辐散风作用下低频Rossby波的能量传播

文中研究了热力强迫所激发的辐散风对低频Rossby波能量传播的影响 ,推导出辐散风作用下的Rossby波的频散关系和群速度表达式。理论分析表明 :如果扰动流函数与速度势的位相差α∈ (0 ,π) ,那么辐散风将减小Ross by波的圆频率 ,增大群速度的纬向分量 ,加速Rossby波在纬向方向上的传播 ;辐散风对经向群速度的影响是比较复杂的。波射线的分析表明 ,在纬向基本气流为常数的情况下 ,辐散风作用下的低频Rossby波从初始位置到反射纬度的传播路径表现为一段光滑的大弧 ;对于周期为 30d、纬向波数k =3,4的Rossby波 ,当辐散风减弱时 ,波能量经向传播距离和纬向传播距离都增大。对于k =3的Rossby波 ,当辐散风减弱时 ,Rossby波的经向传播范围增大 ,但振幅强度减小。     

夏季沿亚洲副热带西风急流Rossby波传播及其与我国降水异常的联系

利用1960—2015年夏季(6—8月)NCEP 2.5°×2.5°全球逐日再分析资料,采用涡度源方程和Eliassen-Palm通量,对夏季沿亚洲副热带西风急流Rossby波活动的波源、能量传播及其与我国降水异常的关系进行了分析和研究。结果表明:夏季200 hPa大气准静止行星波产生的源地主要集中在地中海地区,亚洲副热带西风急流(ASWJ)中的准静止Rossby波在此激发并沿急流向东传播,东传过程中在急流轴南侧波流相互作用相对活跃。波作用通量的辐合辐散中心沿副热带西风急流交替分布,波流相互作用是ASWJ上西风强弱交替变化的动力机制。沿ASWJ交替分布的五个波作用通量辐合辐散关键区散度具有较强的关联性,表现为同一Rossby波列的不同部分,其中波源处Rossby波动能量的传播对其下游ASWJ的强弱影响最大,而急流关键区内纬向风的大小也与波作用通量散度场的强弱和分布密切相关。波源处以及位于我国青藏高原东部至黄土高原上空的波作用通量散度指数WFD-Ⅰ和WFC-Ⅱ与我国南、北方降水相关性较为显著,在WFD-Ⅰ为正异常年时,对应南方关键区降水偏多年份占比为62.5%,在WFD-Ⅰ为负异常年时,对应北方关键区降水偏多年份占比为80%;在WFC-Ⅱ为正异常年时,对应南方关键区降水偏少年份占比为66.7%,在WFC-Ⅱ为负异常年时,对应北方关键区降水偏少年份占比为81.8%。研究夏季波源处WFD-Ⅰ异常年导致我国降水异常的环流成因发现,WFD-Ⅰ为正异常年时,由上游波源地区激发的Rossby波向下游地区的能量频散偏强,位置偏南,波流相互作用导致我国南方上空高空急流加强,高低空辐散辐合配置加强,垂直上升运动增强,易造成我国南方地区降水异常偏多。WFD-Ⅰ为负异常年时,Rossby波能量的经向传播较强而纬向传播较弱,北方降水关键区受波通量辐散控制,高空西风急流加强,高低空辐散辐合配置和垂直上升运动增强,有利于我国北方地区降水的发展。     

Plumb三维波作用通量和EP剖面图——对定常波模式输出结果的诊断分析

本文利用Plumb(1985年)所导出的线性、准地转定常波的三维波作用通量和Eliassen-Palm(EP)剖面图,对于一个线性和一个非线性的关于大气定常波的斜压初始方程三维谱模式的若干输出结果进行了诊断分析。分析结果表明,Plumb通量和EP剖面图,不仅可以用来诊断波作用在三维空间的传播、波动与纬向平均气流之间的相互作用,而且也可以用来诊断非线性作用的显著性,在利用它们对于观测资料进行诊断分析时,应当充分注意到非线性作用的影响。     

论Rossby波在东、西风带中传播与频散I——谐波扰动Rossby波和指数扰动Rossby波

传统Rossby波最初求解于局地直角坐标系（Cartesian coordinate）准地转、准水平无辐散正压大气运动微扰方程,在所谓“β平面”近似下,归于求解一个关于经向风扰动的二阶常微分方程,它存在可在β-平面经向-纬向传播的简谐波解,其物理机制是,扰动气流在科氏参数随纬度变化（所谓“β效应”）作用下的绝对涡度守恒。本文先讨论传统Rossby波二阶常微分方程“经向谐波扰动-纬向简谐波”（谐波扰动Rossby波）通解,指出传统Rossby波只被描述为谐波扰动Rossby波,即在扰动区内形成谐波扰动可在扰动区外作经向-纬向简谐波的连续传播;又讨论数学上存在的“经向指数扰动-纬向简谐波”（指数扰动Rossby波）另一通解,并且分析与比较两个通解的纬向波速与群速诊断方程。认为,谐波扰动和指数扰动“传播”与“频散”可以在相邻边界上保持为分段“零阶”连续且为有界。从而Rossby波定义为：大气运动受到连续或分段“零阶”连续谐波扰动和/或指数扰动和/或其它函数扰动、在β效应与绝对涡度守恒作用下、可以在全球（东、西风带）传播与频散的波动,作“纬向简谐波”传播是Rossby波的唯一识别特征。最后,作为对传统Rossby波的补充,单纯用指数扰动Rossby波波速和群速方程,对西风带中的长-中-短波槽脊传播、阻塞高压建立与后退、大槽建立与寒潮,以及气候上的遥响应,做出新的解释,更对东风带中的东风波（倒槽）与台风传播、副热带高压西进与东退,做出传统Rossby波尚不能解释的初步解释。     

Energy-Casimir方法在中尺度扰动稳定性研究中的应用

考虑湿空气中的水汽效应,引进Casimir函数(它是虚位温的单值函数),在x方向动量方程和总能量方程的基础上,采用Energy-Casimir方法建立了三维非地转平衡和非静力平衡的拟能量波作用方程,由于该方程建立在非地转平衡和非静力平衡的动力框架下,因此可用于讨论层结稳定大气内中尺度扰动系统的发展演变.理论分析表明,拟能量波作用方程具有非守恒形式,其中的拟能量波作用密度主要由扰动动能、有效化能和浮力能三部分组成;拟能量波作用密度局地变化除了受拟能量波作用通量散度影响之外,纬向基本气流切变、科氏力作功以及山非绝热加热和水汽相变所构成的波作用源汇项对其也都有贡献.诊断分析结果表明,对流层中低层的拟能量波作用密度与观测的6 h累积地面降水在水平空间分布和时间演变趋势上比较接近,说明拟能量波作用密度能够较好地抓住强降水区上空对流层中低层动力场和热力场的扰动特征,并在一定程度上可以有效地表征降水系统的发展演变,因而与地面降水量存在紧密联系.波作用方程各项的计算分析表明,波作用通量散度与拟能量波作用密度局地变化的倾向以及强降水区的变化比较一致,并且在强度上强于纬向基本气流切变项和科氏力作功项,因此波作用通量散度对拟能量波作用密度的局地变化具有重要贡献.     

球面E-P通量的计算及其应用

讨论了行星波作用通量Eliassen-Palm flux(E-P通量)在球面准地转条件下的表达式,纬圈环状总质量权重的变换形式,及其在绘图分析中的应用与技巧。结合实例,通过对欧洲中心再分析资料Interim的计算绘图,说明不同形式E-P通量在实际分析时的差异及特点。     

论Rossby波在东、西风带中传播与频散Ⅱ——球面Rossby波方程与诊断分析

从球坐标(Spherical coordinate)非地转、正压水平无辐散大气运动微扰方程出发,推导出球面Rossby波方程,证明球面Rossby波的物理机制仍然是绝对涡度守恒与卢效应,但基本气流以涡度形式参与了卢效应。因球面Rossby波偏微分方程不存在经向-纬向传播的"双向简谐波(传统Rossby波)"解,则将它做经向-纬向求导分离,从而得到关于球面经向风扰动的二阶偏微分方程及与之相应的仅作纬向传播的简谐波解,但待解的二阶偏微分方程不归于数理方程中的任何特殊函数,即证明不存在以连带Legendre函数为通解的Haurwitz波。采用传统Rossby波两个通解,当作球面Rossby波两类特解,做诊断分析表明,传统Rossby波正确反映球面Rossby波的(β-平面近似)"线性部分",但球面Rossby波及其纬向波速和群速都带有地球曲率性,并且存在奇点,其中,球面谐波扰动Rossby波仍然保持槽与脊纬向对称性,但"正弦扰动"与"余弦扰动"Rossby波有一定差别,而球面指数扰动Rossby波槽与脊不具备纬向对称性,后者可以解释东、西风带槽与脊一般为纬向非对称,还可以解释台风的纬向非对称结构。     

强厄尔尼诺事件下2016年1月中国南方超级寒潮的动力学机制:瞬变波对大气长波异常的调制

本文采用Plumb三维波活动通量和局地Eliassen-Palm通量诊断方法,利用欧洲中期天气预报中心的逐日再分析资料ERA-Interim,分析了超强厄尔尼诺背景下2016年1月下旬中国南方超级寒潮的动力学机制：瞬变波对大气长波异常的调制。前期2015年12月的北大西洋海表热通量正异常,有助于后期大西洋阻塞形势的维持。大气长波能量沿大圆路径从大西洋阻高经乌拉尔地区向东亚中低纬度传播并在此辐合,导致了乌拉尔阻高和华北横槽的经向结构,更多强冷空气聚集在异常偏南的纬向槽线附近。寒潮爆发前夕,2支瞬变波列活跃在亚欧大陆。北支瞬变波列调制了北方的大气长波,使横槽转竖;南支瞬变波列协同调控了南方的大气长波,使南支印缅槽减弱;两者共同作用,促使冷平流大举南下,直达华南沿海,南方寒潮发生。     

广西一次冷空气过程前后Rossby波作用的对比分析

基于T-N波作用通量以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对比分析了2016年1月广西一次强冷空气过程前后两个阶段中大尺度环流以及Rossby波的调制作用.结果 表明,冷空气活动过程前后阶段大气环流存在明显差异.第一阶段中欧亚中高纬地区阻塞形势明显,低纬度地区环流平直.第二阶段中欧亚低纬地区环流经向度增大,南支槽发展活跃;两个阶段中欧亚大陆上空均存在南北两支Rossby波列.第一阶段中北支波列调控了乌拉尔高压脊的发展以及横槽转竖,而南支波列调控了印缅槽的减弱,两者协同使冷空气更易南下.第二阶段南支波列主导了南支槽的发展东移,为该阶段降水提供了动力抬升以及水汽条件;NAO与南北两支波列的活动密切相关,NAO由负到正的位相转变是第二阶段南支波列增强的可能原因.     

球面斜压大气中上传行星波与纬向平均气流的相互作用

本文指出在球面斜压大气中的行星尺度扰动与纬向平均气流相互作用中必须考虑非地转风分量对位涡度南北方向输送的作用,从而证明了球面大气中行星尺度运动的波作用守恒,并求得球面大气中的行星尺度扰动与纬向平均气流相互作用的欧拉平均运动方程组。 本义利用1979年2月的实际天气观测资料分析了北半球一次对流层阻塞形势建立与平流层爆发性增温过程的行星波与纬向平均气流的相互作用。从分析结果可以看到:由于行星波向上传播,使得在高纬度对流层中、上层出现行星波的波作用通量(也称E-P通量)辐合,使得西风气流减速,因而在高纬度对流层中、上层形成阻塞形势。并且,随着行星波的继续向上传播,使得平流层下、中层的基本气流相继减速并出现东风,因而在平流层下、中层出现爆发性增温。然而,由于高纬度对流层低层出现东风,行星波不能往上传播,在上层波的E-P通量矢量变成辐散,气流由东风又变成西风。     

夏季欧亚中高纬环流持续异常事件的Rossby波传播特征

利用西风波导结构以及波作用通量, 探讨了夏季欧亚一类中高纬持续异常环流所对应的Rossby波的能量频散特征。中高纬度对流层上层存在结构较为复杂的弱波导, Rossby波能量频散过程基本上与该弱波导结构一致。Rossby波传播特征在不同时期以及两种环流型 （E型和C型) 之间存在显著差异: (1) 在梅雨前期, 与E型环流对应, Rossby波从南欧气旋式异常环流中心传播到乌拉尔山正高度异常中心, 并且波作用通量在乌拉尔山西侧辐合, 形成该地区正高度异常环流。乌拉尔山持续异常中心东侧重新激发出Rossby波, 并传播至贝加尔湖和鄂霍次克海地区, 维持对应的异常环流。与C型异常环流对应, Rossby波活动非常活跃。该型三个活动中心呈现高纬－中纬－高纬的分布特征, 这与波导结构密切相关。 (2) 在梅雨期, Rossby波的传播对两类持续异常环流的作用更加明显, 其传播路径基本上在处于极区和偏向中纬度一侧的两个“波障碍区”之间的带状西风波导区中。Rossby波从乌拉尔山活动中心向东传播, 最终形成贝加尔湖和鄂霍次克海地区的持续异常环流。在C型维持过程中则还存在另一种强迫因子。在C型中, Rossby波从乌拉尔山活动中心向中纬度传播, 并在亚洲急流中向东传播至东亚地区。 (3) 在后汛期, 在欧亚大陆上纬向“波障碍区”的增加使得Rossby波活动减弱。E型异常环流型的鄂霍次克海活动中心向东扩展到北太平洋, 但来自上游的Rossby波传播只作用于该活动中心的西北侧部分。C型中Rossby波的传播在乌拉尔山活动中心地区变弱。在夏季各个时期, E和C型持续异常环流对应着不同位相的EAP (或PJ) 型, 但并没有Rossby波从中纬度向北传播至鄂霍次克海地区的现象。     

北半球冬季准定常行星波的三维传播及其年际变化

作者回顾了应用叶笃正先生所创立的Rossby波频散理论,来研究准定常行星波在三维大气的能量频散以及在北半球冬季三维大气中的传播规律,并应用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和由大气环流数值模拟所得的模式资料的40年风场、温度场资料计算了冬季北半球准定常行星波的E-P通量.计算结果表明了北半球冬季准定常行星波在三维大气传播具有沿两支波导的传播特征,这与从理论分析所得的结果相吻合.作者还分析了冬季准定常行星波的E-P通量分布的年际变化,分析结果表明了准定常行星波在北半球冬季三维大气中传播的这两支波导有明显的年际振荡;并且,从冬季准定常行星波的E-P通量辐散辐合的年际变化与北极涛动的年际变化相比较,发现准定常行星波两支波导的年际振荡直接影响着北极涛动(AO),因而说明了准定常行星波活动的年际变化可以影响对流层的气候变化.     

Stationary Rossby wave propagation in a shear flow along a reflective boundary

Summary This study investigates the impact of lateral boundary conditions on the propagation and dispersion of locally excited Rossby waves in a zonally periodic, barotropic, quasigeostrophic channel model on the β-plane. We use basic flows with either a linear meridional shear or a jet-like profile. On the southern boundary of the channel we impose either a rigid wall or a radiation condition, whereas the northern sidewall is permeable for Rossby waves. We compare the numerical solutions found for a reflecting southern boundary in a weakly dissipative flow to the solutions obtained from a WKB-analysis for the corresponding unforced nondissipative situation. Furthermore, we compare the generalized Eliassen-Palm flux vectors to the ray paths of Rossby wave packets, obtained from WKB ray tracing. In particular, we focus our investigation on the two-dimensional structure of trapped modal waves and wavetrains in a simple linear numerical model. Summarizing our results, we find that along the reflective wall, trapped modal wave structures as well as reflected wavetrains occur with characteristics (e.g., wavenumbers, turning latitudes) similar to the ones computed using asymptotic methods. In a linear sheared flow wave packets are trapped for all zonal wave numbers in contrast to a jet-like mean flow which has a selective effect on the waves; i.e., a turning latitudes phenomenon between the coast and the flow maximum occurs for short waves, while long waves can propagate freely across the zonal mean flow. This comes out clearly when studying the stream lines of the Eliassen-Palm flux vectors of the numerical model simulations. Furthermore, due to the reflected wave activity, the dispersion of Rossby waves is influenced by the southern boundary condition not only in the vicinity of the border but also in regions away from the boundary. These results appear to be important on the one hand for the existence of trapped Rossby waves in large-scale oceanic shear flows along a zonally oriented coast. And, on the other hand for large-scale boundary waves in conceptional atmospheric channel models which can lead to unwanted resonance effects. Received July 18, 2000/Revised June 9, 2001     

Rossby wave propagation in a barotropic atmosphere

The ideas of ray tracing from geometrical optics and wave propagation in a slowly varying medium are applied to Rossby waves propagating in a barotropic atmosphere.The propagation of low-frequency Rossby waves in a zonally symmetric basic state is compared with that for stationary waves presented by Hoskins and Karoly (1981). These ideas are then used to study the propagation of Rossby waves in a basic state with zonally varying middle latitude or low latitude jets. Conditions which allow cross-equatorial wave propagation are presented. For a zonally varying middle latitude jet, there is weak wave convergence in regions of decreasing jet speed, However, this is not sufficient to explain the enhanced wave amplitude found in numerical-model experiments using a zonally varying basic state.     

The Relationship Between Abnormal Meiyu and Medium-Term Scale Wave Perturbation Energy Propagation Along the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet

The East Asian subtropical westerly jet(EASWJ) is one of the most important factors modulating the Meiyu rainfall in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, China. This article analyzed periods of the medium-term EASWJ variation,wave packet distribution and energy propagation of Rossby waves along the EASWJ during Meiyu season, and investigated their possible influence on abnormal Meiyu rain. The results showed that during the medium-term scale atmospheric dynamic process, the evolution of the EASWJ in Meiyu season was mainly characterized by the changes of3-8 d synoptic-scale and 10-15 d low-frequency Rossby waves. The strong perturbation wave packet and energy propagation of the 3-8 d synoptic-scale and 10-15 d low-frequency Rossby waves are mostly concentrated in the East Asian region of 90°-150°E, where the two wave trains of perturbation wave packets and wave-activity flux divergence coexist in zonal and meridional directions, and converge on the EASWJ. Besides, the wave trains of perturbation wave packet and wave-activity flux divergence in wet Meiyu years are more systematically westward than those in dry Meiyu years, and they are shown in the inverse phases between each other. In wet(dry) Meiyu year, the perturbation wave packet high-value area of the 10-15 d low-frequency variability is located between the Aral Sea and the Lake Balkhash(in the northeastern part of China), while over eastern China the wave-activity flux is convergent and strong(divergent and weak), and the high-level jets are strong and southward(weak and northward). Because of the coupling of high and low level atmosphere and high-level strong(weak) divergence on the south side of the jet over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, the low-level southwest wind and vertically ascending motion are strengthened(weakened), which is(is not)conducive to precipitation increase in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin. These findings would help to better understand the impact mechanisms of the EASWJ activities on abnormal Meiyu from the perspective of medium-term scale Rossby wave energy propagation.     

The East Asian Upper-Tropospheric Jet Streams and Associated Transient Eddy Activities Simulated by a Climate System Model BCC_CSM1.1

In this paper, major features of the upper-tropospheric jet streams simulated by a coupled Climate System Model BCC_CSM1.1 are evaluated through comparison with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The jet streams consist of the East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ) and the East Asian polar-front jet (EAPJ). Associated stationary wave and synoptic-scale transient eddy activities (STEA) are also examined. The results show that the climatological positions of the westerly jet streams are well captured by BCC_CSM1.1, but with slight intensity biases. Statistics from the 6-h model outputs reveal that the jet core number (JCN) of ESPJ is significantly underestimated. Examination of the simulated seasonal evolution of the westerly jet stream indicates that the model has produced a westward movement of the EASJ core in May, one month earlier than that in the reanalysis. Analysis of stationary wave activities shows that the overestimated meridional wind component may have caused considerable enhancement of meridional momentum and heat transport. The stationary Rossby wave represented by the wave activity flux at the southern flank of the Tibetan Plateau is favorable to the growth of asymmetric zonal wind and the multiple-center pattern of JCN. Unlike the stationary wave heat flux transport, the model tends to systematically generate weaker transient heat flux over East Asia. Further analysis of STEA exhibits a general consistent pattern between the simulation and the reanalysis, while the intensity of the northern STEA branch associated with the EAPJ is greatly reduced. The deficiencies of eddy momentum and heat flux transport and accompanied eddy forcing may contribute to the biases of the simulated upper-tropospheric jet streams, suggesting the potential importance of midlatitude internal atmospheric dynamics in shaping the tropospheric general circulation, which is not yet fully and accurately resolved in the current BCC_CSM1.1.     

新疆夏季降水年际变化与亚洲副热带西风急流

利用1960—2003年NCEP/NCAR再分析和新疆75个气象站月降水资料, 分析了新疆夏季降水与亚洲副热带西风急流的关系, 新疆夏季降水与西亚急流的南北位置和准静止波活动密切联系。通过波作用量的动力学诊断分析, 研究了新疆降水异常年准静止波活动特征, 新疆降水异常年斯堪的纳维亚半岛向东传播的中高纬静止波传播方式的不同, 从而影响沿副热带西亚西风急流传播的静止波活动, 进而影响新疆夏季降水, 并存在沿60°E自南极高纬低层经向上传至低纬对流层顶部, 并在北半球副热带地区转为经向下传至北半球中纬地区的波列, 该波列活动与西亚急流变化联系。     

Advances in research on atmospheric energy propagation and the interactions between different latitudes

Early theoretical analyses indicated that the tropics and extratropics are relatively independent due to the existence of critical latitudes. However, considerable observational evidence has shown that a clear dynamical link exists between the tropics and midlatitudes. To better understand such atmospheric teleconnection, several theories of wave energy propagation are reviewed in this paper: (1) great circle theory, which reveals the characteristics of Rossby waves propagating in the spherical atmosphere; (2) westerly duct theory, which suggests a “corridor” through which the midlatitude disturbances in one hemisphere can propagate into the other hemisphere; (3) energy accumulation-wave emanation theory, which proposes processes through which tropical disturbances can affect the atmospheric motion in higher latitudes; (4) equatorial wave expansion theory, which further explains the physical mechanisms involved in the interaction between the tropics and extratropics; and (5) meridional basic flow theory, which argues that stationary waves can propagate across the tropical easterlies under certain conditions. In addition, the progress made in diagnosing wave-flow interaction, particularly for Rossby waves, inertial-gravity waves, and Kelvin waves, is also reviewed. The meridional propagation of atmospheric energy exhibits significant annual and interannual variations, closely related to ENSO and variation in the westerly jets and tropical upper-tropospheric troughs, amongst others.     

大气能量传播及不同纬度间大气相互作用的研究进展

早期的理论分析认为大气中临界纬度的存在使得热带-热带外的大气活动互不影响。然而,大量的观测事实表明中低纬度大气运动存在着明显的动力联系。为了帮助人们更好地理解大气中的遥相关现象,在大量文献的基础上,综述了几种波能量传播理论:(1) 大圆理论指出了罗斯贝波在球形大气中的传播特征;(2) 西风通道理论发现了中纬度瞬变扰动越赤道传播的“走廊”;(3) 能量堆积-波列发射理论揭示了热带扰动影响到更高纬度大气活动的可能过程;(4) 赤道波侧向膨胀理论则利用转折纬度的概念更进一步解释了这种中低纬度大气相互作用的物理机制;(5) 经向基本流理论则认为在一定的条件下定常波可以穿过热带东风带传播到另一半球。此外,文中还回顾了在波-流相互作用诊断方面的研究进展,尤其是关于罗斯贝波、惯性重力波和赤道开尔文波。大气能量的经向传播具有显著的年变化和年际变化,这与ENSO、西风急流、大洋中部槽等的变化密切相关。     

Topographic generation of intermediate-scale motions by wind-driven currents — A model for the circulation in the vicinity of the Indian-Antarctic ridge

When a broad ocean current encounters a large-scale topographic feature, standing Rossby wave patterns can be generated. Short Rossby waves with a scale L_i = √ Q/β (Q is the speed of the approaching flow; β is the meridional gradient of f) are generated east of the topography. If the zonal scale of the topography, L, is planetary, long standing Rossby waves can be generated west of the topography, when the current has a meridional component. The long waves focus the disturbance zonally and produce alternating regions of intensified or reduced zonal flow. The meridional scale that characterizes these zonal bands is the intermediate scales, L = L_i^2/3L^1/3. When the meridional topographic scale is comparable to L, the amplitude of the long-wave disturbance is dominant. Using multiple-scale methods to exploit the scale gap between the planetary, intermediate and Rossby wave scales, the topographically induced pressure and velocity fields due to a zonal ridge are obtained. When the planetary-scale flow field is directed poleward, a westward counterflow can occur along the poleward flank of the ridge. The meridional scales of these topographically induced flows are comparable to those observed along the Indian-Antarctic Ridge by Callahan (1971).