渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷烃源岩地球化学与分布特征

渤中凹陷古近系发育三套烃源岩,即始新统沙河街组三段、沙河街组一段以及渐新统东营组烃源岩.前两套烃源岩普遍发育于整个渤海湾盆地,而后一套烃源岩在渤中凹陷最为发育.沙三段烃源岩主要形成于中深湖沉积环境,有机质丰度高、有机质类型好,属于优质烃源岩.沙三段烃源岩展布面积大、厚度大、埋藏深,主体处于成熟-高成熟阶段.沙一段烃源岩为湖盆收缩期半咸水-咸水环境形成的烃源岩,同样具有高的有机质丰度和很好的有机质类型,属于优质烃源岩,但厚度小,烃源岩规模较小.受新构造运动的影响,渤中凹陷沉积了巨厚的东营组地层.东营组三段烃源岩以中深湖相沉积为主,具有较高的有机质丰度和较好的有机质类型,为好-优质烃源岩;东二下亚段与东三段烃源岩相比,有机质丰度降低,有机质类型变差,但主要仍属于中等-好烃源岩.东三段和东二下亚段烃源岩分布广、厚度大,在渤中凹陷主体处于成熟阶段,是本区重要的烃源岩.     

长岭断陷东岭鼻状构造带沙河子组烃源岩特征及评价

为确定东岭鼻状构造带沙河子组烃源岩的发育程度,本文应用有机地球化学分析方法,对沙河子组的暗色泥岩进行了有机质丰度、类型和成熟度的研究。研究结果显示:有机碳平均含量为2.21%,生烃潜量平均值为9.13 mg/g,氯仿沥青"A"含量0.5%,总烃含量500×10~(-6),说明沙河子组暗色泥岩有机质丰度较高;有机显微组分中惰质组分含量较低,"壳质组+腐泥组"相对含量远远高于镜质组和惰质组。T_(max)为446℃~462℃,结合T_(max)与氢指数和降解指数的关系,指示有机质干酪根类型以II1~I型为主;镜质体反射率(Ro)为0.56%~0.71%,处于低成熟-成熟阶段。综合分析认为沙河子组烃源岩有机质丰度高,有机质类型好,有机质成熟度处于低成熟-成熟阶段,属于中等-好的烃源岩,以生油为主。东岭断鼻构造带沙河子组具有较大的勘探潜力。     

江汉盆地海相地层有效烃源岩的识别

海相地层或海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩地球化学评价的焦点问题之一是如何鉴定有机质丰度下限和划分有效烃源岩与非有效烃源岩。江汉盆地海相地层烃源岩的地球化学研究表明,在有机质成熟演化过程中,烃源岩有机碳(TOC)含量不会有明显的降低,有机碳含量是有机质丰度评价的有效地球化学指标。参考国内外有关碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机质丰度的评价标准,结合本区油气显示,该高演化区有效碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机碳的下限值为0.2%～0.3%,二叠系烃源岩为有效烃源岩。     

江汉盆地海相地层有效烃源岩的识别

海相地层或海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩地球化学评价的焦点问题之一是如何鉴定有机质丰度下限和划分有效烃源岩与非有效烃源岩.江汉盆地海相地层烃源岩的地球化学研究表明,在有机质成熟演化过程中,烃源岩有机碳(TOC)含量不会有明显的降低,有机碳含量是有机质丰度评价的有效地球化学指标.参考国内外有关碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机质丰度的评价标准,结合本区油气显示,该高演化区有效碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机碳的下限值为0.2%～0.3%,二叠系烃源岩为有效烃源岩.     

羌塘盆地土门地区上三叠统土门格拉组烃源岩地球化学特征

本文在南羌塘盆地土门地区获得一套上三叠统土门格拉组泥质烃源岩。通过有机质丰度、有机质类型和有机质热演化程度的分析,结果表明,土门格拉组泥质烃源岩有机碳含量在0.54%~1.36%之间,达到了中等-好烃源岩标准,局部达到很好烃源岩标准;干酪根镜检结果显示,有机质类型主要为II1型。镜质体反射率Ro为1.61%~2.76%,岩石热解峰温Tmax介于340~544℃之间,干酪根腐泥组颜色为棕色-棕褐色,表明有机质演化达到过成熟阶段。土门地区土门格拉组泥质烃源岩的发现进一步表明羌塘盆地上三叠统烃源岩具备良好的生烃(气)潜力。     

准噶尔盆地南缘芦草沟组有机地球化学特征及其地质意义

为对准噶尔盆地芦草沟组烃源岩生烃潜力进行评价,本文结合地质剖面分析及前人研究成果,针对准噶尔盆地南缘芦草沟组富有机质泥页岩有机地球化学特征进行研究,按照剖面1-剖面3,芦草沟组内部的上、中、下3段的有机质类型、有机碳含量、有机质成熟度等方面进行对比分析,指出芦草沟组的非常规油气潜力。研究表明:(1)研究区内芦草沟组生油岩有机质丰度大,TOC含量为0.31%～22.21%,平均值5.16%。平面上,由西到东研究区芦草沟组平均TOC含量逐渐增加。垂向上,中段TOC最高,上段次之,下段最低;(2)通过最大热解峰温(Tmax)与氢指数(IH)关系的研究,研究区芦草沟组无论平面上或垂向上Ⅰ型、Ⅱ1型、Ⅱ2型及Ⅲ型干酪根均有发育,以Ⅰ型及Ⅱ1型干酪根为主,Ⅱ2、Ⅲ型次之;(3)研究区芦草沟组处于热成熟阶段,Ro峰值为0.9%,Tmax为429.0℃～440.0℃,可能发育良好的页岩油,平面上Ro值无明显变化。垂向上由浅到深,Ro值有逐渐增大的趋势;(4)成果表明芦草沟组沉积有机质已进入生油门限,具良好的油气勘探潜力。     

江汉盆地海相地层有效烃源岩的识别

海相地层或海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩地球化学评价的焦点问题之一是如何鉴定有机质丰度下限和划分有效烃源岩与非有效烃源岩.江汉盆地海相地层烃源岩的地球化学研究表明,在有机质成熟演化过程中,烃源岩有机碳(TOC)含量不会有明显的降低,有机碳含量是有机质丰度评价的有效地球化学指标.参考国内外有关碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机质丰度的评价标准,结合本区油气显示,该高演化区有效碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机碳的下限值为0.2%～0.3%,二叠系烃源岩为有效烃源岩.     

内蒙古乌兰浩特市索伦镇中二叠统哲斯组海相暗色泥岩有机地球化学特征

在对内蒙古索伦地区中二叠统哲斯组岩性特征、沉积环境和暗色泥岩油气地球化学特征研究的基础上,总结了烃源岩的有机质丰度、干酪根类型和热演化的特征。暗色泥岩累积厚度达640m。总有机碳(TOC)的含量在0.38%~1.78%之间,TOC大于0.6%的样品占98%。有机质类型为Ⅱ~Ⅲ型。Tmax在354~548℃之间,Ro平均值3.24%,表明干酪根演化进入高—过成熟阶段。研究中还发现,S1+S2(<0.2mg/g)和IH(<16mg/g·c)都很低。造成上述结果的原因是,烃源岩已经经历过极高的热演化和排烃过程,排烃发生在晚二叠世和早白垩世晚期。     

内蒙古乌兰浩特市索伦镇中二叠统哲斯组海相暗色泥岩有机地球化学特征

在对内蒙古索伦地区中二叠统哲斯组岩性特征、沉积环境和暗色泥岩油气地球化学特征研究的基础上,总结了烃源岩的有机质丰度、干酪根类型和热演化的特征.暗色泥岩累积厚度达640m.总有机碳(TOC)的含量在0.38%～1.78%之间,TOC大于0.6%的样品占98%.有机质类型为Ⅱ～Ⅲ型.Tmax在354～548℃之间,Ro平均值3.24%,表明干酪根演化进入高-过成熟阶段.研究中还发现,S1+S2(<0.2mg/g)和IH(<16mg/g·c)都很低.造成上述结果的原因是,烃源岩已经经历过极高的热演化和排烃过程,排烃发生在晚二叠世和早白垩世晚期.     

烃源岩TOC值变化与其生排烃效率关系的探讨

采用实验模拟和数值模拟相结合的方法揭示了烃源岩有机碳(TOC%)的损失率DTOC=(TOC0-TOC)/TOC0的变化规律.当烃源岩生排烃效率很低时,DTOC都为负值,即在成熟演化过程 TOC是增加的.随着生排烃效率提高,有机碳变化率DTOC逐渐增加(TOC损失率增大),烃源岩逐步由"增碳"进程转变为"减碳"进程.但只有生烃潜力很高的Ⅰ型有机质岩石,在生烃降解率和排烃效率极高的"理想"条件下,DTOC的增加(减碳进程)幅度才十分显著.指出基于有机质原始丰度恢复的碳酸盐岩烃源岩评价标准,可能过分强调了"减碳"的进程,很多情形下会美化原本比较差的烃源岩.     

Characteristics and Evaluation of the High-Quality Source Rocks of Cretaceous Continental Shale Oil in Tonghua Basin,China

The presence of shale oil in the Cretaceous Hengtongshan Formation in the Tonghua Basin, drilled by the well TD-01, has been discussed in this geological investigation for the first time. To evaluate the high-quality source rocks of Cretaceous continental shale oil, the distribution characteristics and the evolution of the ancient environment, samples of shale were systematically analyzed in terms of sedimentary facies, organic geochemistry, and organic carbon isotopic composition. The results demonstrate that a TOC value of 1.5% represents the lower-limit TOC value of the high-quality source rocks. Source rocks have an aggregate thickness of 211 m and contain abundant organic matter, with TOC values of 2.69% on average and a maximum value over 5.44%. The original hydrocarbon-generative potential value(S_1+S_2) is between 0.18 mg/g and 6.13 mg/g, and the Ro is between 0.97% and 1.40%. The thermal maturation of the source rocks is relatively mature to highly mature. The δ¹³C value range is between -34.75‰ and -26.53‰. The ratio of saturated hydrocarbons to aromatic hydrocarbons is 1.55 to 5.24, with an average of 2.85, which is greater than 1.6. The organic types are mainly type Ⅱ_1, followed by type Ⅰ. The organic carbon source was C_3 plants and hydrophytes. The paleoclimate of the Hengtongshan Formation can be characterized as hot and dry to humid, and these conditions were conducive to the development of high-quality source rocks. A favorable paleoenvironment and abundant organic carbon sources provide a solid hydrocarbon generation base for the formation and accumulation of oil and gas in the shale of the Tonghua Basin.     

Reply to D. F. Lascelles. Discussion on ‘Microplaty hematite—its varied nature and genesis’ by R. C. Morris and ‘Genesis modelling for the Hamersley BIF-hosted iron ores of Western Australia: a critical review’ by R. C. Morris and M. Kneeshaw

Abstract

The third (Es₃) member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation is the main hydrocarbon source rock interval in the Raoyang Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin. The lower Es₃ (Es₃^L) and upper Es₃ (Es₃^U) submembers display clear differences in source rock quality. The formation mechanisms of the source rocks are investigated via geochemical methods using 60 samples from three wells to reconstruct the paleo-environment during deposition. The major element parameters exhibit changes in paleoclimate from humid to arid. Indicators such as Sr/Ba, B/Ga, the gammacerane index and isotopic data suggest fresh–brackish and hydrological open lakes with unstable water column stratification likely occurred during deposition of the Es₃^L submember and saline and hydrologically closed lakes with stable water column stratification likely during deposition of the Es₃^U submember. Carbon isotope values of organic matter, trace elements and biomarker parameters suggest that the Es₃^L submember had moderate productivity, with a significant contribution from terrigenous organic matter whereas the Es₃^U submember had slightly enhanced productivity, with no or minor contributions from terrigenous organic matter. Furthermore, the pristane/phytane ratio and the enrichment of Mo and U indicate that the euxinic bottom-water conditions (sulfidic) of the lakes during deposition of the Es₃^U submember were best for preserving organic matter. Comparison of the models of source rock deposition of the Es₃^L and Es₃^U submembers indicates that the redox conditions play an important role in the formation of organic-rich source rocks in the Raoyang Sag.     

Distribution Characteristics of Effective Source Rocks and Their Control on Hydrocarbon Accumulation: A Case Study from the Dongying Sag, Eastern China

The exploration conducted in the Bohai Bay basin, eastern China has demonstrated that the abundant petroleum resources have close affinities to the hydrocarbon kitchen with rich organic matter. A number of oil-generating associations with various characteristics of organic geochemistry and assemblages of multiple reservoir facies are developed due to the multi-center sedimentation, multi-source supply and multi-cycle evolution of filling, which have resulted in the formation of multiple oil and gas accumulation zones of various layers and trap styles. Among them the Paleogene Shahejie Formation is the most important hydrocarbon accumulation combination in the Dongying sag. Heretofore, its proved reserve has reached nearly 1.8×109t, which accounts for more than 90% of the total proved reserves of the Dongying sag. Based on previous studies, more than 600 source rock samples and 186 crude oil samples of the Shahejie Formation, collected from 30 oilfields, have been treated with organic geochemical testing     

济阳坳陷青东凹陷低熟油生烃机理研究

青东凹陷勘探程度低,油气资源潜力尚未得到充分认识,开展凹陷内低熟油成因机理的研究有利于评价油气资源潜力并指导油气勘探工作。原油的物理及地球化学特征表明低熟油主要分布于凹陷边缘的沙四上亚段储层中。油源对比显示低熟油主要来自凹陷内沙四上亚段低熟烃源岩。研究区沙四段烃源岩具备形成低熟油的地质和地球化学条件：沙四段泥页岩有机质丰度高,有机质类型以腐泥型(I)和腐泥-腐殖型(II1)为主;泥页岩与蒸发岩共生的咸化还原环境因富含高矿化度地层水而有助于有机质早期转化生烃;烃源岩中的可溶有机质经过低温化学反应、细菌活动、生物催化作用等可形成低熟油。该研究对青东凹陷油气勘探工作有重要指导意义,寻找低熟油气藏是研究区未来重要的勘探方向。     

渤海西部海域新生代盖层特征及对油气的控制作用

渤海西部海域新生代盖层发育情况与油气富集密切相关。利用渤西地区丰富的钻井资料、测井资料、取心分析化验资料等对研究区新生代盖层发育特征、封闭性及其对油气成藏的控制作用开展了研究。研究结果表明,该区主要发育东二段下部、明下段下部及明下段上部3套区域泥质岩盖层,东二段下部区域泥岩盖层相比于明下段两套区域泥岩盖层具有单层泥岩厚度大、色暗、质纯、高泥地比、横向分布稳定及更高成岩阶段等特点,东二段下部泥岩盖层封闭性好于明下段泥岩盖层;东二段下部区域泥岩盖层控制了油气在凹陷区域深部沙河街组、东营组的聚集成藏并决定了油气朝沙垒田古隆起上倾方向运移,明化镇组下段区域"终极盖层"与断裂共同作用控制了整个渤西地区新近系的油气富集程度;提出了"周边凹陷东二下区域泥岩盖层底面构造脊输导体系"、"凸起斜坡及内部明下段泥岩盖层、断裂‘耦合’油气输导体系"两种区域盖层控制下的油气输导模式。      

北部湾盆地乌石凹陷流沙港组烃源岩地球化学特征

以大量烃源岩样品地球化学分析为基础,综合应用钻井以及地震等地质资料,从有机质丰度、类型、成熟度、母质来源、沉积环境以及生物标志物等方面对乌石凹陷流沙港组烃源岩地球化学特征进行了研究。研究结果表明,流三段发育于还原湖泊环境,有机质丰度较高,类型主要为Ⅱ1-Ⅱ2型;流二段沉积于弱还原至还原环境,有机质丰度最高,尤其是流二段油页岩基本为优质烃源岩,有机质类型以Ⅱ1-Ⅱ2型为主;流一段沉积于偏氧化性湖泊环境,有机质丰度最低,类型以Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型为主。依据烃源岩综合演化剖面,将其热演化过程划分为未成熟、低成熟、成熟和高成熟4个阶段,确定了烃源岩生烃门限深度为2900m,生烃高峰位于3600m。低伽马蜡烷指数显示流沙港组沉积时期水体为淡水环境,丰富的4-甲基甾烷表明水生低等植物对烃源岩母质来源有较大贡献。     

藏北羌塘盆地QK-1井中侏罗统烃源岩地球化学特征

QK-1天然气水合物钻探试验井位于西藏羌塘盆地毕洛错地区,主要钻遇中侏罗统夏里组粉砂质泥岩和布曲组灰岩。其有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度等有机地球化学特征表明,南羌塘地区中侏罗统烃源岩的有机质丰度偏低,夏里组泥岩TOC介于0.26%~0.38%之间,达到差-中烃源岩标准,而布曲组灰岩TOC介于0.02%~0.08%之间,仅局部达到差烃源岩标准;两个组的烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ₂型及Ⅲ型,较利于天然气的生成,其中夏里组的生气能力优于布曲组;该区烃源岩热演化程度较高,Ro为1.31%~1.63%之间,均达到高成熟阶段,而夏里组有可能已进入干气阶段。基于冻土区天然气水合物成藏条件分析,综合考虑夏里组烃源岩及沉积厚度特征,认为中侏罗统夏里组具备良好的天然气水合物勘探前景。     

歧口凹陷沙河街组成岩史分析和成岩阶段预测

渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷超压对有机质热演化、有机酸生成和水岩反应具有明显的抑制作用。在化学动力学模型中加入超压因子增加反应活化能,即可用于超压条件下有机质热演化和成岩作用的模拟。歧口凹陷深层(>3500m)主要为沙河街组(始新—渐新世)。在沙河街组沉积末期沙河街组三段(沙三段)就进入晚成岩阶段A₁期,烃源岩开始生烃,生、储、盖层发育史与圈闭发育史匹配良好,油气藏开始形成。在东营组沉积时期(渐新世)—新近纪,沙河街组大部分地层处于晚成岩阶段A₁—A₂期,是其主要成藏期。现今沙河街组一段、二段和三段的上部仍处于晚成岩阶段A₁—A₂期,有利于油气藏的形成。然而,沙三段的下部在歧口凹陷的北部地区已进入晚成岩阶段BC期,镜质组反射率Ro≥1.3%,烃源岩处于高过成熟阶段,储层物性较差,不利于成藏,但在南部地区的沙三段下部还处于晚成岩阶段A₁-A₂期,生、储、盖层发育,是油气聚集的有利地区。     

强烈风化作用对烃源岩评价指标的影响 ——以额济纳旗及邻区石炭系—二叠系为例

通过对雅干地区4口浅钻井样品与二叠系埋汗哈达组、阿其德组和哈尔苏海组露头样品、XT9井岩心样品、大狐狸山剖面干泉组露头样品的有机质丰度、类型、成熟度等烃源岩评价指标的对比研究,认为强烈风化作用对烃源岩有机质丰度和常规有机质类型评价指标(H/C-O/C)的影响范围超过50m,且对有机质丰度各评价指标的影响程度不尽相同,对TOC含量的影响最小,对生烃潜量的影响最大;生物标志化合物指标受风化作用的影响较小,能对露头样品有机质类型进行有效划分。风化作用对镜质体反射率(Ro)的影响范围在10m以内。     

Organic Geochemical and Petrographic Characteristics of the Coal Measure Source Rocks of Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Sag of the East China Sea Shelf Basin: Implications for Coal Measure Gas Potential

Coal measure source rocks, located in the Xihu Sag of the East China Sea Shelf Basin, were analyzed to define the hydrocarbon generation potential, organic geochemistry/petrology characteristics, and coal preservation conditions. The Pinghu source rocks in the Xihu Sag are mainly gas-prone accompany with condensate oil generation. The coals and shales of the Pinghu Formation are classified from "fair" to "excellent" source rocks with total organic carbon(TOC) contents ranging from 25.2% to 77.2% and 1.29% to 20.9%, respectively. The coals are richer in TOC and S1+S2 than the shales, indicating that the coals have more generation potential per unit mass. Moreover, the kerogen type of the organic matter consists of types Ⅱ-Ⅲ and Ⅲ, which the maturity Ro ranges from 0.59% to 0.83%. Petrographically, the coals and shales are dominated by vitrinite macerals(69.1%–96.8%) with minor proportions of liptinite(2.5%–17.55%) and inertinite(0.2%–6.2%). The correlation between maceral composition and S1+S2 indicates that the main contributor to the generation potential is vitrinite. Therefore, the coals and shales of the Pinghu Formation has good hydrocarbon generation potential, which provided a good foundation for coal measure gas accumulation. Furthermore, coal facies models indicates that the Pinghu coal was deposited in limno-telmatic environment under high water levels, with low tree density(mainly herbaceous) and with low-moderate nutrient supply. Fluctuating water levels and intermittent flooding during the deposition of peat resulted in the inter-layering of coal, shale and sandstone, which potentially providing favorable preservation conditions for coal measure gas.