抽水引起的含水层水平应变──地裂缝活动新机理

基于Darcy -Gersevanov广义渗流关系式 ,本文首先导出了单井定流量抽水引起的泰斯承压含水层水平运动和应变解析表达式 ,并据此提出了抽水诱发地裂缝活动的含水层水平应变新机理 ,其主要观点为 :受井栅的约束阻挡作用 ,抽水活动将在含水层内部形成近井径向挤压区和远井径向拉张区两个应变区域 ,随着抽水时间的增长 ,近井径向挤压区将逐渐向外扩展 ;当地裂缝及其下伏断层或裂隙位于抽水活动引起的径向拉张应变区域时 ,地裂缝将出现加速活动 ;反之 ,当地裂缝处于抽水活动引起的径向挤压应变区域时 ,地裂缝活动反而受到抑制。上述地裂缝活动机理通过大同机车工厂现场抽水实验得到了初步证实。     

非承压含水层定水头抽水两区井流数值模型研究

为了揭示在非承压含水层中定水头抽水试验引起的达西-非达西两区流动机理,提出基于有限差分法的地下水定水头抽水井流数值模型。该模型根据抽水的流态特征将含水层分为2个区域：靠近抽水井的有限非达西渗流区域和远离抽水井的半无限达西渗流区域,其中非达西流区域流态的模拟基于Izbash方程实现。通过与COMSOL Multiphysics的有限元数值解进行比较,验证了所提出数值解的可靠性。最后,研究有限非达西流效应对水头和抽水井抽水速率的影响以及井内水头对抽水井抽水速率的影响。研究表明：在抽水试验中非达西区域的影响不可忽略,湍流会分别导致两区流中水头较纯非达西流和纯达西流的水头偏大和偏小,且随抽水时间的增加逐渐变大;通过减小抽水井井内水头或增大非达西系数可提高抽水速率,但该影响会随抽水时间的增加而逐渐减弱;断面流量随径向距离的增大而不断减小,断面流量与径向距离曲线下降速率不断减小,且在转换界面处会出现转折点。该模型为定量研究在非达西流和达西流耦合作用下抽水井附近的井流水头特征提供了一种简洁的方法,并为调查定水头抽水测试期间的抽水速率提供理论依据。     

用数值拉普拉斯逆变换方法分析泰斯问题

运用数值Laplace逆变换算法,分析了传统的定流量抽水问题。分别求出了考虑井孔半径及井孔贮存情况下的数值解,并与Theis解进行了对比。结果表明当井孔半径较大、含水层贮水系数较小、导水性较弱时,Theis公式不能确切地描述井孔及其邻近含水层中的降深。在井壁处的数值解还提供了一种利用抽水井降深资料求含水层参数的可能性。     

基于TOUGH2-FLAC~(3D)耦合的三维地面沉降数值模拟及控制策略研究

地下水开采引发的地面沉降是一种多场耦合的复杂问题,土体变形过程中渗流与应力应变相互影响。采用部分耦合原理,通过渗流和变形过程中的相关状态变量来耦合成熟的商业软件TOUGH2和FLAC~(3D)进行三维变参数的地面沉降数值模拟研究,其中TOUGH2模拟渗流,FLAC~(3D)模拟土体变形,并以此为工具探讨地面沉降的控制策略。基于弹性模型承压含水层抽水的理想算例进行了变参数条件下的模拟计算,发现顶底板水平变形未被约束时水平位移不可忽略,其峰值距离抽水井有一定距离,且水平位移峰值大于垂向位移峰值;此外,由于地面沉降过程中渗透系数及孔隙率减小,导致近井区域渗流量增加,变参数模型位移量大于定参数。将以上方法应用于地面沉降控制策略研究,通过控制抽水流量及抽水时间,发现限制开采速率能控制沉降量,缩短抽水时间能控制沉降范围;对比脉冲式抽水及抽水—回灌常用地面沉降控制策略,发现抽水时采取合理的回灌措施能有效控制沉降量及沉降范围,而脉冲式抽水使得近井处弹性沉降量未得到明显控制,沉降影响范围反而更大。     

关于地面沉降地区的地下水运动计算(一)

文中通过固结试验资料和现场观测资料论述了地面沉降地区抽水引起的土体变形不是弹性变形,而是非弹性变形。研究的模型是在均质、各向同性、等厚以及侧向无限延伸的围闭或半围闭含水层中以定流量进行抽水。由于含水层中的水头压力降低,致使土颗粒的粒间压力增加,从而导致含水层和弱透水层的压密,这种压密过程是一种非强性变形过程,可用Merchant模型描述;抽水含水层的水流为流向井的平面径向流,通过弱透水层的水流只是     

基于随机介质理论的采水地面变形时空分布

采用随机介质理论计算规模采水引起的地面下沉和水平位移。分析了采水引起的地面位移机制,采用有效应力原理推导微单元体的沉降;利用非稳定流理论Theis模型计算单井定流量采水时平面径向流引起的降深;利用现场观测数据,通过反分析法确定模型参数;由于模型的边界动态变化,故分时段采用数学近似法和变边界数值逼近法处理。在此基础上建立单元盆地在降落漏斗区域的时空分布积分方程,引入柱坐标系进行解答。工程实例分析表明,随机介质理论适用于计算采水引起的地面变形;结合非稳定流理论和数值计算方法能较好地预测地面随时间的变形规律。     

基于广义径向流模型的非均质孔隙含水层井流试验分析

Theis模型、Dupuit模型等经典井流模型分析非均质含水层井流试验数据有一定的局限性,获取的参数不适合表征非均质含水层特性。而GRF模型可以获取含水层流动特性的数据。相比于Theis模型、Dupuit模型,GRF模型更能表征非均质含水层特性。以黄石东湖新村棋盘洲长江大桥的抽水试验数据为例,采用Theis模型和GRF模型计算含水层渗透系数,结合实际水文地质条件,对比分析不同方法计算的水文地质参数,并计算含水层水流维数和表观压力传导系数（K_f /S_sf）。结果表明:研究区含水层为细砂夹条带状黏土透镜体的非均质含水层,采用GRF模型计算结果更符合实际情况,渗透系数为 4.09×10?3cm/s;含水层水流维数为1.61,地下水为双线性流动状态,含水层对抽水试验的响应主要受黏土条带控制;观测井和抽水主井的K_f /S_sf呈非线性相关,进一步验证了含水层的非均质性。在非均质孔隙含水层中,应用多孔联合非稳定GRF井流试验方法不仅能确定水文地质参数,并且能丰富对含水层特性的认知。     

基于钻孔抽水试验和示踪试验的岩溶地区含水层结构研究

岩溶含水层具有强异质性和各向异性特征,其空间结构的调查和认识是地下水流动和污染物迁移研究的重要基础。然而,岩溶含水层特殊的地质结构导致岩溶区水文地质调查非常困难。为了更好地掌握研究区岩溶含水层结构特征,本文在进行抽水试验的同时开展多示踪剂（荧光素钠、罗丹明、荧光增白剂）示踪试验。利用Theis标准曲线对比法分析抽水试验数据,计算试验场地渗透张量,根据示踪试验结果分析含水层结构性质。计算出研究区渗透张量主方向的导水系数分别为:0.297 m2·h-1和0.028 m2·h-1,给水度为1.19E-04,优势方向为东偏南18.47°。抽水条件下示踪试验获得3种示踪剂的回收率分别为:荧光素钠97.98%,罗丹明B47.34%,荧光增白剂39.54%;平均流速分别为:0.378 m·h-1、0.3 m·h-1和0.14 m·h-1,反映研究区岩溶孔隙、裂隙较小,示踪剂运移慢、时间长。荧光素钠和荧光增白剂的BTC曲线表现为单峰型,罗丹明B的BTC曲线表现为多峰型,表明研究区既发育优势流裂隙,又发育相对均匀裂隙。同时,示踪剂最大回收率方向与抽水实验所得渗透张量主方向相符。研究结果为岩溶含水层精细结构的刻画,水文模型物理参数的确定提供了方法和依据。      

Dupuit模型的改进——具入渗补给

Dupuit（1863年）提出的模型是“圆岛状含水层稳定井流模型”,这个模型只有侧向湖海边界条件,而不涉及上边界降水入渗补给条件。因此,Dupuit模型只能在旱季用于地下水井流试验求取含水系统的参数,而不能够用于预测。文章发展Dupuit潜水井流模型,考虑地面均匀稳定入渗补给（蒸发排泄示为其负值）作用。以质量守衡原理为基础,假定渗流服从Darcy定律并满足Dupuit徦定,建立极坐标下的地下水流微分方程,再依边界条件建立相应的流量方程和水位方程。这些方程为具地面入渗补给条件下井流试验求取水文地质参数以及预测相应条件下地下水抽水的效果,提供了基础条件。讨论了引入Dupuit假定对本问题解析研究可以降维（略去z变量）带来好处的同时,在地下水分水岭附近及抽水井附近可能出现偏离Dupuit假定,建议在抽水试验求取含水层参数时,观测孔的部署要尽量回避这些区段。     

承压含水层井流-盖层弯曲效应的解析理论

指出承压含水层盖层的弯曲变形与开采井周围的径向地下水运动存在相互作用, 而这一效应在传统的井流理论中没有被认识到.通过引入弹性薄板理论, 建立了无越流的承压含水层井流-顶板弯曲效应的解析模型, 同时考虑了含水层和水的压缩性, 结果表明Theis井流方程给出的抽水降深偏小.在此基础上推导了有越流承压含水层井流-盖层弯曲效应的偏微分方程, 求出了解析解, 并与传统理论的结果进行了对比, 表明Hantush-Jacob公式计算的降深也是偏小的.在抽水井附近和抽水初期, 传统理论可能导致显著的相对误差.      

Analysis of radial movement of a confined aquifer due to well pumping and injection

Three aspects of radial motion of an aquifer solid matrix, driven by hydraulic forces due to well recharge and discharge, have been investigated mathematically. Firstly, the analytic solutions in the velocity and displacement fields were found using the definition of bulk mass flow, conservation of water and solid mass, the Darcy-Gersevanov law, and the drawdown of hydraulic head for unsteady flow. Secondly, the radial velocity and displacement of aquifer solid matrix were investigated with respect to time and location in response to three pumping-injection schemes (i.e., linear, nonlinear, and sinusoidal well flow rates). Aquifer movement was found to be more responsive to linear and nonlinear pumping rates than to constant pumpage. Aquifer movement in response to periodic well discharge and recharge was governed by an integral sinusoidal function. Finally, the potential risk of earth fissuring at a given location caused by tensile stress, in turn induced by well discharge-recharge activity, has been discussed using the analytic solution. The deformation compression and extension zones derived from analysis of the results indicated the possible occurrence of tensile stress that may cause earth fissures. Sample computations, using assumed parameters, provided a first-hand evaluation of the location of potential fissuring in relation to the well.     

Effects of horizontal strain in estimating specific storage and compaction in confined and leaky aquifer systems

 Mathematical and numerical distinctions are made between developments of governing equations involving groundwater flow and granular displacement where (1) only vertical strain and no change in total normal load are assumed, and (2) such limitations are eliminated. The former is referred to here as the Jacob-Terzaghi method; the latter is referred to as the Biot method. Numerical comparisons of drawdown, compaction, and strain are made for hypothetical confined and leaky aquifer systems for one- and three-dimensional strain problems. Simulation results indicate that incorporation of horizontal strain results in reduced drawdowns. Vertical compaction for a specified stress distribution is greatly reduced when horizontal strain is invoked. The distribution of strain components indicates that approximately two-thirds of the total volume strain originates from horizontal compaction in pumped aquifers. Incorporation of horizontal strain also affects the distribution of flux through the overlying confining layer as a function of distance from the pumping well and may ultimately affect the interpretation of aquifer-test data. Received, January 1999 / Revised, May 1999, August 1999 / Accepted, August 1999     

Experiment of pumping at constant-head: an alternative possibility to the sustainable yield of a well

The effects of constant-head pumping on a well over a period of 1 year have been monitored and the results used in the research of a potential alternative for the attainment of sustainable yield. Sustainable yield is frequently related to the response of drawdown during a pumping test at constant-rate, which sometimes involves a difficult choice of conceptual model to be used to analyse the pumping results. The experiment, carried out on a well that taps a fractured aquifer in Italy, recorded the aquifer’s response to pumping, compared with the response of springs. From the trends in discharge variation with time, the period and magnitude of the recharge and the stored water volume at the beginning of the depletion period can be evaluated, and the discharge rate during the same depletion period can be predicted. A sustainable yield can be derived based on the water volume extracted during the depletion period rather than on the prediction of drawdown over a long time. The experiment also highlights the stability of water quality extracted from the well, and where this criterion is important, in some cases, the constant-head pumping can represent an alternative method of groundwater exploitation.     

冲洪积平原渗流和管流耦合的辐射井结构

利用新疆阿克苏台兰河流域冲洪积平原区非稳定流抽水试验资料,以辐射井为研究对象,结合辐射管内的水头损失及流态,建立粗颗粒潜水含水层渗流和水平管流耦合的地下水流数值模型。利用数值模型,分析在粗颗粒含水层中辐射管不同根数、不同长度、等效渗透系数、辐射井的井径以及不同含水层的渗透系数、不同降深对辐射井出水量的影响,并且根据各参数的相互关系,提出冲洪积平原辐射井的出水量的经验公式。为优化设计辐射井结构及辐射井布置提供依据,对台兰河地下水库的建设及后期运行管理提供了技术支撑。     

基于层间位移协调的承压水降压引起土层变形分析

承压水降压引起的地面沉降由含水层、弱透水层和潜水层的变形组成。当承压层降压时间短、弱透水层固结变形较小时,可以假设弱透水层为严格的隔水层。采用层状弹性体系理论,基于位移协调条件分别建立了单井抽水以及第三类基坑工程降水（隔水帷幕插入降水含水层）引起的土层变形分析模型,与数值模拟和现场抽水试验结果的对比,验证了文中方法的正确性。研究结果表明,上覆土层弹性参数变化对地表变形的影响可以忽略;抽水井附近的土层变形呈现“上小下大”特点,一定距离以外含水层与地面沉降大致相等,根据承压含水层降深要求,可估算出基坑外的水位降深。     

Hydromechanical behavior during constant-rate pumping tests in fractured gneiss

Deformation and fluid pressure during constant-rate pumping tests were characterized by sensitivity analyses using a theoretical model of a deformable fracture, and by conducting and analyzing field tests at a site underlain by fractured biotite gneiss in western South Carolina, USA. The sensitivity analysis indicates that displacement is a hysteretic function of fluid pressure during constant-rate pumping tests, and the signals are affected by properties of the fracture (normal stiffness, aperture, and heterogeneities in the fracture plane) and enveloping rock (elastic modulus and permeability). The field tests used a removable borehole extensometer to measure axial displacements in the pumping well. The field results are generally similar to simulations, and the hydraulic and mechanical properties obtained by inversion of the pumping test results are essentially the same as results from hydromechanical slug tests. The observed displacements early in the pumping tests are less than, whereas late in the test they are greater than predicted values assuming a uniform fracture. This difference can be explained as a consequence of preferential flow within the fracture. These results indicate that displacements in a wellbore are sensitive to details of fracture connectivity and preferential flow that are difficult to detect through the pressure signal alone.     

基于数值模拟的含水层参数识别

利用地下水流数值模拟软件Modflow耦合大型抽水试验和长观孔水位两个模型的方法,对含水层参数进行了识别与校验,该方法求得的含水层参数避免了只利用抽水试验模型校验所带来的不确定性。同时利用抽水实验数据进行抽水与恢复的全过程曲线拟合,水位降深模拟相对误差小于6％,并且对均衡水量、泉水的溢出量以及末流场拟合程度进行了分析,均衡水量模拟相对误差最大为2．6％,泉水溢出量模拟相对误差最大为8．14％,末流场拟合程度也较好,从而提高了含水层参数的准确性。实例研究表明,这种求参方法精度高、切实可行,可以推广到其他的含水层参数确定中。     

径向水力喷射钻井技术在煤矿注浆孔中的应用

采用石油行业径向水平喷射钻井技术在煤矿注浆堵水方面可实现水平定向射流成孔,在薄层灰岩、奥陶系灰岩承压含水层中寻找沟通裂隙,尤其在直井或分支井段较小漏水的情况下可进行多分支喷射,还可以加适量盐酸、酸化缓蚀剂进行局部酸化沟通裂隙,压裂地层,从而降低注浆压力,提高注浆堵水效果。径向水力喷射钻井在峰峰集团梧桐庄矿9号注浆孔应用取得了一定的成效。该技术也可作为地热井增大水量的一种手段。