邯郸粉土动剪模量和阻尼比试验研究

以邯郸地区的粉土为研究对象,在各种固结压力和相同加载周期及相同剪切应力幅值下,分别进行了室内动单剪试验,得到了该地区粉土在3种固结压力下的G/Gdmax-γ、D-γ归一化曲线以及G/Gdmax-γ和D-γ关系值.试验结果表明:G/Gdmmax随动应变的增大而减小,随固结压力的增大而增大,而阻尼比D的变化规律与动剪切模量相反.所得结果可为本地区工程建筑的抗震设计提供参考.     

动荷载作用下饱和砂土动剪模量试验研究

在50kPa、100kPa和200kPa 3种固结压力下分别对饱和度为95%、92%、88%和83%的土样进行了循环单剪试验,得到了该土样在4种饱和度、3种固结压力下的最大动剪模量Gdmax以及动剪模量比G/Gdmax-γ归一化曲线。分析得出,同一固结压力下土样的Gdmax和G/Gdmax随着饱和度的增大相对减小;随着固结压力的增大,两者数值上差异逐渐减小。最后对此种现象进行了讨论并分析了其产生的原因。     

原状和重塑海洋粉土动力特性对比试验研究

利用振动三轴仪和共振柱仪对原状和重塑海洋粉土的动强度、动剪切模量和阻尼比进行试验研究,并对原状和重塑样所表现出的动力特性的差异进行对比分析。试验结果表明：在相同工况下,原状海洋粉土的动剪切模量和参考剪应变均大于重塑样,阻尼比与重塑样比较接近;归一化的G/Gmax-γ/γr和λ-γ/γr关系曲线可以很好地消除重塑样的扰动性所引起的影响;原状海洋粉土的液化应力比和动强度比在相同工况下的重塑样小,原状和重塑样在相同等效循环振次下的动强度的差异性随着固结比的增大而减小;在试样即将破坏时,重塑样的孔压急剧增大,原状样的孔压趋于稳定值。     

珠江三角洲海相沉积软土压缩和剪切变形特性试验研究

为了研究近代海相沉积软土的变形特征,本文对珠江三角洲河口地区的全新世海相沉积的软土进行了室内单轴压缩与不同围压下作用下的三轴固结不排水(CU)、不固结不排水(UU)的剪切试验。试验结果表明:原状土和重塑土样的孔隙比随压力的增大而下降,且与加压方式有密切关系,加压幅度越小,土的扰动破坏越小;原状土样固结系数随着压力增加而递减,整体近似符合指数函数分布,重塑土样固结系数随着压力增加逐渐增大,整体近似符合线性函数分布。在相同的固结压力下,原状土样的强度低于重塑土样的强度。土样的应力应变曲线为应变硬化型,且围压对重塑土的影响小于原状土。     

淮安市典型土动力特性的试验研究

通过对淮安市典型的全新世沉积粉土和粘性土进行室内自振柱试验及粉土的动三轴液化试验，把粉土和粘性土的自振柱试验结果与Seed和Idriss建议的砂土及饱和粘土的剪切模量比G／Gmax-γ曲线和阻尼比λ-γ曲线的变化范围进行对比，结果表明：粉土的剪模量比要比饱和粘土的大，而比砂土的剪模量比要小，其阻尼比接近于砂土的阻尼比；粘性土的剪模量比要比一般饱和粘土的大，而与砂土的剪模量比相近，其阻尼比要比砂土的略低；粉土的抗液化强度与液化振次之间的关系可以用指数函数来表示，其振动孔隙水压力的发展规律可以用反正弦三角函数拟合；粘粒含量是影响淮安市全新世沉积粉土抗液化强度的主要影响因素。     

上海崇明综合深井土动力特性的试验研究

对取自上海崇明综合深井的12只原状土样进行共振柱、循环三轴联合试验,初步研究该地区黏性土的土动力特性,得到动剪应变γd在10~(-6)~10~(-2)范围内的Gd/G0~γd、D~γd关系曲线,根据试验所得关系曲线,分析黏性土强度参数的变化规律。研究成果对上海崇明地区各类工程建设的场地地震安全性评价工作具有一定的借鉴和参考价值,有利于该地区地震安全性评价工作的开展。     

饱和尾矿粉土动力特性试验研究

通过动三轴试验研究某尾矿粉土的动强度特性与孔压特性,试验在围压100、200和300kPa与固结比1.0和2.0条件下进行。结果表明:(1)在循环荷载作用下,等压固结时饱和尾矿粉土全部液化;偏压固结时饱和尾矿粉土未发生液化;(2)各向等压固结时,选取双幅动应变达到5%作为破坏标准;偏压固结时,选取总应变达到5%作为破坏标准;(3)围压越大,τd/σ′0-Nf曲线越高,动剪应力比τd/σ′0与破坏振次Nf在对数坐标图上表现出良好的线性关系,可以采用对数函数来拟合τd/σ′0-Nf关系曲线;(4)固结应力条件相同时,动应力σd变化对尾中砂的孔压增长ud/σ0-N/Nf关系曲线基本上没有影响;固结应力比Kc一定时,固结围压σ3越大,ud/σ′0-N/Nf关系曲线越高;(5)尾矿粉土孔压发展模式在等压固结和偏压固结时不同,固结比Kc=1.0时,可采用幂函数表达式来描述尾粉土孔压发展;固结比Kc=2.0时,可用对数函数来模拟其发展。     

两种粉质黏土的静强度特征对比分析

以南京与无锡的两种粉质黏土为研究对象,通过使用TSZ-2全自动三轴仪对这两种土在饱和以及非饱和状态下的静强度进行测定。对比分析两种土在饱和状态下,其原状样与扰动样之间抗剪强度的差异,以及两种土在非饱和状态下不同的初始含水率对其抗剪强度产生的影响。得出无锡土样较南京土样具有含水率低、密度高、孔隙比小、压缩性低、静强度高的特点,但扰动作用对无锡饱和土造成的影响较大,而南京土样受扰动作用影响小。确定非饱和粘性土的抗剪强度与含水率以及颗粒级配存在关联,从而导致两种土非饱和状态的抗剪强度存在差异。     

颗粒组成对粉土动强度的影响分析

以天津汉沽地区某挡土墙地基粉土为研究对象,首先对不同颗粒组成的粉土做固结不排水动三轴剪切试验,采用各向等压固结,周围压力等于100kPa。固结完成后在不排水条件下施加轴向激振力,试验波形为正弦波,振动频率1.0Hz,试验中以试样在周期剪切时轴向周期应变达到5%作为破坏标准,得出粉土的动强度受颗粒组成的影响。细颗粒含量越大,其动强度越小,黏粒含量为7.2%的粉土循环剪应力比CSR约为20.3%黏粒含量粉土的2倍。粉土的动强度可以用循环剪应力比和破坏振次建立的幂函数关系式较好地拟合。在剪切过程中,粉土的孔隙水压力一直没有达到所施加的围压数值,最终稳定在75%~85%围压之间。同时,试验还得出孔隙水压力的增长模式不能用统一的Seed模型拟合,孔压增长规律的影响因素较多。     

循环荷载对饱和黄土动剪模量的影响研究

利用装有压电陶瓷弯曲元的双向振动三轴仪对饱和黄土进行了循环荷载试验,并根据静力固结条件下黄土的动剪模量发展规律建立了基于哈定方程的拟合曲线;将循环荷载作用下的动剪模量与静力固结下的动剪模量进行了对比研究,并根据轴向应变的发展规律,确定了以上2种条件下动剪模量产生差异的原因：试样结构性破坏,土颗粒重排列,土体具有很高的敏感性。对于振动过程中的暂停对试验的影响进行了研究,认为由于暂停时间很短,可以忽略这种影响。在振动结束后,对试样在原压力下重新进行固结,结果表明,固结完成后,试样的动剪模量增大,且增大幅度随着密度的增加而变小。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.