古隆起边缘成藏模式与湖北宜昌页岩气重大发现

在对四川盆地内威远古隆起、盆外雪峰古隆起和汉南古隆起等构造研究的基础上,创新提出"古老隆起边缘控藏模式"页岩气成藏模式,古老隆起边缘控藏模式认为古隆起周缘具有埋藏深度适中、抬升较早、构造变形较弱的特点,有利于页岩气的富集和保存,以此为指导,通过部署页岩气基础地质调查和二维地震勘探,优选了鄂西长阳页岩气有利区,通过实施鄂阳页1井,获得寒武系天河板组、牛蹄塘组和震旦系灯影组、陡山沱组页岩气与天然气"四层楼"式重大发现。开辟了南方古老层系页岩气勘查新领域。     

世界最古老页岩气层储层特征与勘探前景分析

在中国南方海相主要页岩层系中,除已经成为页岩气工业产层的奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组页岩层系外,还包括寒武系牛蹄塘组及震旦系陡山沱组等海相页岩。目前,震旦系陡山沱组是中国乃至世界上发现的最古老页岩气层。本文在参考前人区域地质研究基础上,依托位于中扬子地区的鄂阳页1井钻井岩心资料,利用多尺度的储层性质表征方法,结合有机质丰度与演化特征开展综合研究,对陡山沱组古老页岩气层进行了储层及生烃潜力分析,并与美国及中国四川盆地已形成商业开发的页岩气产层进行了对比。研究认为,鄂阳页1井区震旦系陡山沱组页岩发育于相对稳定的沉积环境,泥页岩厚度大,有机质含量较高,大部分样品总有机碳(TOC)含量大于2%,且有机质显微形态以填隙状优质生气有机质为主;页岩脆性矿物含量高,微纳米孔隙及多尺度裂隙发育;与四川盆地龙马溪组页岩相比,陡山沱组页岩有机质热演化程度适中,计算拉曼成熟度介于2.0～3.0,有机质处于热解生气阶段。分析认为鄂西陡山沱组具备形成页岩气藏的基本地质条件,具有良好的资源与勘探前景。研究成果对于未来页岩气新领域、新层系的评价及勘探开发,提供了较全面的基础资料。     

汉南古隆起周缘下寒武统(陕南地1井)发现海相页岩气

正1研究目的(Objective)近几年来随着我国页岩气勘探开发的不断推进,志留系五峰—龙马溪组页岩气在四川盆地已基本实现页岩气商业开发。而寒武系牛蹄塘组是另一套重要页岩层系,但由于构造活动强、整体热演化程度高,目前仅在威远、鄂西、城口等个别地区获得突破和发现。陕南地区寒武系牛蹄塘组页岩围绕汉南古隆起     

封面故事

<正>鄂阳页1井陡山沱组直井压裂现场及返排点火情况。通过页岩气基础地质调查和二维地震,优选鄂西长阳页岩气有利区,部署实施鄂阳页1井,获得寒武系天河板组、牛蹄塘组和震旦系灯影组、陡山沱组页岩气与天然气"四层楼"式重大发现。开辟了南方古老层系页岩气勘查新领域,其中陡山沱组经直井压裂获日产最高5460方/天。这项由中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心翟刚毅、包书景研究员主持的研究成果,当选中国地质调     

雪峰古隆起边缘下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气成藏地质特征及有利区预测

雪峰古隆起边缘下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩具有良好的生烃和储集条件,是重要的页岩气勘探层位,但受多期构造运动改造,页岩气保存条件复杂,页岩气勘探一直未获突破.基于野外地质调查、钻探资料,结合有机地化分析测试等手段,对雪峰古隆起边缘即沅麻盆地及周缘下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气地质条件和勘探前景进行综合评价.研究表明:牛蹄塘组沉积于深水陆棚相,页岩有机碳含量TOC值普遍大于2.0%,一般在3.0%~5.0%之间;有机质类型为Ⅰ型;有机质成熟度2.17%~3.38%之间,平均为2.79%;页岩碎屑矿物平均含量77.25%;粘土矿物平均含量22.71%,硅质含量高,脆性较大,易于储层改造.综合地化、储层物性及保存条件等评价指标,提出沅麻盆地草堂凹陷及古隆起北缘凤凰-吉首-张家界一带为牛蹄塘组页岩气勘探有利区带.      

鄂西地区震旦系陡山沱组二段页岩气储层测井评价初探

鄂西地区震旦系陡山沱组是中国页岩气勘查的新层系,其页岩储层矿物成分以白云石为主,测井响应特征与奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组、寒武系牛蹄塘组硅质页岩明显不同,原有储层"七性"关系测井评价对于陡山沱组页岩储层精细刻画和压裂施工解释评价存在一定的不适用性。本文以鄂阳页1井为例,综合利用常规测井、特殊测井和样品测试分析资料,研究发现不同于五峰组—龙马溪组和牛蹄塘组硅质页岩"四高四低"测井响应特征,陡山沱组二段云质页岩具有低伽马、低铀、低声波时差、低中子,高电阻率、高密度"四低两高"测井响应特征,认为元素测井是评价陡山沱组二段页岩地层总有机碳含量最直接和有效的方法,MRIL-P型核磁测井适用于该地层孔隙度参数评价。通过拟合计算完善了适用于该地层的含气量估算方法,获取了有利页岩储层评价参数,研究成果将为同类型页岩储层测井评价提供参考依据。     

开阳磷矿马路坪矿段F_(41)断裂特征及意义

<正> 开阳磷矿围绕着洋水复式背斜产出。洋水背斜属于新华夏系第Ⅲ隆起带南西端的第二级构造单元。马路坪矿段位于洋水背斜的东翼中部。出露地层自下而上有前震旦系板溪群清水江组;震旦系南沱组、陡山沱组和灯影组;寒武系下统牛蹄塘组、明心寺组和金顶山组。下磷矿层产于陡山沱组上部,上磷矿层产于牛蹄塘组底部。     

川东—武陵山地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩有机质富集模式

有机质富集、保存对页岩气资源评价、勘探选区和开发具有重大的指导意义。以川东—武陵山地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩为例,利用岩石地球化学、油气地球化学和沉积岩石学方法和技术对牛蹄塘组有机质丰度、有机质来源及古环境演化进行了分析,对川东—武陵山地区页岩有机质富集和保存条件进行了评价。结果表明:牛蹄塘组页岩有机质主要来自于蓝藻、红藻、褐藻等自生海洋藻类;相比于牛蹄塘组高位体系域,在牛蹄塘组海侵体系域页岩沉积期,温暖湿润的古气候和大规模海侵使得海平面快速上升,海侵导致深水陆棚、斜坡甚至部浅水陆棚处于贫氧—缺氧环境,该深水贫氧—缺氧还原环境（部分硫化还原环境）有利于有机质保存,在川东—武陵山地区上形成大面积富有机质页岩。      

川东南下寒武统牛蹄塘组烃源岩特征及有效性分析

通过地球化学分析、储层沥青薄片镜下鉴定,对川东南下寒武统牛蹄塘组烃源岩宏观特征以及微观地球化学特征进行深入研究,并以震旦系灯影组古油藏为例分析了烃源岩的有效性。结果表明,牛蹄塘组烃源岩厚度稳定,底部暗色泥页岩分别厚约25m-43m,平均有机碳含量介于0．5％-1．0％,现今已达过成熟阶段,为中等烃源岩。牛蹄塘组泥页岩是灯影组古油藏的主要烃源岩,古油藏原油裂解气是灯影组气藏成藏的物质基础。     

鄂西宜昌地区寒武系常规、非常规天然气显示及勘探意义

鄂西寒武系具有良好的油气成藏条件,但由于地层时代早、经历构造运动次数多,勘探成果不理想。近期在宜昌地区寒武系水井沱组获得页岩气流,并在寒武系天河板组、石龙洞组等多套层系获得了天然气显示,表明鄂西宜昌地区是寒武系页岩气、天然气的有利勘探区。以储集层为核心划分出水井沱组页岩气、天河板组-石龙洞组常规天然气成藏组合。寒武系水井沱组页岩生烃潜力大、含气性高,以页岩中的有机质孔和微裂缝作为储集空间,构成自生自储的页岩气藏;水井沱组页岩气测试获工业气流,气体组分中甲烷含量超过90%。宜地2井天河板组发生井喷,气体成分以甲烷为主,储集空间主要为半充填状裂缝和溶孔,地层水为氯化镁型,保存条件中等。石龙洞组砂屑云岩储层具有累计厚度大、低孔中低渗并局部发育高孔渗段的特点。以水井沱组富有机质页岩为烃源岩,以天河板组灰岩裂缝和石龙洞组白云岩孔洞为储集空间,以覃家庙组含膏云岩和云质膏岩为盖层,组成垂向供烃的生储盖组合。油气成藏演化史分析表明,寒武系烃源岩在早志留世开始生油,早二叠世开始生气,晚三叠世达到生气高峰期,经历了多期次构造运动的改造,现全部转化为气态烃。宜昌地区为页岩气有利区,也是天河板组-石龙洞组常规天然气勘探的有利区。上述认识对鄂西地区寒武系天然气勘探领域的拓展具有重要指导意义。     

The evolution of the Huangling uplift and its control on the accumulation and preservation of shale gas

There are plenty of Sinian and Cambrian potential shale gas resources in South China, which is characterized by high thermal evolution degrees, poor drilling performances and only occurs in local areas. Taking the principle “high to find low” is the key issue to achieving a breakthrough in older shale. China Geological Survey drilled in the periphery of the Proterozoic basement, i.e. the Huangling anticline, in the western Hubei, and Hannan paleocontinent in the southern Shanxi. It received high-quality gas-bearing shale with relatively low Ro in the in Lower Cambrian Niutitang formation and Sinian Doushantuo formation. Based on geological conditions of shale gas reservoirs in the Huangling anticline, this paper puts forward the new model named “Control over reservoirs by periphery of basement” about shale gas accumulation, suggesting that the shale deposited in a deepwater continental shelf in the periphery of the basement is characterized by shallow burial, a short burial time, stable tectonics, relatively low thermal evolution degrees, and shale gas reservoirs in a good condition. The shale of the Sinian-Cambrian strata deposited in deepwater continental shelves in the periphery of Chuanzhong paleo-uplift in Sichuan, Hannan paleocontinent in the southern Shanxi, Huangling anticline in western Hubei and Jiangnang-Xuefeng paleo-uplift in Hunan and Guizhou province have good shale gas exploration potential.     

贵州仁怀县震旦系灯影组古油藏成藏条件 及油气地质意义

野外观察和研究表明,贵州仁怀县震旦系灯影组古油藏储层为一套碳酸盐台内浅滩环境沉积,主要岩性为砂屑云岩、鲕粒云岩、藻屑云岩和细晶云岩,沥青充填于白云岩晶间孔、粒间孔及岩石溶蚀孔洞内,呈黑色固态物质产出。固体沥青呈块状,质地坚硬,有污手性,镜下观察沥青具中间相结构和镶嵌状结构特征,实测沥青反射率为2.95%~3.86%,双反射明显,热演化程度高,显示储层在地质历史时期曾经遭受高温热演化作用。区域地质及沉积相分析认为,灯影组沉积晚期在上扬子地区存在一个边缘浅滩,并可能存在若干碳酸盐台内浅滩,这种沉积格局控制了滩相储层的发育与展布,震旦纪末期桐湾运动形成的古暴露对该套滩相沉积的颗粒云岩进行溶蚀改造,形成大量孔洞缝,并形成有利的储集体。震旦系陡山沱组和下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩有机质丰度高、类型好,烃源岩的发育为古油藏的形成提供了丰富的物质基础,下寒武统巨厚的泥页岩组合为油气藏的形成提供了得天独厚的封盖条件,形成了良好的生储盖组合,灯影组和牛蹄塘组之间的不整合面提供了油气运移的通道,加里东运动早期黔中隆起的形成为油气聚集创造了条件。     

中上扬子地区下古生界页岩气资源前景分析

我国中上扬子地区下古生界黑色页岩是震旦系、二叠系大中型气田的重要烃源岩,同时其自身也具有形成页岩气藏的巨大潜力。初步研究表明,中上扬子地区下古生界有利页岩气层主要发育在下震旦统陡山沱组、下寒武统筇竹寺组、上奥陶统五峰组和下志留统龙马溪组,这些层位的黑色页岩厚度、有机碳含量、以及Ro值等各项参数均符合形成页岩气藏的特征,是今后页岩气勘探的潜力地层。     

四川盆地东南部震旦系灯影组四段台缘带天然气勘探前景

四川盆地绵阳-长宁拉张槽两侧震旦系灯影组台缘带是重要的天然气勘探领域,自川中古隆起核部拉张槽东侧灯影组台缘带发现安岳气田以来,处于古隆起南、北两侧深层-超深层斜坡和深洼陷区的灯影组台缘带日益受到关注,但对其发育特征尤其川中古隆起南侧灯影组四段台缘带的发育特征和油气成藏条件等缺乏清晰的认识。基于此,充分利用最新地震和钻井等资料,选择四川盆地东南部绵阳-长宁拉张槽东侧灯影组四段台缘带进行了重点研究。结果表明,该区灯影组四段台缘带平面展布方向自南向北从北东向转为北北西向,剖面上与川中古隆起及其北斜坡至深洼区的陡坡型台缘带差异显著,以缓坡型台缘带为特征;该区油气成藏条件优越,发育陡山沱组、灯三段和筇竹寺组3套烃源岩,储层品质良好,发育系列由台缘丘滩体构成的岩性圈闭,空间上存在“下生上储、旁生侧储和上生下储”等多种源储配置样式,具有近源优储的显著特点,且保存条件好,勘探前景好。     

“Source-Diagenesis-Accumulation” enrichment and accumulation regularity of marine shale gas in southern China

After the breakthrough of shale gas exploration and development in the Ordovician Wufeng Formation (Fm.) and Silurian Longmaxi Fm. of Chongqing Jiaoshiba area, Changning-Weiyuan area, etc. in Sichuan basin, a series of discovery and breakthrough were obtained by China Geological Survey in the Cambrian Niutitang Fm. and Sinian Doushantuo Fm. shale of the areas with complicated structure outside Sichuan basin. Based on the understanding of the law of shale gas enrichment in Longmaxi Fm. in the basin, this paper puts forward three elements of the formation and enrichment of shale gas, which are the “Source”, the “Diagenesis” and the “Accumulation”, after deeply studying the law shale gas enrichment and accumulation in Sinian-Cambrian reservoir of the complex structure area outside the basin. The “Source” means the sedimentary environment and petrological characteristics of organic shale. The “Diagenesis” means the basin tectonic subsidence and hydrocarbon generation and expulsion process of organic matter. The “Accumulation” means the tectonic uplift and shale gas preservation. It is proposed that the Sinian-Cambrian and Ordovician-Silurian black shale series in the middle and upper Yangtze region of southern China were both formed in the deep-water shelf environment of rift trough and foreland basin respectively. The dessert intervals were formed in the strong reduction environment under transgressive system tract. The shale lithology belongs to calcium-siliceous and charcoal-siliceous respectively. Based on the summary of structural evolution in Yangtze area, the correlation of structural burial depth with shale diagenesis and the coupling evolution of organic matter with pore structure are discussed. Combining with structural styles, the preservation conditions of shale gas are discussed. Five types of shale gas reservoir control models are further described. Two types of future exploration directions, which are reverse fault syncline and paleo-uplift margin in complex structural area outside the basin, are proposed.     

Exploration and research progress of shale gas in China

There are three types of shale gas resources in China. The resources are present in large amounts and are widely distributed. Marine facies, transitional facies and continental facies resources each account for a third. Based on resource distributions, there are many wells penetrated into the Sinian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian strata of the Yangtze plate and its periphery, the North China Craton and the Tarim Basin. Many years of exploration have indicated that the marine Silurian Longmaxi shale gas is widely distributed in south China and has been industrialized in its production in the Sichuan basin. The shale gas from the Cambrian Niutitang Formation and the Sinian Doushantuo Formation are important discoveries in Yichang, Hubei and Zhenba, Shanxi. There are also shale gas resources found within transitional facies and continental facies in different areas in China. The “two element enrichment theory” has been summarized during the exploration process of Silurian marine shale gas in the Sichuan Basin. In addition, horizontal drilling and fracturing technologies up to 3500 m in depth have been developed. Based on the understanding of shale gas accumulation in a complex tectonic zone outside the Sichuan basin, a preliminary summary of the formation of the “converse fault syncline control reservoir” and “paleo uplift control reservoir” model has been constructed. The dominant theory of “Trinity” shale gas enrichment and the high yield of the “deep water Lu Pengxiang sedimentary facies belt, structural preservation conditions and overpressure” is summarized. Guided by the above theories. Anye1 well in Guizhou and Eyangye1 well in Hubei were drilled. “Four storey” oil and shale gas is found in the Permian Qixia group, the Silurian Shiniulan Formation, the Longmaxi Formation and the Ordovician Baota Formation in Anye1 well. Good shale gas has been gound in the Cambrian Niutitang formation inian Doushantuo formation in Eyangye 1well. This paper aims to summarize and review the main progress, theoretical technology and problems of shale gas exploration and development in recent years in China, and predicts the future exploration and development direction for shale gas and possible exploration areas.     

扬子板块中部南山坪背斜的形成与演化

南山坪背斜位于扬子板块中部，核部上震旦统含有大量沥青，是一个被破坏的古油藏。笔者通过建造分析认为震旦纪至中三叠世属于古隆起发育阶段，进一步划分出震旦纪古隆起雏形期、早古生代古隆起保持期和晚古生代—中三叠世古隆起发展期。晚三叠世至新生代属于断裂褶皱发育阶段，进一步划分出晚三叠世—中侏罗世宽缓背斜发育期、燕山运动Ⅱ幕断展背斜发育期、燕山晚期和喜玛拉雅期背斜改造期。南山坪古油藏以上震旦统灯影组白云岩为储层，以上覆下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色碳质泥岩和石煤为烃源岩，志留纪至中三叠世古隆起聚集油气，晚三叠世至中侏罗世是油气再分配和南山坪古油藏形成时期，之后是古油藏被破坏时期。     

鄂西地区陡山沱组页岩储层孔隙特征及影响因素

页岩储层孔隙结构是评价页岩气资源潜力的基础。本文基于有机碳含量、沥青反射率、X射线衍射、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)及低温氮气吸附等方法,探讨鄂西地区震旦系陡山沱组页岩沉积组成、孔隙结构及其控制因素。结果表明:(1)陡山沱组为硅质和钙质页岩,TOC介于3.29%～6%,主要为I型干酪根,处于高-过成熟阶段;(2)陡山沱组页岩有机孔发育程度较低,无机孔提供主要储集空间,包括脆性矿物和黏土矿物的粒间孔、层间孔和部分溶蚀孔,以及少量微裂缝;(3)孔径分布范围为1.1～284nm,总孔体积平均为0.034ml/g,微孔、介孔和大孔体积分别为0.005ml/g、0.023ml/g和0.006ml/g,以介孔为主;(4)陡山沱组页岩TOC与孔体积无明显相关性,表明有机孔对孔体积贡献较小。硅质矿物和黏土矿物含量与页岩孔体积正相关性较好,表明矿物组成是陡山陀组页岩孔隙发育的主要控制因素。鄂西地区陡山沱组页岩具有良好的物质条件、生烃条件和页岩气储集空间,是潜在的页岩气勘探开发层系。