内蒙古核桃坝地区流纹斑岩的地球化学特征及与铀富集的关系

内蒙古核桃坝地区流纹斑岩体与该区铀成矿有着密切关系,为了寻求找矿突破,通过地球化学和岩浆与构造演化等方法,着重讨论流纹斑岩和构造与铀富集的关系。该流纹斑岩体位于多伦火山盆地榛子山破火山口南部,岩石富硅(w(SiO2)= 7015%~7858%),富碱(w(Na2O+K2O)=749%~1082%),属钾质(w(K2O)=528%~930%);A/CNK的值在084~128之间,在火山岩TAS分类图解中全部样品均落入亚碱性流纹岩范围内,属于亚碱性系列流纹岩类;稀土总量高(∑REE=25447×10-6~49999×10-6),其中轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损,轻重稀土分馏程度强;亲石元素Rb、Th相对富集,特别是U含量(666×10-6~96600×10-6)异常富集,部分数据极高,而Sr和Eu明显亏损。岩石岩浆物质来源于下地壳的部分熔融,侵位于后碰撞构造环境,属于A2型花岗岩类型。伸展构造背景下的富铀流纹斑岩侵位、后期促进铀运移富集的成矿构造及富铀热液随构造上移并进一步萃取等多种事件共同作用,最终促成了核桃坝铀矿床的形成。     

陕西华阳川铀多金属矿床矿石特征及铀的赋存状态

华阳川矿床位于秦岭造山带后陆冲段褶皱带的小秦岭成矿带内,是国内外成矿类型特殊的大规模铀多金属矿床。为了深入了解陕西华阳川铀多金属矿床矿石组成和铀的赋存状态,本文通过采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、电子探针等现代分析测试方法,对华阳川铀多金属矿床进行了系统的工艺矿物学研究。测试结果显示:(1)主要的铀矿物为贝塔石、晶质铀矿和少量的铀钍石,与长白矿、褐帘石、榍石、磷灰石等相共生。(2)铌钛铀矿多呈自形-半自形粒状结构嵌入在钾长石与方解石内或其裂隙中,粒度主要集中在0. 04mm～0. 64mm,占总量的57. 58%。(3)铀主要以独立铀矿物(贝塔石、晶质铀矿)的形式存在,其中铀赋存于贝塔石与晶质铀矿中,占比分别为78. 20%和15. 02%,其余的铀可能以类质同象或吸附的形式存在。     

粤北产铀与不产铀花岗岩中铀矿物特征的电子探针研究及其找矿意义

晶质铀矿的含量、形貌、成分、铀矿物类型、与铀矿物共存的矿物组合等特征可以作为产铀与不产铀岩体的判别标志,为花岗岩型铀矿找矿工作提供了一种新的技术手段。长江岩体和九峰岩体是粤北地区典型的产铀与不产铀花岗岩体,本文利用电子探针测试了九峰岩体的铀矿物并与长江岩体进行对比研究。结果表明九峰岩体的铀矿物主要为晶质铀矿,其化学年龄可分为两组,分别为~160 Ma、~105 Ma,与长江岩体的两组晶质铀矿年龄基本一致;其中第一组年龄代表岩体的成岩年龄,第二组年龄与粤北地区~105 Ma的基性岩脉侵入时代相对应;但九峰岩体缺少长江岩体中~74 Ma的成矿年龄。相比于长江岩体,九峰岩体的铀矿物受到后期热液事件的影响较小,U没有发生明显的活化、转移,因而未能富集成矿,没有形成具有工业价值的铀矿床。     

豆乍山地区产铀与非产铀岩体黑云母成分及赋存副矿物特征

豆乍山岩体和香草坪岩体成岩时代相近,空间关系密切,为苗儿山中段豆乍山地区产铀与非产铀岩体。文章选择豆乍山和香草坪新鲜花岗岩中黑云母为研究对象,结合诸广、贵东地区产铀与非产铀岩体中黑云母的电子探针数据开展综合分析,并在此基础上进行了黑云母中包裹副矿物种类的对比研究。结果表明:产铀岩体黑云母基本以铁叶云母为主,非产铀岩体黑云母为铁质黑云母,且前者具有相对富铝、铁、锰,贫镁、钛特征;产铀豆乍山岩体黑云母中副矿物为锆石-磷钇矿-独居石-钛铁矿-金红石-方钍石-晶质铀矿,非产铀香草坪岩体黑云母中副矿物为锆石-磷灰石-褐帘石-独居石,缺少钍石和晶质铀矿。不同亚种黑云母具有不同的成岩成矿环境,与各矿化类型往往具有直接对应关系,铁叶云母的出现有可能可以作为产铀与非产铀岩体(铀成矿潜力)的间接判别标志,对于后期找矿具有较大指导意义。     

四川冕西岩体岩石地球化学特征及铀成矿条件分析

冕西花岗岩体位于康滇地轴北段,区内已发现铀矿点3个、铀矿化点4个以及大量铀异常(带)。收集整理了该岩体以往地质资料,开展了岩石地球化学分析及电子探针测试等工作,对其铀成矿条件进行了综合分析。结果表明: 冕西岩体SiO₂含量偏高,一般为73%~78%,平均达75.09%,碱度高,K₂O+Na₂O平均含量大于8%,是在伸展构造环境下形成的A型花岗岩,为多期多阶段形成的复式花岗岩体,岩浆分异演化程度较高,岩体内断裂构造发育,并广泛发育以煌斑岩脉为代表的基性岩脉。区内存在煌斑岩脉型、碱交代型和碎裂蚀变岩型3种铀矿化类型,铀矿化受断裂构造、煌斑岩脉及热液蚀变的控制,并提出岩体北段具有较好的铀成矿条件,可作为下一步铀矿勘查的重点地段。     

邹家山铀矿床伴生重稀土元素的赋存特征

初步研究发现,相山矿田邹家山矿床中伴生有较高的重稀土元素,回收这些珍稀的资源和探索其成因具有重要的意义,而查明这些伴生稀土在铀矿床中的赋存特征是前期基础性工作。为此本文采用电子探针和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱分析了邹家山铀矿床中稀土元素的赋存状态。结果显示：该矿床稀土矿物主要为独居石、氟碳钙铈矿和磷钇矿;独居石、氟碳钙铈矿的LREE/HREE>1,为轻稀土富集型;而磷钇矿的LREE/HREE<1,为重稀土富集型。沥青铀矿、钛铀矿、铀钍石、铀石、钍石、锆石等铀钍矿物的稀土特征为重稀土富集型;铀钍矿物稀土总量（∑REE+Y）较高,为（3 805.78~65 307.00）×10^-6,LREE/HREE<1,为0.01~0.80,平均为0.29。其他伴生矿物磷灰石、钾长石为轻稀土富集型,萤石为轻、重稀土富集型两类都有,而伊利石、黄铁矿的轻重稀土无明显相对富集。重稀土在磷钇矿和铀钍矿物中以类质同象形式存在,少量赋存于伴生矿物。     

诸广南部产铀花岗岩长江岩体中的绿泥石和铀源矿物研究

长江岩体是诸广南部地区重要的产铀花岗岩体之一,此次研究运用电子探针和扫描电镜对长江岩体新鲜花岗岩和 蚀变花岗岩中的绿泥石和有关含铀矿物进行了精细对比,揭示花岗岩中铀的活化与成矿前期或早期致使花岗岩发生绿泥 石化的还原性热液蚀变作用关系密切,黑云母等的绿泥石化蚀变,使其中包裹的一些含铀副矿物也发生蚀变,导致原来 以类质同象形式存在于副矿物中的惰性铀转变成活性铀,并在绿泥石附近沉淀成铀石等铀含量高且在成矿期低度氧化性 热液作用下容易释放铀的矿物。长江岩体中的副矿物有锆石、磷灰石、褐帘石、铀石-钍石、晶质铀矿、独居石等,其 中,晶质铀矿、铀石、铀钍石中铀含量高且铀容易释放,是长江岩体的主要铀源矿物;独居石中铀含量较高,当其周围 矿物绿泥石化时,独居石蚀变形成直氟碳钙铈矿并释放铀,因而也是长江岩体的潜在铀源矿物;锆石中铀含量虽高,但 因其结构稳定,铀难以释放,因此它不是长江岩体中重要的铀源矿物;磷灰石、褐帘石中铀含量均低于检测限,作为铀 源矿物的可能性很小。     

TBP分离偶氮溴膦Ⅲ分光光度法测定矿石中铀

本文研究了新显色剂偶氮溴膦Ⅲ(BPA) Ⅲ)光度测定铀(Ⅵ)的条件,并结合TBP萃淋树脂分离富集较好地消除铀(Ⅵ)的伴生元素钍、稀土、锆、钙等的干扰。用于矿物中痕量铀的测定,狄得满意结果。     

桃山、诸广复式岩体花岗岩类岩石铀、钍地球化学特征

通过对桃山、诸广复式岩体的深入研究,得出铀、钍元素在本地区花岗岩中具有以下地球化学特征及地球化学行为:1.岩体的铀、钍丰度与岩体外接触带的变质岩铀,钍丰度具同步增长特点;2.铀与硅、钾、钠关系密切,并有随钾增长,及随铀增长二种趋势,而钍则与TiO_2、FeO、MnO关系密切;3.钍在花岗岩中分布型式为正态分布,变异系数较铀小,而铀在花岗岩中分布型式为正态分布及对数正态分布,变异系数略高,显示了铀有某种富集可能;4.铀在花岗岩中地球化学行为,表现有二个富集高峰,既有在结晶早期富集在各类副矿物中的早富集特征,也有随花岗岩形成和演化富集在晚期的晚富集特征。二个富集途径,即随Si、K增高和随Si、Na增高途径。     

柴北缘查查香卡铀-钍-铌-稀土矿床地质特征及矿床成因:一种与钠长岩相关的新矿化类型

青海查查香卡铀-钍-铌-稀土矿床位于柴达木盆地北缘的柴达木—阿尔金超高压变质杂岩带东端,是中国发现的首例与钠长细晶岩脉相关的铀-钍-铌-稀土多金属成矿系统。矿化主要分为两类:脉状矿化和微细浸染脉状矿化。脉状矿化即为钠长岩脉;微细浸染脉状矿化是以微细浸染细脉产于绿片岩围岩中的矿化类型。详细的矿物学工作研究表明查查香卡矿床可初步划分为岩浆、热液主成矿和成矿后3个阶段。岩浆阶段以发育"水滴状"铀-钍-铌矿物(晶质铀矿、铀钍矿、钍石、维铌钙矿等)包体为典型特征,产于最主要的造岩矿物钠长石中;热液主成矿阶段主要以稀土矿化为主,伴随铌和钍矿化作用,矿石矿物包括褐帘石、氟碳铈矿、钍石、含铌榍石(?)、锆石等,与磷灰石、方解石、绿泥石、石英等中低温脉石矿物普遍共生;成矿后阶段以广泛出现的方解石±石英网脉为特征。通过矿物学研究和主微量元素数据的综合分析,初步认为钠长岩脉为岩浆-热液成因,源于富含稀土和铌等成矿元素的富集地幔部分熔融岩浆的演化;岩浆成矿作用过程中可能经历了硅酸盐熔体与碳酸盐/磷酸盐熔/流体的分离作用,但本矿床更为重要的成矿元素富集机制为硅酸盐熔体与富氯岩浆热液流体的不混溶作用,后者引发本矿床大规模的稀土成矿作用,并活化和再富集了铌和钍。钠长岩脉特征的红色形貌特征可作为此类矿床一个重要的野外找矿特征,根据类似成矿系统的成矿模式,认为矿床深部及外围隐伏区仍有较大的成矿潜力。     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。