场地地下水源热泵系统抽灌实验及数值模拟研究

基于野外实际地下水源热泵系统和长时间抽灌实验,构建场地水文地质概念模型和水热耦合模型,进行场地地下水温度场数值模拟研究。利用场地群井观测数据对所建模型进行验证,诸观测孔各时段的绝对误差均值为0.38℃,平均相对误差率为2.00%,表明模型模拟结果良好。模型经验证后,预测不同抽灌模式下温度场分布,发现季节性交替抽灌结果优于正常抽灌,但均产生热贯通现象,说明现状抽灌井距(30 m)偏小。设计不同抽灌井距情况模拟回灌井对抽水井的影响,得到研究场地合理井距为50 m。进一步研究渗透系数、热弥散度、抽灌水量和回灌水温差对合理井距的影响,发现抽灌水量和回灌水温差的影响最大。     

应用水热运移数值模拟优化地下水源热泵系统抽灌井布局

合理布局抽水井和回灌井是地下水源热泵系统长期有效运行的关键因素。以郑州市郑东新区为例,利用HST3D软件建立水热运移数值模型,优化设计地下水源热泵系统抽灌水井布局,预测地下水源热泵系统长期运行后对含水层的水热影响。结果表明:介质比热容及渗透率分别对含水层温度及水位影响显著,是较敏感的参数。方案3(3个回灌井垂直天然流向分布且位于抽水井下游)为最佳布井方式。抽灌量900,1 200,1 500及2 000m3/d所对应的合理布井间距分别为50,65,70及75m。相应布井方案的水源热泵系统运行20a,对含水层温度场的影响仅限于200m×200m的范围,抽水井温度变化小于1℃。     

某加油站地下水基础环境调查及健康风险评估

本文以某地下水源保护区内一加油站为典型案例。通过对典型加油站场地及周边水工环地质条件的调查,分析该场地浅层地下水水质特征,建立水流数值模型和溶质运移模型对地下水流场及特征污染物运移进行模拟预测,并在此基础上评价特征污染物对下游水源井所在地周边人群的健康风险。调查结果表明:该加油站监测井地下水质量为V类,有机污染的主要特征指标为甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE);对特征污染物MTBE运移模拟预测可知:800d后,距加油站最近的下游水源井一级保护区内潜水中MTBE将可被检出,1500d后,距加油站最近的下游水源井北侧潜水MTBE浓度将会达到0.04mg/L的水平;健康风险评估的结果显示,该加油站对下游水源井造成的MTBE污染所引发的致癌风险会达到1.2E-06,超过了人体健康致癌风险可接受水平1.0E-06,对人体健康存在风险。该场地关注污染物MTBE的地下水风险控制值应在0.033mg/L以下。     

加油站地下水甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)的迁移模拟研究

本文以北京市某加油站为例,在水文地质调查、地下水水质评价的基础上,采用Visual MODFLOW模型进行地下水流场及溶质运移模拟,预测MTBE在地下水中的迁移及污染趋势。结果表明:监测井水质污染现状为VI级极重污染,主要贡献指标是锰和MTBE;所建立的模型基本达到精度要求,符合工作区水文地质条件,能基本反映该区地下水系统动态特征;利用模型对地下水中MTBE的运移模拟可知,运移100天后,加油站下游约500m处潜水中MTBE将检出,运移800天后,距离加油站最近的水源井一级保护区内潜水将能检出MTBE,1500天后,距离加油站最近的水源井处潜水中的MTBE浓度将远超过0.5μg/L,另外运移2550天后,MTBE将影响至承压水,4015天后,距离加油站最近的承压水水源井中MTBE的浓度将达到0.5μg/L。     

区域流场作用下地下水地源热泵系统抽灌模式对地温场的影响

通过建立三维水热耦合数值模型,对区域流场作用下,地下水地源热泵系统运行一个采暖、制冷周期后,不同的抽灌井布局以及交替方式下,地下水地源热泵系统地温场的演变趋势进行模拟分析。结果表明,地下水的天然流速越大,越有利于热量的运移,有助于抽灌井连线垂直于地下水流方向的垂直布局以及地下水流向由抽水井指向回灌井的平行布局下的地温场演化,但不利于地下水流向由回灌井指向抽水井的平行布局下的地温场演化和温度恢复。一般的天然地下水流速条件下,由于含水层储能效应,进行抽灌井季节性交替模式的系统运行效率较高。     

避免异参同效的抽水井表皮层溶质运移方程推导

抽水井表皮层溶质运移控制方程受到异参同效的影响,存在参数估计的多解性问题。提出一个新的抽水井表皮层溶质运移方程(新瞬态Robin边界条件),并以径向收敛示踪试验为例构建其溶质运移模型。当抽水井为完整井时,通过拉普拉斯变换和有限傅立叶余弦变换得到模型的解析解;当抽水井为非完整井时,应用有限元法构建数值解。结果表明,表皮层溶质运移控制方程导致所估计的表皮层宽度(w)和形成层垂向弥散度(α_z)是在0.5 m≤w≤1.0 m和0.08 m≤α_z≤0.10 m范围内的任意组合,偏离实际值。反之,当表皮层佩克莱数(w和表皮层径向弥散度的比值)小于1时,新瞬态Robin边界条件能够准确反映表皮层的影响,消除w与α_z的多解性。参数估计值(w=0.31 m、α_z=0.17 m)唯一,接近实际值。新模型已成功用于野外试验。     

基于溶质运移模拟的某化工场地污染物对拟建水库污染风险预测

溶质运移模拟是污染风险预测的一种有效手段。本研究为查明研究区内某有机污染场地作为污染源对拟建水库的影响,基于对区内流场的精确测量,建立了准确的地下水流模型和化工厂泄露有机污染物的溶质运移模型,预测分析了研究区拟建水库修建前、后地下水流场及污染物迁移情形的变化。模拟结果表明：水库和周边两种设计水头的截渗沟建成后,改变了自然条件下的流场,形成水库向截渗沟排泄、截渗沟向周边排泄以及水库和周边区域均向截渗沟排泄两种地下水流场。某些污染羽扩散范围虽比自然条件下有所增大,但向水库方向的扩散均未超出300 m,不会对水库水质构成污染风险。     

裂隙岩体中污染物运移过程的数值模拟

基于双重介质理论模型建立了污染物在地下环境中运移的耦合数学模型,给出了有限元离散的数值格式。并以核废料储存过程中核素90Sr为例,采用所建立的数值模型模拟其在裂隙岩体中运移过程,预测了污染物的浓度分布范围和发展趋势。模拟结果表明:核素90Sr在处置库中运行40年后,下游地区的抽水井的浓度可达到3 100 Bq/m3,超出了国家规定的标准,为固体废物场址的选择以及污染的控制提供了决策依据。     

某氨氮污染地下水体抽出 -处理系统优化模拟研究

抽出 -处理系统设计多侧重于考虑修复初期的效率,在修复后期通常效率低下,产生拖尾现象,其优化的关键在于布设的井群系统能否高效抽出受污染的地下水体。利用溶质运移数值模拟可为井群布设和抽水方案优化提供依据。本研究旨在优化我国北方某化肥厂高浓度氨氮污染的地下水体的抽出 -处理修复系统,节约时间和成本。在水文地质调查及氨氮浓度监测的基础上,综合考虑井数、抽水天数和总抽水量三个变量,采用中轴线法与三角形法结合的布井方法,利用GMS软件反复试算,筛选出三种较优抽水方案并进一步模拟优化,最终从中选出最优抽水方案。结果,相比最初方案（方案1）,最优方案（方案3）将修复周期缩短了23个月,抽水总量减少了约31.9×104 m3,而抽水井数量仅增加了1口。该模型进行了稳定流水位拟合验证和4期非稳定流实测溶质浓度验证,较符合实际。结果表明,针对抽水井数量不足引起的拖尾问题,关键因素在于合理的井位布设与分阶段的抽水模式。在修复过程中,及时对地下水中污染物进行监测,并随着污染羽变化过程及时调整抽水方案,保证高浓度区一直有抽水井进行较大流量抽水,可有效提高修复效率并缩短修复周期。     

数值模型的不确定性对污染物运移的影响研究

针对数值模型中结构与参数的不确定性因素,以安徽省丘陵地区一铁矿为例,通过建立地下水数值模拟模型,分别分析了结构与参数的不确定性对污染物运移结果的影响程度。分析结果表明:模型结构方面,随着数值模型的结构发生变化,污染羽中心点浓度值随厚度的增加而降低,且污染物的运移影响范围也有所缩小,当厚度增大20%时,一年末水平方向的影响范围由204 m减小至198 m,减小了近3%;参数方面,随着渗透系数的增加,污染羽中心点浓度值逐渐降低,污染羽的影响范围呈现增大的趋势,但增加的幅度较小。     

Simulation on forecast and control for groundwater contamination of hazardous waste landfill

The groundwater flow and solute transport models were established by Visual Modflow, which was used to forecast the transport process of Cr⁶⁺ in groundwater and simulate the effects of three control measures of contaminants transport after percolation solution leakage happened in the impermeable layer of the landfill. The results showed that the contamination plume of Cr⁶⁺ would reach the pool’s boundary in 10 years, and the distance of contamination transport was 1,450 m. However, the contamination plume will not be obviously expanded between 10 and 20 years. While the ground was covered by hardened concrete, the contamination plume would not reach the pool’s boundary in 20 years. When the leakage-proof barrier was set in the bottom of an unconfined aquifer, the concentration of Cr⁶⁺ was higher than that of the leakage-proof barrier unset, but the result was opposite when setting the leakage-proof barrier in the bottom of confined aquifer. The range of the contamination plume was effectively controlled by setting drainage ditches in which water discharge was 2,298.05 m³ d^?1, which produced monitoring wells which are not contaminated in 20 years. In sum, combining ground hardening with drainage ditches could produce the best effect in controlling contaminants diffusion, and meanwhile, the drainage ditches daily discharge was reduced to 1,710.19 m³ d^?1.     

Application of Visual MODFLOW to simulation of migration in Cr6+ contaminated site

On the basis of site investigation and data collection of a certain electro plating factory, the groundwater flow and solute transport coupled models were established by applying Visual MODFLOW 4.1 software, which was used to conduct a numerical simulation that forecast the transport process of Cr6+ in groundwater. The results show that contamination plume of Cr6+ transports with groundwater flow direction. Without control measures, in 3 650 days, 19 wells for drinking would be contaminated, and the range of transport would be 52 172 m2, the maximum contamination would be 35.8 mg/L     

Groundwater modeling in semiarid Central Sudan: adequacy and long-term abstraction

The present study assesses groundwater resources in the semiarid central Sudan, where 20 deep productive wells were installed to supply a major city in the region, El Obeid. The wells, which has an average 20 L/s discharge each, are taping a deep semiconfined to confined aquifer of fluvial silisiclastics deposited in the Tertiary–Pleistocene. Groundwater modeling was used as a technique to interpret the hydrologic system in arid to semiarid central Sudan and to simulate the future influence of the project on the hydrogeologic system. The simulation confirmed that steady-state flow conditions have been currently reached as indicated by consistency of computed heads. It also calibrated the values of the conductivity and recharge and ensured the sustainability of the El Obeid water supply project. A total of 3.5 × 10⁷ m³/year can be continually extracted from the deep aquifer to supply El Obeid city without endangering the groundwater resources in the region. The decline in water level will not exceed 25 m during the first 10 years, while indefinite continuous pumping will affect only the vicinity of the wells in a circle of 30 km diameter. Therefore, aquifer storage capacity and hydraulic properties encourage further groundwater exploitation. The present use of groundwater is extremely lower than the present demand, and it can potentially cover future demands without introducing significant changes to the system. The increase of pumping cost due to the decline in head subsequent to project operation was found to be minimal and of local effect.     

Containment of groundwater pollution (methyl tertiary butyl ether and benzene) to protect a drinking-water production site in Belgium

The subsurface migration of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and benzene towards a drinking-water production site in Belgium was monitored for 9 years. A large gasoline spill at a nearby fuel station had caused a 500-m long and 50-m-wide pollution plume of MTBE (10?30 mg/L) and benzene (2?10 mg/L). In order to prevent any intrusion of pollutants into the drinking-water supply, a conceptual model was used to design a pump-and-treat system that intercepted the gasoline-contaminated groundwater emanating from the spill. The contaminated soil in the spill zone was excavated. A numerical mass transport model was developed to evaluate the ongoing plume containment. The model describes the subsurface MTBE migration and was regularly updated, based on groundwater monitoring data and the measured mass of MTBE extracted with the pump-and-treat system. With continued interception pumping, the MTBE plume can be remediated in 14 years. Without it, MTBE and benzene concentrations up to 600 μg/L could have reached the drinking-water production site and the plume would persist for 9 years longer. Source zone treatment combined with plume interception pumping is a suitable risk-based remediation strategy for the containment of MTBE and benzene groundwater pollution.     

Evaluation of a capture zone overlay method for designing groundwater remediation systems

 Simplified approaches are often used to model the removal of groundwater contamination. These approaches can yield poor remediation schemes because they incorrectly portray the effects of multiple pumping wells. In this study, a pumping configuration designed by graphically overlaying capture zones having an identical, quasi-elliptical shape was evaluated with a numerical mass transport model. After a 3-year period (within which the hypothetical aquifer was to be remediated) the contaminant mass had been reduced by 77%. Due to stagnation zones which developed between extraction wells, approximately 15 years of pumping was required to remediate the aquifer with the overlay configuration. An alternative design, consisting of an extraction well between two injection wells along the long axis of the plume, removed the contaminant within the 3-year design period. Received: 23 October 1995 · Accepted: 18 June 1996     

Groundwater deterioration in Nankou—a suburban area of Beijing: data assessment and remediation scenarios

Since the 1980s, high-nitrate concentration in one of the groundwater sampling wells at the Nankou site, northwest of the Beijing Plain, has become a major concern for the local water authority. In a previous study (Sun et?al. in Environ Earth Sci 64(5):1323?C1333, 2011), a hydrogeological structural model was developed based on the borehole logs of this area and the steady, as well as transient groundwater-flow models, were calibrated using the measured hydraulic heads. In this paper, the potential pollution sources in this area are investigated. The chemical analysis of the groundwater is also presented. The results demonstrate that the most likely pollution source is the untreated wastewater discharge from a nearby fertilizer factory. Furthermore, a mass transport model is developed to reproduce the nitrate transport process in the aquifer at the Nankou site under different pollution sources, i.e., a fertilizer factory, river with wastewater and an agriculture field. The combined effects of the river and agriculture fields present a better understanding of the nitrate transport in the local aquifer. In addition, a pumping scenario is designed to clean up the current nitrate concentration. The pumping rate and the well location are first estimated with 2-D analytical solutions of the type curves method. Then a 3-D numerical model is used to calculate the nitrate-concentration changes after the pumping activities start. In the downstream direction of the regional groundwater flow, three pumping wells are set up for the clean-up strategy. The calculated pumping rate in each well is about 1,500 m³/day. After 1?year, the nitrate concentration in the observation well recedes to 68?mg/l from the initial value of 72.9?mg/l, and it will be lower than the limitation value (20?mg/l) after 5,400 days of groundwater extraction. The data assessment and clean-up scenarios reported in this paper are fundamental for the contaminated aquifer management in the future.     

基于TOUGH2数值模拟软件的延津地区热储采灌研究

本文采用TOUGH2数值模拟软件,根据研究区对井在预设情景下运转30年的模拟结果,对河南省延津县下新近系热储层压力场、温度场进行模拟,在模型验证的基础上,对不同回灌率及不同采灌井间距工况进行模拟研究,结果显示:回灌井的回灌过程会使地下水水温降低,回灌时间越长水温降低幅度越大,影响范围也越大,根据模拟抽水井和回灌井不同间距条件下(55 m、150 m、250 m、300 m)温度场变化情况,建议区域下新近系地层地热回灌项目抽水井和回灌井间距应大于等于250m,以保证抽水井出水温度;而不同回灌率工况下分析化学场和压力场的模拟数据可以看出,回灌率越大,地热水水质、压力影响越大,基本呈线性关系。为区域地热资源回灌-开采提供示范和指导。