盐层钻井液技术研究

叶舞凹陷ZKX井位于叶县盐田范围内,该钻探的目的是河南叶舞凹陷盐矿的普查,该井设计井深2630 m,在2000～2400 m连续取心,主要钻遇以泥页岩、砂岩、含盐膏层及盐岩为主的沉积岩地层,钻进过程中存在防塌、护心、井壁稳定等方面的问题和难点。针对ZKX井的钻井难点,在钻井液体系优化的基础上,根据不同地层分别采用了防塌钻井液体系、欠饱和盐水钻井液体系和饱和盐水钻井液体系,解决了水敏性泥页岩钻进的防塌及盐岩地层连续取心的钻井液技术难点,探索出了一套适用于盐膏层取心钻进的低成本钻井液技术思路。     

Geomechanical study of gas reservoir rock using vertical seismic profile and petrophysical data (continental shelf in southern Iran)

Geomechanics is a science dealing with the study of the behaviour of rocks affected by stress. It has various applications in utilisation from oil and gas reservoirs including of the wellbore stability analysis and determination of safe mud window. The main aim of this paper is geomechanical study of Kangan–Dalan reservoir in South Pars gas field in Persian Gulf in south Iran. Seismic waves are affected by physical properties of rocks when passing underground formations; thus, the velocity of these waves is a desired parameter for estimation of geomechanical properties. The velocity of compressional and shear waves has been determined with processing seismic data resulting from vertical seismic profile. In this paper, after calculation of elastic modules of reservoir rock, the imposed stress field was determined and these concepts were used for engineering calculations such as safe mud window, wellbore stability analysis and sand production potential. For well drilling in Kangan-Dalan reservoir, the minimum and maximum mud weights were proposed in average as 1.093 and 2.011 gr/cc and average critical mud weight as 2.48 gr/cc such that if the weight of mud increases, the tensile fractures will be created on the formation and complete loss of mud will happen.     

元坝区块提高钻井速度技术方案探析

在总结分析前期钻井经验的基础上,从地质因素、钻井复杂情况、岩石可钻性、地层温度、钻井液密度、井身结构等方面分析了目前影响元坝区块深井钻井速度提高的因素。指出井身结构层次有限,不能完全有效封隔不同压力体系的地层以及须家河组地层可钻性差、埋深较深、段长,不能利用空气钻进行钻进是影响机械钻速的2个最重要原因。提出了气体钻井方案、钻头选型方案、进口动力钻具配合高效钻头钻须家河地层方案,以及采用特种井眼尺寸井身结构方案,为元坝区块深井钻井提供技术支持。     

Diapir structure and its constraint on gas hydrate accumulation in the Makran accretionary prism,offshore Pakistan

The Makran accretionary prism is located at the junction of the Eurasian Plate, Arabian Plate and Indian Plate and is rich in natural gas hydrate (NGH) resources. It consists of a narrow continental shelf, a broad continental slope, and a deformation front. The continental slope can be further divided into the upper slope, middle slope, and lower slope. There are three types of diapir structure in the accretionary prism, namely mud diapir, mud volcano, and gas chimney. (1) The mud diapirs can be grouped into two types, namely the ones with low arching amplitude and weak-medium activity energy and the ones with high arching amplitude and medium-strong activity energy. The mud diapirs increase from offshore areas towards onshore areas in general, while the ones favorable for the formation of NGH are mainly distributed on the middle slope in the central and western parts of the accretionary prism. (2) The mud volcanoes are mainly concentrated along the anticline ridges in the southern part of the lower slope and the deformation front. (3) The gas chimneys can be grouped into three types, which are located in piggyback basins, active anticline ridges, and inactive anticline ridges, respectively. They are mainly distributed on the middle slope in the central and western parts of the accretionary prism and most of them are accompanied with thrust faults. The gas chimneys located at different tectonic locations started to be active at different time and pierced different horizons. The mud diapirs, mud volcanoes, and gas chimneys and thrust faults serve as the main pathways of gas migration, and thus are the important factors that control the formation, accumulation, and distribution of NGH in the Makran accretionary prism. Mud diapir/gas chimney type hydrate develop in the middle slope, mud volcano type hydrate develop in the southern lower slope and the deformation front, and stepped accretionary prism type hydrate develop on the central and northern lower slope. The middle slope, lower slope and deformation front in the central and western parts of the Makran accretionary prism jointly constitute the NGH prospect area.