平邑县重点区地下水资源量模拟计算及开发前景预测

为研究平邑城区集中开采区地下水资源开采前景,在对平邑县重点区水源地水文地质特征的基础上,基于平邑县城区近十年地下水动态资料,建立年末水位与年降水量、灌溉用水量、年开采量关系的多元回归方程,对回归方程计算的水位曲线与实测水位曲线进行拟合,查明了区域地下水位变化的影响因素,并预测地下水资源开采前景。研究显示:该区地下水位受降水量、开采量及水库灌溉的综合影响,平邑城区未来地下水开采量可以达到4万m3/d,比目前的开采水平3万m3/d还有较大的潜力。研究结果对制订区域合理开发利用方案,加强地下水资源的统一调度及合理规划,解决水资源供需矛盾,促进县域国民经济的持续发展具有重要的指导意义。     

雷州半岛降雨历程影响地下水动态变化的特征

通过对雷州半岛逐日的降水量和地下水位进行连续测量，分析研究了该区地下水位动态的变化规律，结果表明：（1）雷州半岛地下水位存在年周期的变化规律，水位上升期大约在6-10月的雨季，其余时间为水位下降期，（2）在地下水补给区，地下水位上升期间地下水位累积增幅与逐旬累积雨量有明显的正相关关系；在水位下降期，地下水位的下降速度与地下水位也呈正相关关系；（3）在目前的开采条件下，丰水年的降雨对地下水资源进行有效的补给和恢复。     

Visual MODFLOW在煤矿建设地下水环境影响评价中的应用 ——以甘肃省灵台县安家庄煤矿为例

结合甘肃省灵台县安家庄煤矿地下水环境影响评价实例,建立了评价区水文地质概念模型,并基于Visual MODFLOW对评价区地下水进行了数值模拟计算和验证;预报了设计开采条件下研究区不同含水层的地下水水位。预报结果表明:矿坑排水使得煤层所在含水层出现疏干现象,并且疏干范围随着开采范围的增加而不断扩大;在煤矿开采作用下,随着模拟时间的延续,煤系层上覆白垩系洛河组—宜君组含水层地下水位降落漏斗的范围及地下水位下降幅度不断增大,但降落漏斗的范围基本上不超过采空区范围;煤矿开采对白垩系环河组含水层无影响,至矿区开采期结束,未引起含水层水位下降;对上部孔隙、裂隙潜水含水层也无影响,至矿区开采期结束未引起含水层水位下降。     

地下水系统对水资源开发利用方案的时空响应

为科学研究北方典型地下水超采城市水资源开发利用模式对地下水系统的时空影响,设计了集中开采方案、逐步减采方案和广义地表水(地表水和中水等)-地下水联合调度方案3种不同的地下水开采、限采方案;结合济宁市,利用数值模型,对不同设计方案下地下水水位的时空变化规律及区域水均衡变化规律进行了研究.与基准方案对比结果显示:集中开采方案使地下水位在局部出现了缓慢回升,而水源地附近水位下降明显,最大中心降幅达到9 m,地表水补给的增加势必提高了污染的风险;逐步减产方案使局部地下水位恢复程度较前一方案偏小,而城北水源地漏斗中心水位下降超过12 m,城南水源地亦下降达8 m,诱发的地表水体和侧向补给量变化的减少使研究区含水层存量反而减少;联合调度方案使区域地下水位普遍回升,最大地下水位恢复幅度超过4 m;而水源地地下水降落漏斗最大的仅增加4 m,区域地下水系统得到了一定程度的涵养.     

北京市平原区地下水养蓄控高水位及其约束下的地下水库调蓄空间计算

北京市平原区地下水长期的超量开采导致地下水位持续下降和储量资源大量亏损,并引发了一系列环境地质问题,南水北调工程引水入京为地下水资源蓄养提供了条件,地下水超采困境将逐步得以改善。由于地下水位下降造成的非饱和地下空间受人类干扰明显,恢复地下水位必须考虑人为因素的影响。本文论述了北京平原区（不合延庆）建[构]筑物地下基础与固体废弃物的填埋场对于地下水位上升的制约作用,提出了相应的地下水限制恢复水位,利用克里金插值法绘制出限制曲面。在此基础上,从历史上曾经存在的、由实际地下水开采结构控制的水位流场中,寻找最接近的限制水位作为地下水回升的控高目标,并计算了地下水库中能够用于水资源储存的可恢复调蓄空间。     

昌吉市地下水水位动态变化特征研究

昌吉市属新疆地下水超采严重的区域,随着昌吉市地表水供水工程的完善和用水总量控制方案的落实,昌吉市抽水机井按照计划逐年关停,地下水水位加速下降的趋势逐渐得到一定程度遏制。通过对昌吉市14眼国控监测井、3眼州控监测井和6眼市控监测井2010-2020年地下水位资料进行整理计算,分析昌吉市地下水位动态变化趋势,并探讨了地下水位下降原因和对环境的影响,结果显示:昌吉市近十年地下水水位总体趋势呈现下降趋势。但在2019年,州控井年平均地下水水位开始出现反弹呈上升趋势,主要得益昌吉市地下水水资源管理措施的加强、昌吉州用水总量控制方案的落实和地下水开采量严格控制。2020年地下水水位比2019年出现下降,主要原因是地下水降水入渗补给量的减少和地下水开采量的增加。应针对地下水水位动态变化特征提出合理建议,保证区域地下水位逐步回升,防止昌吉市生态环境受地下水位埋深影响而恶化。     

大荔沙苑地区地下水位动态变化研究

大荔沙苑地区作为生态脆弱区,由于长期开发利用,地下水位持续下降,水资源供需矛盾极其突出。本文通过对研究区域长系列地下水位动态监测数据进行统计分析,结合当地实际,研究其地下水位年内、年际变化特征及其影响因素,以期为沙苑地区的地下水资源保护与利用提供科学依据。结果表明,研究区地下水位动态变化类型主要为大气降水入渗—开采型和大气降水入渗—蒸发型,地下水位受气象和人类活动影响,特别是地下水开采是影响的主要因素。有必要通过科学规划、管理措施等手段有效涵养地下水、防止水资源的进一步恶化,促进当地地下水水资源可持续发展。     

超采对北京市潮白河冲洪积扇中上部地区地下水质的影响

潮白河冲洪积扇中上游地区作为北京市最主要地表水和地下水供给区,在城市供水中的作用举足轻重。由于多年连续超采,地下水位持续下降,1999-2013年地下水位下降最大达45 m;应急水源地地区地下水硬度年均上升2.6%,密云十里堡地区地下水硬度和硝酸盐氮超标。通过分析潮白河冲洪积扇区域地下水开发利用、地下水位和水质变化情况以及地下水位变化对地下水水质的影响,认为：超量开采导致的地下水水位下降是引起该区域地下水水质恶化的主要原因之一,控制地下水超量开采和地表水污染,并利用南水北调的水进京之机回灌和停采以涵养地下水,是恢复区域水资源和水环境的良好途径。     

关中城市群开采地下水有关环境地质问题 及其防治对策建议

关中城市群地下水自集中开采以来区域地下水位呈整体下降趋势,主要城市集中供水水源地水位降幅30~50 m,最大超过120 m。长期过量开采地下水引起了地下水位持续下降、地面沉降、地裂缝以及水质污染等环境地质问题。近年随着城市群限制开采量,地下水水位下降及其相关环境地质问题在局部地段有所缓和。本文以50年地下水动态监测数据为基础,针对关中城市群地下水动态特征及相关的环境地质问题进行研究分析,并对预防和缓解环境地质问题、合理开发地下水资源提出建议。     

关中城市群开采地下水有关环境地质问题及其防治对策建议

关中城市群地下水自集中开采以来区域地下水位呈整体下降趋势,主要城市集中供水水源地水位降幅30~50 m,最大超过120 m。长期过量开采地下水引起了地下水位持续下降、地面沉降、地裂缝以及水质污染等环境地质问题。近年随着城市群限制开采量,地下水水位下降及其相关环境地质问题在局部地段有所缓和。本文以50年地下水动态监测数据为基础,针对关中城市群地下水动态特征及相关的环境地质问题进行研究分析,并对预防和缓解环境地质问题、合理开发地下水资源提出建议。     

Numerical simulation of groundwater and early warnings from the simulated dynamic evolution trend in the plain area of Shenyang,Liaoning Province (P.R. China)

Groundwater level is the most direct factor reflecting whether groundwater is in a virtuous cycle. It is the most important benchmark for deciding whether a balance can be struck between groundwater discharge and recharge and whether groundwater exploitation will trigger problems pertinent to environment, ecology and environmental geology. According to the borehole and long-term monitoring wells data in the plain area of Shenyang, a numerical groundwater model is established and used to identify and verify the hydrogeological parameters and balanced items of groundwater. Then the concept of red line levels, the control levels of groundwater is proposed, the dynamic evolution trend of groundwater under different scenarios is analyzed and predicted and groundwater alerts are given when groundwater tables are not between the lower limit and the upper limit. Results indicated: (1) The results of identification and verification period fitted well, and the calculation accuracy of balanced items was high; (2) with the implementation of shutting wells, groundwater levels in urban areas of Shenyang would exceed the upper limit water level after 2020 and incur some secondary disasters; (3) under the recommended scenario of water resources allocation, early-warnings for groundwater tables outside the range would occur in the year of 2020, 2023, 2025 respectively for successive wet, normal and dry years. It was imperative to reopen some groundwater sources and enhance real-time supervision and early-warning to prevent the occurrence of potential problems.     

辽河油田地下水资源优化利用方案研究

辽河油田以开采上第三系地下水为主，已出现降落漏斗、水质恶化及咸水入侵等问题。文章应用Visual MODFLOW模型，建立了地下水流数值模拟模型，对不同开采方案下的地下水动态变化进行了预测和分析，确定了最佳开采量和最优开采布局。建议调减开采量和调整地下水开采布局以实现辽河油田地区水资源可持续利用。     

Groundwater simulation using a numerical model under different water resources management scenarios in an arid region of China

Groundwater plays an important role in the economic development and ecological balance of the arid area of northwest China. Unfortunately, human activity, for example groundwater extraction for irrigation, have resulted in excessive falls in groundwater level, and aquifer overdraft in the oasis, disrupting the natural equilibrium of these systems. A groundwater numerical model for Minqin oasis, an arid area of northwest China, was developed using FEFLOW software to simulate regional groundwater changes under transient conditions. The vertical recharge and discharge (source/sink terms) of the groundwater models were determined from land-use data and irrigation systems for the different crops in the different sub-areas. The calibrated model was used to predict the change for the period from 2000 to 2020 under various water resources management scenarios. Simulated results showed that under current water resources management conditions groundwater levels at Minqin oasis are in a continuous drawdown trend and groundwater depth will be more than 30 m by 2020. Reducing the irrigation area is more effective than water-saving irrigation to reduce groundwater decline at Minqin oasis and the annual groundwater budget would be −0.978 × 10⁸ m³. In addition, water-diversion projects can also reduce the drawdown trend of groundwater at Minqin oasis, and the groundwater budget in the Huqu sub-area would be in zero equilibrium if the annual inflow into the oasis was enhanced to 2.51 × 10⁸ m³. Furthermore, integrative water resources management including water-diversion projects, water-saving irrigation, and reducing the irrigation area are the most effective measures for solving groundwater problems at Minqin oasis.     

Aquifer system incremental linear property and its application on groundwater management

Generally, an aquifer system coupled into a groundwater management model was regarded as a linear system. However, in terms of systems analysis, the aquifer system can be proven to be an incremental linear system rather than a linear system. For example, a confined aquifer system can be decomposed into two parts, one of which is a linear time invariability sub-system and another is a zero-input response. This system does not meet the additivity property of linear system, but satisfies the incremental linear system characteristics. In order to better understand, a case study of water resources management of Huaibei city within semiarid region, north Anhui province of China, is cited. Taking into account the water demand for satisfying the urban development in the next 15 years, three planning target years of water resources are preset as the present (2005), the short term (2010) and the long term (2020), respectively, and four hydrological years (e.g., wet year, mean year, dry year, and extremely dry year) are also defined by the rainfall data of many years. A groundwater management model based on linear programming is established. This model can deal with 12 possible scenarios (3 target years × 4 hydrological years), optimize the strategies of water resources development, integrate various kinds of water sources (e.g., groundwater, surface–water and additional water) and meet the water demand for the urban development of Huaibei city. In accordance with the groundwater management model solutions, the problem of groundwater drawdown funnels (groundwater overextraction funnels) which formed within the Huaibei downtown area for many years and led to some environmental and social issues will be solved over the whole planning period. More importantly, through statistically analyzing the model solutions, the relationships between the groundwater pumping (input signals) and groundwater level recovery (output signals) show up the characteristics of the incremental linear system.     

Potential impacts of climate change on groundwater levels on the Kerdi-Shirazi plain,Iran

It is important to predict how groundwater levels in an aquifer will respond to various climate change scenarios to effectively plan for how groundwater resources will be used in the future. Due to the overuse of groundwater resources and the multi-year drought in the Kerdi-Shirazi plain in Iran, some land subsidence and a drop in groundwater levels has taken place, and without active management, further degradation of the groundwater resource is possible under predicted future climate change scenarios in the country. To determine the potential impacts of climate change on groundwater levels in the region, the groundwater model GMS was coupled with the atmospheric circulation model HADCM3 using scenarios A1B, A2 and B1 for the period 2016–2030. The results of the climate modelling suggest that the Kerdi-Shirazi plain will experience an increase in minimum temperature and maximum temperature of, respectively, between 0.03 and 0.47, and 0.32–0.45 °C for this time period. The results of the groundwater modelling suggest that water levels on the Kerdi-Shirazi plain will continue to decline over the forecast period with decreases of 34.51, 36.57 and 33.58 m being predicted, respectively, for climate scenarios A1B, A2 and B1. Consequently, groundwater resources in the Kerdi-Shirazi plain will urgently need active management to minimize the effects of ongoing water level decline and to prevent saltwater intrusion and desertification in the region.     

黑河流域中游盆地地下水动态特征及其调蓄能力分析

40 多年来,我国西北地区大规模的地下水开发利用造成了部分地区地下水水位持续下降甚至泉水干涸,部分地区地下水仍能维持动态稳定,判断这类地区水资源开发利用是否具有可持续性是必须解决的重大科学问题。以黑河流域中游盆地作为研究对象,采用MK检验和连续小波分析等方法,分析长时间序列地下水水位数据的变化特点,研究区域地下水动态特征;结合区域水文地质条件,综合划分黑河流域中游盆地地下水补排平衡区与非平衡区;利用克里金插值法估算1990—2020 年盆地含水层对水资源的调节水量,并评价不同动态平衡区的调蓄能力。结果显示,黑河流域中游盆地地下水水位动态类型有:水文型、水文-开采型、开采型和蒸发-开采型4种长周期动态稳定型,过量开采型或上游过度引用地表水型2 种长周期持续下降型。黑河-梨园河倾斜平原、酒泉盆地和黑河中游下段侵蚀堆积平原的大厚度含水层是黑河流域中游盆地的地下水补排平衡区,其在1990—2001 年共输出地下水12.06×108 m3,2001—2020年共储存地下水9.06×108 m3。大厚度含水层为地下水的长周期调蓄提供了充足的空间,在合理控制开采量的前提下,该类含水层的天然调蓄能力可满足生产生活和下游生态用水需要。盆地地下水补排非平衡区,如黑河以东诸河倾斜平原、盐池盆地和榆木山山前诸小河流域等地区,目前的地下水开发利用方式和强度是不可持续的,应适当减少地下水开采量,调节盆地上游的引水量和开采量,抑制地下水资源枯竭。本研究成果可为西北干旱内陆地区水资源管理和持续开发利用提供参考。     

基于MIKE BASIN的石羊河流域水资源管理模拟模型

水资源高效管理是提高水资源动态管理的有效方式,是实现地表水、地下水、再生水等多水源联合调配,提高水资源利用效率的综合管理措施,为水资源合理配置和高效利用提供技术支撑。以石羊河流域为研究对象,基于MIKE BASIN模型,根据研究区降水、蒸发和用水等资料,建立了石羊河流域水资源管理模型,模拟了石羊河流域径流量、水库和灌区需用水量变化特征。从模拟结果可以看出,所建立的水资源管理模型是正确的,选取的参数和计算的结果基本合理,模拟结果总体上反映了流域水资源变化状况,符合石羊河流域水资源的实际情况。通过模型预测了2015与2020年流域需水量,从预测结果可以看出,2015年较2010年减少23 572,19×10~4m~3,2020年较2015年减少20 926,77×10~4m~3,说明整体上流域需水量呈下降趋势。     

A groundwater flow model for overexploited basaltic aquifer and Bazada formation in India

Recent changes in land use practices, such as increase in orange orchards in central India, has put undue pressure on the groundwater resources. Excess withdrawal from the aquifers has resulted in groundwater table decline. The stage of groundwater development in some watersheds has reached 155.85 %, converting these into overexploited watersheds. In the present research paper, a groundwater flow model has been developed to evaluate the groundwater system in a basaltic terrain with Bazada formation. A conceptual model has been developed and calibrated for steady and transient states and the sensitivity analysis was carried out. Future predictions, for current scenario where present practices are continued and for scenario with 20 % reduction in groundwater draft have been made, to select the best strategy for mitigating the problem. The modeling results show that the decline in groundwater level in basaltic and Bazada unconfined aquifers will result into drying up (water level more than 15 m bgl) of 243 km² area by 2020. To restore the groundwater level, it is simulated that the groundwater draft rate must be reduced by 20 % for next 10 years. It may be achieved by adopting groundwater management strategies, particularly for irrigation sector.     

黑龙洞泉域地下水流数值模拟与预测

为了对黑龙洞泉域水资源进行评价, 通过对地质条件、水位观测资料的深入研究, 以水均衡原理、地下水渗流理论为基础, 建立了黑龙洞泉域地下水渗流数值模型.以灰色序列预测模型为辅助手段, 结合历年的降水规律, 对未来现状开采条件下的年均降水量、地下水流场、水位及泉流量进行了不同保证率条件下的预测, 若2010年为丰水年(保证率20%)、平水年(保证率50%)、枯水年(保证率75%), 黑龙洞泉汛期地下水位标高分别为超过130m、达到130m、低于130m, 汛期泉流量分别为超过10m3/s、7m3/s、5m3/s.计算结果有利于指导黑龙洞泉域地下水资源的管理和开发利用.      

Influence of south-to-north water diversion on major cones of depression in North China Plain

The developments of cones of depression in the North China Plain (NCP) were studied to determine the possible impact of the proposed South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) on groundwater levels. In the past five decades, the exploitation of groundwater in the NCP has been excessive. Numerous hydrological and hydrogeological problems were caused by the gradual decline of the water table in the NCP. In order to protect groundwater resources and alleviate hydrogeological problems, the SNWDP was proposed to progressively solve the shortage of water resources in northern China. In this paper, the development of cones of depression was studied to determine the possible impact of the hydrological engineering, the SNWDP. In the study, a numerical model for regional groundwater flow was created using MODFLOW. The results showed that the SNWDP is beneficial for groundwater recovery in the NCP. The area of cones of depression will be reduced to varying degrees. Some immense groundwater cones will gradually shrink. However, it will take a long time to recover groundwater environment in the NCP.