大气CO2富集对根际NaCl盐渍的人参果植株干物质生产和水分利用的影响

对单株砂培盆栽的半木质化枝条扦插生根的一月龄人生果（Solanum muricatum Ait.）栽培品种＂Xotus＂,每周浇两次200mL NaCl质量浓度分别为0mg·L-1和25mg·L-1的Hoagland营养液处理2个月,第二个月在控制空气CO2体积分数为（350±10）×10-6、（700±10）×10-6和（1050±10）×10-6的植物生长箱内试验。结果表明,人参果植株干物质生产量和耗水量受根际NaCl盐渍而下降,又随大气CO2升高而增加。根际NaCl盐渍能增大植株叶片蒸腾系数、根/冠比和干物质向枝干和根部分配的比例及积累量,降低根系吸收水分的效率和耗水量。升高大气CO2能促进叶片发育及干物质向地上部其他器官和地下部组织分配,增加总叶面积、比叶干重和各种器官中干物质增长量,提高干物质生产率和水分利用率。根际经25mg·L-1NaCl盐渍处理的植株,总干物质增长量和水分利用率相应下降50%～54%和24%～37%;与350×10-6CO2的处理的植株相比,700×10-6及1050×10-6CO2的处理分别使这两项指标提高到79%～106%和61%～88%以及133%～189%和99%～142%。大气CO2富集能改善受NaCl盐渍的植株干物质生产力、提高水分利用率。根际NaCl盐渍和大气CO2富集对人参果植株干物质生产和水分利用有生物互作效应。它们的共同作用会促进植株干物质的增长及叶片中合成的干物质向其他器官分配,提高干物质生产率和水分利用率,同时减少总叶面积、枝条和根系干重、根系吸水效率、植株耗水量和叶片蒸腾系数。因此,全球大气CO2富集将有利于该作物的干物质生产和水分利用。     

锡林浩特草原CO2通量特征及其影响因素分析

利用锡林浩特国家气候观象台开路涡度相关系统、辐射土壤观测系统,测得的长期连续通量观测数据,对锡林浩特草原2009—2011年期间的CO₂通量观测特征进行了分析。结果表明:CO₂通量存在明显的年际、季节和日变化特征。3 a中NEE年际变率达到200 g·m^-2,季节变率最大达到460 g·m^-2,日变化幅度生长季最大达到0.25 mg·m^-2·s^-1。通过不同时间尺度碳通量与温度、水分、辐射等环境因子的分析,认为CO₂通量日变化主要受温度和光合有效辐射影响,而季节变化和年变化主要受降水和土壤含水量的影响。降水强度及时间分布是制约牧草CO₂吸收的关键因素,大于15%的土壤含水量有利于促进牧草生长。     

大气CO2浓度升高及气候变化对作物冠层光合影响的数值模拟

利用美国Licor-6200光合作用测定仪,对黄淮海地区代表性冬小麦品种鲁麦23号叶片光合作用速率进行了较为全面的测定,分别确定了冬小麦叶片光—光合作用响应曲线和CO₂—光合作用响应曲线,在此基础上,建立了叶片光合作用模式,并进而建立了一个具有瞬时时间尺度,空间积分为叶片尺度的冬小麦冠层模式,利用模式分别分析了大气中CO₂浓度升高和温度变化对冠层光合作用的不同影响,并在此基础上进一步进行了综合数值分析。单因子分析表明:晴天状况下,冠层光合速率随CO₂浓度升高而上升,当CO₂浓度由330×10^-6上升至660×10^-6时,冠层光合日总量可增加19.7%;冠层光合速率随辐射增加而增大,辐射量增加10.0%,冠层光合日总量可增加6.7%;冠层光合速率随温度升高而下降,温度升高1℃,冠层光合日总量减少2.9%。多因子综合数值分析表明:在辐射量较大的气候背景下,冠层光合日总量对温度和CO₂变化响应更加敏感。本文的实测数据为研究气候变化对中国农业影响提供了最基本的可靠模型参数,冠层光合模型为未来改进作物模型提供了理论基础。     

东亚地区二氧化碳体积分数变化特征

利用2004年以来东亚地区10个本底观测站大气φ(CO₂)观测资料,分析了各站大气φ(CO₂)的变化特征及其各站之间的差异,讨论了下垫面特征、源汇作用等对φ(CO₂)变化的影响.结果表明:10个本底站大气月均φ(CO₂)有明显的季节变化,高值多出现在冬春等寒冷季节,而低值则多出现在6—9月,属于北半球的夏季;大气φ(CO₂)日变化趋势较为一致,15时(当地时间)前后达到全天最低,随后φ(CO₂)升高,并在日落后继续积累,至清晨7时(当地时间)前后达到全天最高,之后φ(CO₂)随着太阳辐射的增强而逐渐降低,且平均φ(CO₂)水平与下垫面植被量成反比,φ(CO₂)日变化的幅度与下垫面植被量成反比.作为全球基准站之一的瓦里关山站,2004—2008年φ(CO₂)年均值逐年增加,年增长率为2.28×10^-6/a.     

2007和2008年夏季北京奥运馆大气PM10与PM2.5质量浓度变化特征

为了监测北京奥运主场馆附近大气颗粒物的污染状况以及评估奥运污染源减排措施对北京大气颗粒物质量浓度变化的影响,利用颗粒物在线监测仪器TEOM于2007年和2008年夏季,在奥运主场馆附近的中国科学院遥感应用研究所办公楼楼顶对大气颗粒物PM₁₀和PM_2.5进行了连续同步观测。结果表明,2007年夏季监测点附近大气PM₁₀与PM_2.5质量浓度的平均值分别为153.9和71.2μg·m^-3,而2008年夏季PM₁₀与PM_2.5质量浓度的平均值分别为85.2和52.8μg·m^-3。与奥运前一年同时段相比,奥运时段大气PM₁₀和PM_2.5的质量浓度分别下降44.5%和25.1%。对比分析奥运前后的2次典型污染过程发现,空气相对湿度的增加和偏南气流输送的共同影响易造成大气颗粒物的累积增长,而降雨的湿清除作用和偏北气流则会使大气颗粒物浓度迅速降低。在相近的气象条件下,奥运前后的污染过程中,大气细粒子的日均增长速率分别为25.1和13.9μg·m^-3·d^-1,而大气粗粒子的日均增长速率分别为20.8和2.2μg·m^-3·d^-1,奥运时段污染累积过程中大气粗、细粒子的增长速率分别显著低于和略低于奥运前同时段污染过程中颗粒物的增长速率。污染源减排措施的实施是奥运期间大气颗粒物质量浓度降低的主要原因,从控制效果来看,奥运期间实施的污染源减排措施对大气粗粒子的控制效果明显好于大气细粒子。     

低温弱光对设施番茄苗期营养物质和干物质分配的影响

本试验以PAR （光合有效辐射）800 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，温度25℃为对照（CK），设置6个处理[L1T1（PAR 200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，4℃）、L1T2（PAR 200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，6℃）、L1T3（PAR 200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，8℃）、L2T1（PAR 400 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，4℃）、L2T2（PAR 400 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，6℃）和L2T3（PAR 400 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，8℃）]，分别处理6、12、24、48和72 h，以研究低温弱光双重胁迫对番茄苗期干物质分配以及不同器官的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量的影响.结果表明：低温弱光双重胁迫使地下部分干物质分配比例减小，而对地上部分干物质分配比例无显著影响，地下部分的干物质分配比例随时间的变化与地上部分相反；低温弱光胁迫显著降低了番茄茎和叶片的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸的含量；根的可溶性糖含量随胁迫时间的变化趋势与地上部分不一致，但根、茎、叶片的可溶性糖含量均以L2T3处理72 h含量最高，分别为94.88、77.09和41.62 mg·g^-1；根的可溶性蛋白含量随胁迫时间的变化趋势与地上部分不一致，茎和叶片的可溶性蛋白含量均以L2T3处理12 h最高，以L1T1处理72 h最低；不同器官的游离氨基酸含量随胁迫时间的变化趋势与可溶性蛋白相反；弱光对番茄干物质和营养物质含量的影响小于低温.研究证实苗期番茄在低温弱光胁迫前期，干物质和营养物质先向地上部分分配，胁迫24 h后则更多地向根系积累.     

Apparent downward CO2 flux observed with open-path eddy covariance over a non-vegetated surface

Summary The open-path eddy covariance (EC) method often shows unlikely downward CO₂ fluxes in late winter and early spring over drained paddy fields with few active plants. To understand why, we carried out intensive measurements in a bare paddy field from 9 to 11 April 2003, simultaneously using open- and closed-path EC methods; aerodynamic and dynamic closed-chamber methods were also used. During this period, the open-path EC method showed downward daytime CO₂ fluxes ranging from 0 to −5.9 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, even after application of the WPL correction (density correction) and ordinary quality control tests. Because the closed-path EC and aerodynamic methods showed upward CO₂ fluxes, the downward CO₂ fluxes observed with open-path EC appear not to represent true CO₂ transport. Diurnal variations in the downward daytime CO₂ fluxes appeared to be correlated with increases in solar radiation during the day, and also with increases in sensible heat flux in weak winds but not under strongly windy conditions. The daytime 10-Hz time series data of vertical wind and CO₂ mixing ratio demonstrated that updrafts were CO₂ depleted in the open-path system, whereas the same updrafts were CO₂ enriched in the closed-path system. Careful examination of the discrepancies between the open- and the closed-path EC measurements revealed that the amplitudes of the 10-Hz temperature signals from the sonic anemometer and the resultant sensible heat fluxes were too small to compensate for the discrepancies observed during the daytime. The open-path EC method with the conventional application of the WPL correction is not necessarily appropriate for measuring small magnitudes of CO₂ flux (≤5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) under such surface and atmospheric conditions that the magnitude of the WPL correction is as great as that of the uncorrected CO₂ flux itself. Author’s addresses: Keisuke Ono, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan; Akira Miyata, Tomoyasu Yamada, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan     

空气污染-气候相互作用:IPCC AR6的结论解读

本文解读最近发布的政府间气候变化专门委员会（Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,IPCC）第六次气候变化评估报告（Sixth Assessment Report,AR6）关于空气污染-气候相互作用的主要新结论。在大气污染物的气候效应方面,AR6估算了大气污染物或其前体物排放变化导致的有效辐射强迫值（Effective Radiative Forcing,ERF）,对评估大气污染治理可能产生的气候效应具有启示性意义。AR6也估算出1750—2019年间人为强迫导致的全球平均地表温度（Global mean Surface Air Temperature,GSAT）变化为1.29（0.99～1.65）℃,其中,均匀混合温室气体、臭氧、气溶胶导致的温度变化分别为1.58（1.17～2.17）℃、0.23（0.11～0.39）℃、-0.50（-0.22～-0.96）℃。气溶胶历史变化的气候效应中,起决定性作用的是由SO₂排放变化通过气溶胶-云相互作用所产生的ERF （高信度）,从而部分抵消了人为排放温室气体所引起的变暖（高信度）。在气候变化影响大气污染物方面,AR6首次评估获得了地表臭氧浓度对温度的敏感性,在偏远地区为-0.2 ～-2 nL·L^-1·℃^-1、在污染区为0.2 ～2 nL·L^-1·℃^-1。在大多数陆地区域,关于气候变化是增加还是减少PM_2.5,目前模式结果结论的一致性较低。     

福建三明市春季PM2.5中有机碳、元素碳和水溶性离子特征分析

2014年3月13日至4月20日在福建三明市利用PM_2.5中流量采样器采集大气中PM_2.5膜样品,测定了PM_2.5的质量浓度,并用热/光碳分析仪和离子色谱分析了其组分变化特征.结果表明,三明市观测期间PM_2.5的平均质量浓度为73.61±0.73 μg/m³,有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的平均质量浓度分别为7.26±1.00和5.63±0.27 μg/m³,水溶性离子中SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺、NO₃^-和Na⁺的质量浓度分别为18.08±12.19、4.18±3.56、2.77±1.16和2.73±0.23 μg/m³,总和占总水溶性离子的87.76%.结合后向轨迹分析了福建三明市的污染物来源特征.该地区OC/EC的平均比值小于2,SOC(二次有机碳)生成量很少,主要以一次有机污染物为主,OC、EC与K⁺的相关性分析表明OC、EC与K⁺的来源相近,可以判断OC、EC绝大部分来源是生物质燃烧产生的污染物.在水溶性离子分析中,观测期间NO₃^-/SO₄^2-为0.159±0.02,表明三明市主要以固定源为主,机动车辆等移动源贡献较少.     

Temporal dynamics of CO2 fluxes and profiles over a Central European city

Summary In Summer 2002 eddy covariance flux measurements of CO₂ were performed over a dense urban surface. The month-long measurements were carried out in the framework of the Basel Urban Boundary Layer Experiment (BUBBLE). Two Li7500 open path analysers were installed at z/z_H = 1.0 and 2.2 above a street canyon with z_H the average building height of 14.6 m and z the height above street level. Additionally, profiles of CO₂ concentration were sampled at 10 heights from street level up to 2 z_H. The minimum and maximum of the average diurnal course of CO₂ concentration at 2 z_H were 362 and 423 ppmv in late afternoon and early morning, respectively. Daytime CO₂ concentrations were not correlated to local sources, e.g. the minimum occurred together with the maximum in traffic load. During night-time CO₂ is in general accumulated, except when inversion development is suppressed by frontal passages. CO₂ concentrations were always decreasing with height and correspondingly, the fluxes – on average – always directed upward. At z/z_H = 2.2 low values of about 3 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ were measured during the second half of the night. During daytime average values reached up to 14 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. The CO₂ fluxes are well correlated with the traffic load, with their maxima occurring together in late afternoon. Daytime minimum CO₂ concentrations fell below regional background values. Besides vertical mixing and entrainment, it is suggested that this is also due to advection of rural air with reduced CO₂ concentration. Comparison with other urban observations shows a large range of differences among urban sites in terms of both CO₂ fluxes and concentrations. Present affiliation: Swiss Federal Office for Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Zürich, Switzerland     

Effects of a Dry-Mass Conserving Dynamical Core on the Simulation of Tropical Cyclones

The accurate forecasting of tropical cyclones(TCs) is a challenging task. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a dry-mass conserving(DMC) hydrostatic global spectral dynamical core on TC simulation. Experiments were conducted with DMC and total(moist) mass conserving(TMC) dynamical cores. The TC forecast performance was first evaluated considering 20 TCs in the West Pacific region observed during the 2020 typhoon season. The impacts of the DMC dynamical core on forecasts o...     

The Uptake Coefficient of I2 on Various Aqueous Surfaces

Uptake coefficient of I₂ on aqueous surfaces was measured by using an impinging flow method. Dependence of the uptake coefficient on the gas-liquid contact time and pH was investigated. The uptake coefficient was (3.7± 2.0)×10^–4 at 120 ms, 293 K and pH = 5.6. In the alkaline region, the uptake coefficient was larger by one order of magnitude than that in the neutral and acidic region. The I₂ uptake on KI solutions and synthetic sea water solutions was also measured. According to the analysis by the reactive uptake model, the uptake of I₂ was shown to be mainly determined by liquid phase reactions and the accommodation coefficient of I₂ on aqueous surfaces was estimated to be 0.01.     

干对流调整对区域气候模拟效果的影响

利用干对流发生时大气层之间质量交换应满足守恒性原理, 改进了p-σ区域气候模式中的干对流调整方案。该方案同时调整温度、比湿和风场。利用1979~1995年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料月平均场作为初始场和侧边界强迫, 模拟1月和7月的气候特征,并用t检验和F检验方法检验敏感试验和控制试验模拟结果差异的显著性。结果表明, 无论是1月还是7月, 敏感试验与控制试验出现干对流调整的区域均一致, 但敏感试验各区域发生干对流调整的次数均比控制试验多。7月各个物理量场的差异均比1月显著。两试验模拟7月比湿场和降水量场的均值差异不明显, 而方差差异比较显著;温度场和风场的均值差异和方差差异均比较显著。敏感试验在20°N~35°N纬度带内对7月500 hPa风场的模拟有了比较明显的改进。在对7月总降水量场的模拟方面, 敏感试验在新疆北部、内蒙古中部呼和浩特一带、吉林东部以及湖北和广东地区有比较好的模拟效果, 基本消除了控制试验中的虚假大值区。     

A Study of DMS Oxidation in the Tropics: Comparison of Christmas Island Field Observations of DMS, SO2, and DMSO with Model Simulations

This study reports comparisonsbetween model simulations, based on current sulfurmechanisms, with the DMS, SO₂ and DMSOobservational data reported by Bandy et al.(1996) in their 1994 Christmas Island field study. For both DMS and SO₂, the model results werefound to be in excellent agreement with theobservations when the observations were filtered so asto establish a common meteorological environment. Thisfiltered DMS and SO₂ data encompassedapproximately half of the total sampled days. Basedon these composite profiles, it was shown thatoxidation of DMS via OH was the dominant pathway withno more than 5 to 15% proceeding through Cl atoms andless than 3% through NO₃. This analysis wasbased on an estimated DMS sea-to-air flux of 3.4 ×10⁹ molecs cm^-2 s^-1. The dominant sourceof BL SO₂ was oxidation of DMS, the overallconversion efficiency being evaluated at 0.65 ± 0.15. The major loss of SO₂ was deposition to theocean's surface and scavenging by aerosol. Theresulting combined first order k value was estimated at 1.6 × 10^-5 s^-1. In contrast to the DMSand SO₂ simulations, the model under-predictedthe observed DMSO levels by nearly a factor of 50. Although DMSO instrument measurement problems can notbe totally ruled out, the possibility of DMSO sourcesother than gas phase oxidation of DMS must beseriously considered and should be explored in futurestudies.     

Modelling of the vertical fluxes of nitric acid,ammonia, and ammonium nitrate

Results from numerical investigations regarding the exchange of HNO₃, NH₃, and NH₄NO₃ between the atmosphere and the biosphere are presented. The investigations were performed with a modified inferential method which is based on the generally accepted micrometeorological ideas of the transfer of momentum, sensible heat and matter near the Earth's surface and the chemical reactions among these nitrogen compounds. This modified inferential method calculates the micrometeorological quantities (such as the friction velocity and the fluxes of sensible and latent heat), the height-invariant fluxes of the composed chemically conservative trace species with group concentrationsc ₁=[HNO₃]+[NH₄NO₃] (total nitrate),c ₂=[NH₃]+[NH₄NO₃] (total ammonia), andc ₃=[HNO₃]-[NH₃] as well as the fluxes of the individual nitrogen compounds. The parameterization of the fluxes is based on the flux-gradient relationships in the turbulent region of the atmospheric surface layer. The modified inferential method requires only the data of wind velocity, temperature, humidity and concentrations (HNO₃, NH₃, and NH₄NO₃) measured at a reference height by stations of a monitoring network.     

一种大气污染物干沉积速率的计算方法及其应用

介绍了一种计算大气污染物干沉积速率的方法。这种方法详细地考虑了植物生理特征和冠层内湍流结构对干沉积的影响，考虑了3层覆盖物对表面阻抗的影响，通过计算7个不同的阻抗因子获得干沉积速率。利用该方法计算了农田下垫面上7种不同大气污染物沉积的表面阻抗和江西(鹰洋)红壤典型地区农田下垫面上的二氧化硫(SO2)和硫酸盐(SO4^2—)的干沉积速率，估算了大气硫输入农田生态系统的干沉积通量，并与其他方法作了定量比较。结果表明：农田下垫面上SO2与SO4^2—的干沉积速率平均值分别为0．31cm／s，0．20cm／s；干沉积速率具有明显的日变化特征，一般白天大于夜间，中午时分出现最大值；月际变化也较明显，在冬季有大值；大气硫输入农田生态系统的全年干沉积通量为7．35g/m^2。     

Source identification of PM2.5 particles measured in Gwangju, Korea

The UNMIX and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor models were used to investigate sources of PM_2.5 aerosols measured between March 2001 and February 2002 in Gwangju, Korea. Measurements of PM_2.5 particles were used for the analysis of carbonaceous species (organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) using the thermal manganese dioxide oxidation (TMO) method, the investigation of seven ionic species using ion chromatography (IC), and the analysis of twenty-four metal species using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES)/ICP-Mass Spectrometry (MS). According to annual average PM_2.5 source apportionment results obtained from CMB calculations, diesel vehicle exhaust was the major contributor, accounting for 33.4% of the measured PM_2.5 mass (21.5 μg m^− 3), followed by secondary sulfate (14.6%), meat cooking (11.7%), secondary organic carbon (8.9%), secondary nitrate (7.6%), urban dust (5.5%), Asian dust (4.4%), biomass burning (2.8%), sea salt (2.7%), residual oil combustion (2.6%), gasoline vehicle exhaust (1.9%), automobile lead (0.5%), and components of unknown sources (3.4%). Seven PM_2.5 sources including diesel vehicles (29.6%), secondary sulfate (17.4%), biomass burning (14.7%), secondary nitrate (12.6%), gasoline vehicles (12.4%), secondary organic carbon (5.8%) and Asian dust (1.9%) were identified from the UNMIX analysis. The annual average source apportionment results from the two models are compared and the reasons for differences are qualitatively discussed for better understanding of PM_2.5 sources.Additionally, the impact of air mass pathways on the PM_2.5 mass was evaluated using air mass trajectories calculated with the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) backward trajectory model. Source contributions to PM_2.5 collected during the four air mass patterns and two event periods were calculated with the CMB model and analyzed. Results of source apportionment revealed that the contribution of diesel traffic exhaust (47.0%) in stagnant conditions (S) was much higher than the average contribution of diesel vehicle exhaust (33.4%) during the sampling period. During Asian dust (AD) periods when the air mass passed over the Korean peninsula, Asian dust and secondary organic carbon accounted for 25.2 and 23.0% of the PM_2.5 mass, respectively, whereas Asian dust contributed only 10.8% to the PM_2.5 mass during the AD event when the air mass passed over the Yellow Sea. The contribution of biomass burning to the PM_2.5 mass during the biomass burning (BB) event equaled 63.8%.     

典型大气污染物在不同下垫面上干沉积速率的动态变化及空间分布

利用中国科学院红壤生态试验站微气象站实测的梯度资料和大叶阻力相似沉积模型,计算了农田和森林下垫面大气污染物的干沉积速率,并将此模型嵌套到区域酸性沉降模式系统(RegADMS)中,模拟获得中国地区11种大气污染物干沉积速率的空间分布.结果表明:大气污染物干沉降速率(Vd)有明显的时间变化,物种的干沉积速率一般白天大于晚上,冬春季大于夏秋季节.大气污染物Vd也有明显的空间变化,中国地区SO2、HNO3、NO、NO2、NH3、O3、H2O2、TSP、PM10、SO2-4和NO-3年平均Vd分别为0.35士0.004、1.77±0.01、6.5 ×10-5±2.0×10-7、0.07±0.0007、0.28土0.003、0.20±0.001、0.54±0.002、7.2±0.0005、0.44±0.0005、0.25±0.0005、0.27±0.0008cm s-1.各种下垫面上粒子Vd差别不大,气体污染物在各下垫面上的Vd有所不同,表现为HNO3、NO2、O3的Vd在森林和草原上较大,而SO2、NH3、H2O2的Vd在水面上较大,NO的Vd都很小,且在各种下垫面上差别不大.     

A discharge flow mass-spectrometric study of the reaction between the NO3 radical and isoprene

The kinetics and mechanism of the reactionNO₃+CH₂=C(CH₃)–CH=CH₂productswere studied in two laboratories at 298 K in the pressure range 0.7–3 torr using the discharge-flow mass-spectrometric method. The rate constant obtained under pseudo-first-order conditions with excess of either NO₃ or isoprene was: k ₁=(7.8±0.6)×10^–13 cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1. The product analysis indicated that the primary addition of NO₃ occurred on both -bonds of the isprene molecule.