Subsidence prediction method of solid backfilling mining with different filling ratios under thick unconsolidated layers

Solid backfill mining for coal pillar recovery in industrial squares has to ensure that the mine infrastructure, such as the shafts and substations, is not degraded or has its utility impaired by that mining. At the same time, it is important to recover as much coal as possible. As a result, it is necessary to predict mining subsidence during solid backfilling mining of coal pillars in industrial squares and to optimize the design of the working faces. At the Baishan coal mine in Anhiu province, China, there are thick layers of unconsolidated overburden above the coal seam so it is not appropriate to use the surface subsidence prediction method of equivalent mining height to predict subsidence during the mining of the coal pillars there. In order to find a reasonable coal pillar recovery scheme for the Baishan mine, a numerical simulation method is used to determine the relationships between the compression ratio of the backfilling material and the surface subsidence prediction parameters. Research was done to determine the appropriate parameters, and based on the final prediction parameters and taking the mandated protection standards for buildings and structures into account, surface subsidence is predicted and a backfill mining scheme for pillar recovery is proposed. The results show that of the six mining schemes considered, scheme 5 is the best scheme for coal pillar recovery in the industrial square at the Baishan mine. The research results are significant for similar mines with thick unconsolidated overburden anywhere in the world.     

Research and application of roadway backfill coal mining technology in western coal mining area

In China’s western coal mining area, the traditional room mining technology is facing coal pillar instability, mine earthquake, large-area roof subsidence in the goaf, surface subsidence, water and soil loss, vegetation deterioration, and other environmental problems. To solve the aforementioned problems and to improve coal recovery, the roadway backfill coal mining (RBCM) method was proposed as a solution and its technical principle and key equipment were presented in this paper. In addition, the microstructure and mechanical behavior (strain-stress relation in confined compressive test) of aeolian sand and loess backfill materials were studied for a rational backfill design for underground mines. Further, coal pillar stress, plastic zone change, and surface deformation of the RBCM schemes were studied using the FLAC^3D numerical simulation software, and a reasonable mining scheme of “mining 7 m and leaving 3 m” was determined. The engineering application in Changxing Coal Mine shows that the RBCM method with loess and aeolian sand as backfill materials allows a stable recovery of coal pillars with a recovery ratio of more than 70 %. The maximum accumulated surface subsidence and the maximum horizontal deformation were measured to be 15 mm and 0.8 mm/m respectively, indicating that the targeted backfilling effect can help protect the environment and also control surface subsidence.     

An experimental investigation into the compaction characteristic of granulated gangue backfilling materials modified with binders

Solid backfill mining has apparent technical advantages in extracting coal resource under sensitive surface structures such as buildings and roads; meanwhile, as an effective method of disposing mining wastes, it works well in solving some environmental problems caused by mining activities. In addition, the controlling effect of solid backfill mining is directly related to the compaction characteristic of backfilling materials. The present study aims to modify the backfilling materials by assessing the effect of binders (cement, fly ash, and lime) on the compaction characteristic of granulated gangue backfilling materials. The compaction test was performed with rock mechanic test system equipped with a self-made circular cylinder apparatus. From the results obtained, cement is not the suitable binder for modifying the gangues backfilling materials, while fly ash or lime, when the dosage is up to 20 wt%, is beneficial to the compaction characteristic of backfilling materials. The relationship between strain behavior and micro-structure of backfilling materials was investigated by SEM and the effect of fly ash or lime on the strain behavior of backfilling materials could be associated with its cementation and gap-filling effect.     

A study of surface subsidence and coal pillar safety for strip mining in a deep mine

Some villages and bridges are located on the ground surface of the working district no. 7 in the Wanglou Coal Mine. If longwall mining is adopted, the maximum deformation of the ground surface will exceed the safety value. Strip mining is employed for the working district no. 7 which is widely used to reduce surface subsidence and the consequent damage of buildings on the ground surface. To ensure the safety of coal pillars and improve the recovery coefficient, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation (FLAC 3D) were adopted to determine the coal pillar and mining widths and to discuss the coal pillar stress distribution and surface subsidence for different mining scenarios. The results revealed that the width of coal pillars should be larger than 162 m, and the optimized mining width varies from 150 to 260 m. As the coal seam is exploited, vertical stress is mainly applied on the coal pillar, inducing stress changes on its ribs. The coefficient of mining-induced stress varies from 2.02 to 2.62 for different mining scenarios. The maximum surface subsidence and horizontal movement increase as the mining width increases. However, when the mining width increases to a certain value, increasing the pillar width cannot significantly decrease the maximum subsidence. To ensure the surface subsidence less than 500 mm, the mining width should not be larger than 200 m. Considering the recovery coefficient and safety of the coal pillar, a pillar width of 165 m is suggested.     

Shaft failure characteristics and the control effects of backfill body compression ratio at ultra-contiguous coal seams mining

Solid backfill coal mining is a mainstream method in green coal mining, which has gradually become a key technology to control shaft deformation when recovering industrial square pillars during mining of ultra-contiguous coal seams. On the basis of the engineering background of Nantun Coal Mine, this paper combined physical simulation, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis for studying shaft deformation, failure characteristics, and stress variation rules during the mining of ultra-contiguous coal seams. The results revealed that shaft deformation and failure were the results of the movement of strata caused by coal mining; in addition, the backfill body compression ratios in two adjacent coal seams were the key factors in shaft deformation control during the mining of ultra-contiguous coal seams. Moreover, the effects of the backfill body compression ratios on shaft deformation in ultra-contiguous coal seam mining were simulated by ABAQUS, and the optimal compression ratios of backfill body in two coal seams were determined. Finally, based on the probability-integral method, the vertical compressive deformation and the inclined deformation of shaft were estimated and the results showed that the shaft safety and stability at ultra-contiguous coal seam mining can be provided when the backfill body compression ratios of 3_upper and 3_lower coal seams were set at 85%.     

固体密实充填开采地表沉陷预计模型研究

为了实现对固体密实充填开采地表沉陷进行科学地预计,需要根据其覆岩结构形态演化规律和岩层移动特征建立完备的沉陷预计模型及其参数体系。相似材料模拟和钻孔窥视表明,固体密实充填开采覆岩形态以完整层状结构的弯曲带为主,覆岩仅在近顶板附近发育一定高度的断裂带,不发生垮落现象。岩层移动特征类似纵向载荷作用下层合板的弯曲变形,通过力学简化,基于层合板理论建立了固体密实充填开采地表沉陷预计模型。研究表明,固体密实充填开采地表沉陷形态仍可用概率积分模型进行描述,并进一步探讨了基于“等价釆高”的固体密实充填开采地表沉陷预计模型参数体系。最后将本文建立的地表沉陷预计模型应用于某工程实例,取得了良好的效果。     

深部条带开采覆岩“三带”探测及量化评判

为研究深部条带开采覆岩裂隙发育高度这一采空塌陷区治理中的关键技术问题，综合运用工程地质钻探、钻孔电视与煤田测井3种方法对济宁煤田某煤矿覆岩采动裂隙进行探测与分析。结果表明:缓倾斜（煤层平均倾角6°）、深埋（平均埋深538 m）、采留比1:2（采50 m留100 m）的条带式采动下，覆岩“三带”特征显著，空间整体呈“波浪式”破坏形态，地下采空区无明显空洞；垮落带发育高度为8.45 m，为采高的3.0倍，断裂带发育高度为57.55 m，为采高的20.6倍；覆岩“三带”发育高度判别的8个量化指标中，钻孔电视法比工程地质钻探法、煤田测井法精确度高。探测结果较为准确可靠，为深部条带采空塌陷区治理方案的选择提供依据。      

新疆苇湖梁煤矿塌陷区遥感监测研究

苇湖梁煤矿已有50多年的开采历史, 长期的地下开采造成了严重的地面塌陷。本文将新疆苇湖梁煤矿塌陷区作为研究区, 以2013年的IKONOS高分遥感影像为主要数据源, 以ArcGIS为支撑平台, 采用人机交互的解译方法对塌陷区的相关信息进行提取, 结合实地调查验证的方法, 分析研究区内地质灾害的特征。通过遥感调查发现: 研究区内发育规模较大、位于塌陷区周围的拉伸区的地裂缝约有64条;塌陷坑(群)约有94个, 主要分布于南北塌陷槽及两侧;塌陷回填区总面积达0.92 km², 并在回填区发现了3个新塌陷坑。本文充分发挥了遥感技术宏观性强、速度快的特点, 调查结果反映了塌陷区灾害的实际情况。     

湖南省谭家山矿区开采地质灾害分析

煤矿开采所产生的地表沉降、开裂、塌陷等地质灾害,造成地表民房不同程度的损坏。为准确分析矿山开采对地表民房的损坏,从矿山开采造成地表沉降影响范围,矿山开采最大冒落高度与导水裂隙带高度,矿山开采引起地表最大水平移动值、最大曲率值、最大倾斜值等因素来研究分析。综合分析认为：引起地表民房损坏的主要原因一是地表民房正处在采动影响范围内;二是开采冒落带与裂隙带高度已经波及至地表,从而引起地表出现沉降与裂缝等现象,引发房屋开裂等损坏现象;三是煤矿采空区所产生的最大曲率值远远大于地表建筑允许变形值。该方法对研究煤矿开采造成地表民房损坏成因分析具有一定指导意义。     

数字测井资料对矿区“三带、地层的解释及应用

利用数字测井资料对矿区工作面上覆地层的冒落带、裂隙带和弯曲沉降带进行系统的综合解释，确定其发育情况，对指导矿区的安全生产、开采范围的确定及开采煤柱留舍颇有益处。     

深部大采高沿空留巷围岩结构沉降破坏与控制

为了解决深部沿空留巷围岩控制难题,选取邢东矿(埋深850 m)1126大采高工作面沿空留巷为研究对象。采用UDEC模拟分析关键块B不同下沉量围岩的响应特征。结果表明:1实体煤帮偏应力峰值和位置与关键块B下沉量呈线性关系增大且向深部转移;2实体煤帮深部变形对关键块B下沉量的响应较弱,愈靠近煤帮表面其敏感性越强,深浅部围岩位移有明显拐点;3顶板下沉量、帮变形量与关键块B下沉量呈正指数关系;4随关键块B下沉,实体煤帮的破坏形式经历了从不稳定三角块滑落→X共轭破坏→双X共轭破坏过程。认为:1巷旁采空区充填可有效限制关键块C下沉对块体B的带动作用;2钢管混凝土支架可适应关键块B的下沉特征,具有较强的抗压缩和弯曲特性;3高性能、高预紧力锚杆可更好地提高锚固体承载和抵御变形能力;4顶桁架锚索可以锚固在关键块B上,锚固基础稳固可靠;帮锚索可以穿越帮潜在滑移面,锚固在位移拐点内的锚固区内,限制帮结构性滑移。基于此提出了巷旁采空区充填+钢管混凝土支架+顶桁架、帮锚索+高强高预紧力锚杆联合控制方案;沿空留巷完成30 d后围岩趋于稳定,顶底板和两帮最大相对移近量分别为613 mm和374 mm,实现了深部大采高沿空留巷围岩的有效控制。     

坚硬顶板薄煤层条带开采技术在杨庄煤矿中的应用

杨庄煤矿村庄下压煤具有典型的坚硬顶板薄煤层特点，具有控制地面沉降，保护地面设施的有利条件，在矿井地质与水文地质条件较为复杂的情况下，对村庄下压煤选择了条带开采技术，成功地解决了村庄下大量压煤和村庄下不搬迁开采问题，为该村庄下压煤开采积累了经验。     

薄冲积层下开采地表动态移动规律与特征

位于采煤影响区的高压线、输气输油管道、河道等设施对地表动态移动极为敏感。以甘肃某煤矿在金沙河下开采为背景,通过现场地表移动监测,获得薄冲积层条件下综放开采地表动态移动变形规律。研究表明：薄冲积层下综放开采地表具有下沉移动起始期很短、活跃期较长等特点。地表移动活跃期位于工作面前方110 m至工作面后方400 m范围内,历时185 d,期间地表点下沉量可达到该点总下沉量的90.7%;地表移动剧烈期在工作面后方50 m至150 m范围内,但剧烈扰动时间相对较短,历时约60 d。基于测点下沉曲线为S型分布、下沉速度曲线类似为正态分布特点,建立了考虑开采时间和工作面推进速度因素的地表下沉及下沉速度动态模型,并追踪刻画出地表测点往复式下沉与水平运动的轨迹。薄冲积层下开采,地表裂缝更易平行于工作面走向方向发育,并且随工作面的推进,地表裂缝具有前移和密集区向工作面外侧小范围扩大的时空特征。     

大采高综放面区段煤柱合理留设研究

侧向支承压力分布、资源回收率以及煤柱和巷道的稳定性是大采高综放面区段煤柱宽度留设要兼顾的因素,为了确定大采高综放面区段煤柱宽度,以某矿8103面为工程背景,首先,采用理论计算和现场应力监测等方法确定大采高综放工作面倾向支承压力分布规律,得出应力降低区宽度约为8 m,原岩应力区为巷帮侧28 m外。其次,采用工程类比方法确定大采高综放工作面巷帮外侧煤体严重破裂区宽度约为4 m。最后,采用FLAC3D数值软件分析了下区段工作面回采时窄煤柱（6、8 m）和宽煤柱（28、30 m）的应力场、位移场及塑性区特征,获得不同煤柱宽度时巷道和煤柱力学特征。研究表明：当煤柱宽度6 m和8 m时,在采动支承压力下煤柱几乎无承载能力,且巷道变形量较大;当煤柱宽度28 m和30 m时,在采动支承压力下煤柱中央仍有一定的弹性核,煤柱保持稳定且巷道变形量较小。综合考虑资源回收、巷道稳定性、次生灾害控制等因素,确定大采高综放工作面区段煤柱宽度为28 m。     

Mechanisms of the development of water-conducting fracture zone in overlying strata during shortwall block backfill mining: a case study in Northwestern China

In this work, a shortwall block backfill mining (SBBM) technique is proposed for the recovery of residual corner coal pillars and irregular blocks left behind during the exploitation of coal mines, and a solution is provided for the risks associated with gangue piling and the loss of water resources owing to coal mining. Based on the theory of beams on elastic foundations, a mechanical analysis model was established for calculating the height of a water-conducting fracture zone (WCFZ) in the overlying strata of coal mines exploited using the SBBM technique. It was found that the key factors influencing the development of the WCFZ are the mining height, width of the protective coal pillars, backfill percentage, block length, and number of mining blocks. The relationships between these factors and the height of the WCFZ were obtained by incorporating the relevant parameters in the above-mentioned model. In the field experiment site, it was discovered that the minimum coal pillar width and goaf backfill percentage required to prevent the development of water-conducting fractures that could reach an aquifer are 5 m and 65%, respectively. Based on this result, the protective pillars of the site were designed to be 5 m wide, while the goaf backfill percentage was set as 80%. The borehole fluid method was used to measure the height of the WCFZ, which was found to be 26.8 m. This is consistent with the theoretical calculations (27.0 m) of this study, and thus, validates the reliability of the proposed mechanical model. The findings of this work will improve the recovery rate of residual coal resources in coal mining areas, and they are significant for the refinement of water conservation mining theories.     

Bearing Capacity of Backfill Body and Roof Stability During Strip Coal Pillar Extracted with Paste Backfill

2351 working face with paste backfill method of Daizhuang coal mine in eastern China is selected as engineering background, bearing characteristics of backfill body and supporting intensity of hydraulic support during coal pillar mining with paste backfill are researched. Researches show that: Even if the confining pressure is only 1 Mpa, the paste backfill material shows typical plasticity hardening. The overlying strata of working face with paste backfill method include fractured zone, continuous deformation zone, don’t include caved zone. The distribution of vertical stress above the backfill body is not a horizontal line nor presents saddle-shaped, but presents a wave distribution. The stress above backfill body does not appear abrupt change but tends to be increasing at first and stable at last. The mechanical model of roof stability during coal pillar mining with paste backfill is built, and the mechanics related formula of supporting intensity is also concluded. The hydraulic supports used in 2351 working face can control the roof subsidence effectively, but the efficiency of hydraulic supports is lower, which should be optimized properly.     

岩层及地表移动与冲击地压相关性研究

对岩层及地表移动规律的观测、室内试验和数值计算分析表明,采动覆岩层沉陷运动的不协调性造成裂隙带上部弯曲带岩体中产生大范围的离层空隙。随着工作面的推采,离层空隙周期性悬露垮断构成了上覆岩层及地表移动变形运动的不同特征。根据现场观测,砾岩层运动是矿井冲击地压发生的主要力源,地表下沉速度发生剧烈变化,冲击地压发生的频率较高,地表产生反弹时更为危险,且随着砾岩层的运动,冲击地压发生周期性变化。     

Grout injection into bed separation to control surface subsidence during longwall mining under villages: case study of Liudian coal mine,China

Surface subsidence can cause many environmental problems and hazards (including loss of land area and damage to buildings), and such hazards are particularly serious in coal mining districts. Injecting grout into the bed separation in the overburden has been proposed as an effective control measure against surface subsidence during longwall mining. However, no field trials of this technique have been implemented in mines under villages in China, and thus, its ability to control subsidence in such areas has yet to be demonstrated. In this study, field trials using this technique were carried out during longwall mining under villages in the Liudian coal mine, China. The maximum surface subsidence observed after the extraction was only 0.298 m, which accounts for 10 % of the mining height and is 79 % less than the predicted subsidence. Moreover, no damage occurred to the village buildings either during or after extraction and these buildings remain stable. Thus, this study represents the first successful attempt to control surface subsidence under villages in China using grout injection during longwall mining.     

高水材料充填技术在减小地表沉降中的应用

高水材料用于采空区充填有着工艺简单、凝结速度快、性能稳定等优点。采用建立地表沉降观测站方式,研究了用高水材料充填采空区后地表沉降变形规律。结果显示,充填后地表的下沉量明显减小。2009年5—12月,充填后地表最大下沉值为165.6 mm,月平均下沉20.7 mm。该方法用于减小开采引起的地表沉降,比传统的充填方法效果明显。      

废物地下填埋场选址的地质条件约束

当今采矿业仍然使用全陷法开采,致使矿区环境遭到十分强烈的破坏。为了环境保护的需要,德国等许多国家积极开展利用废物进行地下充填的新的采矿法,使矿区环境得到保护以及采矿业达到可持续发展。文中以德国鲁尔矿区为例,充分论述了矿区的地质和水文地质条件对地下填埋场或地下充填场选址的约束,以及如何对矿床的地质和水文地质条件进行充分调查和分析,优选出安全可靠的固体废物的地下填埋场或地下充填场地,使采矿业的发展和环境保护的需求之间达到最优化的联合。重点介绍了德国地下填埋场的充填技术,适合于地下充填废物的筛选;对地下填埋场选址的地质条件约束,主要通过地质、岩性、地质构造分析和水文地质条件约束来确定,最后优选出最安全的地下填埋场。