地闪回击电磁场对架空线路耦合过电压的数值模拟

为了研究地闪回击通道周围的电磁场对架空线路的耦合过电压,首先采用指数衰减传输线型工程回击模式(MTLE)模拟分析了回击通道周围电磁场的分布特征,然后运用以Agrawal模型为基础的场—线耦合程序对架空线路感应过电压进行了数值计算,并将模拟计算结果与人工引雷实验结果进行比较,所得线路过电压的计算结果与实验数据基本相符。模拟结果表明,地闪回击电场的垂直分量和水平分量都应考虑到场—线耦合机制中;回击通道基电流波形的陡度同时影响到架空线路感应过电压的幅值和陡度,而电流幅值只影响感应过电压的幅值;当观测距离较近(50 m)时,架空线路上感应过电压幅值与电流回击速度呈反相关;随着观测距离的增加,架空线路上感应过电压波形上升沿时间增加、幅值减小;此外,架空线路感应过电压幅值随线路高度和接地电阻的增加而增大,与线路长度和直径的变化无关。     

基于人工触发闪电的开关型SPD性能试验

基于火箭人工引雷,对安装于低压架空配电线路上的开关型SPD进行性能试验。试验中发现,人工触发闪电的初始连续电流过程和回击过程在低压架空线路上感应出的正、负极性过电压在数值上相当,M过程感应出的正、负极性过电压在数值上差异较大,其中回击过程感应过电压幅值最大,均为10.23 kV。对应初始连续电流过程、回击过程和M过程,开关型SPD动作呈现出明显的点火、电弧、熄弧等过程,泄放雷电流的残压持续时间达毫秒量级。回击过程对应的SPD动作过程中存在明显的工频续流,M过程由于电流和能量都相对较小,工频续流过程不明显。雷击电磁脉冲在架空线路上耦合引起的过电流波的波前时间和波尾时间较实验室采用的8/20μs模拟雷电感应波的波前时间和波尾时间大很多倍,其对SPD的考验更残酷。     

基于天线接收原理雷电流监测方法的研究

针对天线耦合雷电电磁波信号频谱及能量不准确的问题,利用实验和理论相结合的方法,建立天线接收雷电电磁波信号的等效电路,分析雷电电磁波信号的频谱和能量分布规律,提出一种用宽带天线监测雷电流的方法,通过测量雷电辐射源的电磁脉冲在宽带天线上耦合的电压幅值和能量幅值推算雷电流值的大小及其变化趋势.结果表明：宽带天线能准确地监测雷电电磁脉冲和雷电电流值以及它们的变化趋势.实验结果和理论分析结论基本吻合.研究结果对雷电监测预警系统的改进和雷电参数及其活动规律的研究具有指导意义.     

雷电对建筑物内电子设备的危害

由雷电流产生危害的方式出发,从暂态电位抬高、回路感应过电压、线路感应过电压、耦合过电压四个方面进行详细分析,明确了雷电流产生危害的起因及形式,阐明了雷电对建筑物内电子设备危害的具体原因及危害原理,为如何做好雷电防护提供技术基础。     

低压配电线路直击雷过电压暂态分析

利用电磁暂态仿真软件ATP-EMTP建立直击雷过电压仿真模型,模拟雷电流直接击中导线和击中杆塔情况下产生过电压的过程,分析了绝缘子闪络电压、杆塔冲击接地电阻以及导线悬挂高度等影响低压配电线路直击雷耐雷水平的因素,提出了提高低压配电线路耐雷水平的防护措施。     

关于高层建筑防侧击雷等电位连接圆钢用材规格的探讨

利用《建筑物防雷设计规范》(GB 50057—2010)中的雷击距理论公式和热力学中的有关焦耳定律公式,计算了侧击雷的雷电流特征及侧击雷防护等电位连接圆钢用材规格,分析探讨了等电位连接圆钢用材规格随建筑高度的变化关系。结果表明:建筑物高度越高,遭受的侧击雷电流幅值也越大;随着建筑高度的增加,防侧击雷等电位连接所需最大圆钢直径也将增大,它们之间基本呈线性增长关系。本文的研究结果可为高层建筑侧击雷防护节省圆钢用材提供理论指导。     

不同波形雷电流的频谱特性分析

针对雷电流的频谱分布问题,根据Fourier变换理论,对不同模型的雷电流波形及实验波形进行频谱分析,分析出雷电流的振幅、能量集中分布的频率段,为浪涌保护器的选取、开发和研究高性能浪涌保护器、雷电风险评估提供一定的科学依据。     

电涌保护器工作原理及安装

防雷工作实践中发现,众多的雷电灾害事故都是由雷电波通过电源线和信号线侵入,并在上面形成雷电暂态过电压造成的,而且呈逐年上升的趋势。对此,常用的防护措施是安装电涌保护器(SPD),其作用就是将雷电暂态过电压限制在设备或系统所能承受的电压范围内,或将强大的雷电流泄流入地     

雷电流幅值概率分布特征及累积概率分段修订

为了研究雷电流幅值概率分布特性及雷电流幅值累积概率曲线拟合效果,以满足防雷工程设计和雷击风险评估工作需要,根据湖北省2007—2013年雷电定位系统(Lightning Location System,LLS)监测的雷电流幅值资料,统计分析了雷电流幅值累积概率和密度分布特征。结果表明:正闪和负闪电雷电流幅值累积概率分布差异较大,负闪电雷电流幅值累积概率分布比正闪电更集中,负闪和总闪电的雷电流幅值累积概率分布曲线基本相同;雷电流幅值强度大部分集中在10~50kA。根据IEEE推荐的雷电流幅值累积概率分布表达式,拟合了不同极性的雷电流幅值累积概率分布公式。雷电流幅值小于110kA时,采用IEEE拟合公式计算的雷电流幅值累积概率与实测值间的相对误差较小;雷电流幅值大于110kA时,计算值与实测值间的相对误差随雷电流幅值的增加而增大。采用该文给出的分段修订公式,计算在110kA以上的雷电流幅值累积概率与实测值间的相对误差在2%以内。由IEEE推荐表达式拟合雷电流幅值累积概率分布和概率密度分布时,负闪和总闪电雷电流幅值累积概率分布拟合效果明显比正闪电好,其原因可能与正闪电分布特性有关。     

计算机系统的防雷

1　雷电侵入计算机系统的途径一是雷电流经电源线路进入室内产生雷害。一旦发生这种雷害 ,所有的电器都将受到波及。由于架空电力线路架设高度高 ,路径长 ,因此遭受直击雷和感应雷雷击的概率大。直击雷击中高压电力线后 ,在高压电力线上传输 ,经高压变压器的电容 ,耦合至 2 2 0V低压侧 ,然后侵入计算机系统的供电设备。二是由通信线侵入。通信线中出现雷击过电压 ,一般有两种情况 :一种是当路旁大树、高大建筑物、独立避雷针等地面突出物遭直击雷时 ,强雷电压把附近土壤击穿 ,雷电流直接侵入到电缆外皮 ,进而击穿电缆 ,使高压侵入电缆芯线 …     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.