西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床磁黄铁矿标型矿物学特征及其地质意义

甲玛矿床位于冈底斯成矿带东段,是西藏地区最大的铜多金属矿床之一。磁黄铁矿是甲玛矿床最常见的金属矿物之一,其标型特征不仅反映其自身形成环境,对其形成机制和矿床成因也具有指示意义。文章选取产于不同岩性中的磁黄铁矿矿石样品,利用矿相学、X射线衍射和电子探针分析等手段对磁黄铁矿的形态、成分和结构进行了分析研究。研究表明,甲玛矿床的磁黄铁矿主要分布在距离岩体中心较远的矿区远端矽卡岩和角岩中。磁黄铁矿的晶胞参数和粉晶X射线衍射曲线显示矽卡岩中的磁黄铁矿主要为高温六方磁黄铁矿,角岩中的磁黄铁矿为高温六方磁黄铁矿和低温单斜磁黄铁矿的交生体,但主要以低温单斜磁黄铁矿为主。通过对矽卡岩和角岩中的磁黄铁矿进行电子探针测试,结果显示:矽卡岩中的磁黄铁矿中w(Fe)为60.09%～60.71%,平均为60.38%,w(S)为38.18%～38.69%,平均38.35%,化学分子式为Fe_8S_9～Fe_(10)S_(11);角岩中的磁黄铁矿中w(Fe)为59.05%～59.57%,平均为59.10%,w(S)为39.28%～39.95%,平均39.59%,化学分子式为Fe_5S_6～Fe_7S_8。根据以上矿物学特征,笔者进一步探讨了该矿床磁黄铁矿的沉淀机制:炽热的岩浆热液上涌,与碳酸盐岩地层和碎屑岩地层接触发生相互作用,并有大气水的加入,使得成矿流体在角岩中先快速降温,形成高温六方磁黄铁矿和低温单斜磁黄铁矿的交生体。同时,大量的含矿热液形成,并充填于有利的成矿空间(主要为层间破碎带)沉淀成矿,形成矽卡岩矿体,然后流体在矽卡岩矿段中经历缓慢降温,形成高温六方磁黄铁矿。结合矿床地质特征和相关元素地球化学特征,认为甲玛矿床类型为斑岩-矽卡岩型。     

云南羊拉铜矿床磁黄铁矿标型矿物学特征及成矿意义

羊拉铜矿床是三江成矿带中段重要的大型铜矿床之一,其矿床成因一直没有明确界定。里农矿段是羊拉铜矿床最主要的组成部分,该矿段矿石中黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿和黄铁矿发育,其中,磁黄铁矿矿石是矿床中含量最高的硫化物矿石。本文选取里农矿段的磁黄铁矿矿石样品,利用矿相学、电子探针和X射线衍射对磁黄铁矿形态、成分和结构标型特征进行分析,探讨其形成环境和沉淀机制,为揭示矿床成因提供有效约束。研究结果表明:羊拉铜矿床矿体具有典型的矽卡岩型矿床特征,多呈层状、似层状产出,且与花岗闪长岩岩体关系密切,受花岗闪长岩岩体和大理岩、变质石英砂岩等地层以及断裂构造的共同控制;磁黄铁矿矿石呈铁黑色、古铜色、铜褐色,块状和浸染状构造;镜下为黄白色、黄褐色,无内反射色,非均质性不明显,他形-半自形粒状结构。局部可见磁黄铁矿被石英±黄铜矿±黄铁矿±方解石脉切断,也见闪锌矿中有乳滴状、叶片状黄铜矿发育。磁黄铁矿中Fe元素含量为59.25%~60.25%,平均为59.71%,S元素为39.10%~39.97%,平均39.52%,化学分子式为Fe6S7~Fe8S9;晶胞参数平均值为a0=11.912,b0=6.859,c0=12.813,磁黄铁矿的粉晶X射线衍射曲线呈强度大致相等的双峰,表明羊拉铜矿床的磁黄铁矿以单斜磁黄铁矿为主。据此判断该区成矿作用过程中富硫、并经历快速降温变化,非均匀应力作用使六方磁黄铁矿转化成了单斜磁黄铁矿;磁黄铁矿中的硫是以S2-的形式存在,在六方磁黄铁矿向单斜磁黄铁矿的转化过程中,磁黄铁矿晶格中的Fe离子略有减少,Fe1-xS的电负性稍有增加,还原性增强;在Fe-S相图中,磁黄铁矿位于单斜磁黄铁矿和黄铁矿共生相区,表明成矿温度在250℃左右。即羊拉铜矿床的磁黄铁矿主体是形成于富硫、非均匀应力、中温的还原环境。该区磁黄铁矿富Co贫Ni,Co/Ni值范围较大,分布于矽卡岩型铜矿床范围附近,与典型矽卡岩型铜矿有相似的矿床地质和矿物学特征,表明羊拉铜矿床属于矽卡岩型矿床。据此综合羊拉铜矿床的构造背景和地球化学特征,推断了其可能的成矿作用过程:晚三叠世早期,该区由挤压环境逐步转换为伸展环境,使得之前的一些逆断层叠加张性特点。含矿岩浆沿这些断裂裂隙上侵,与低温围岩(主要为里农组大理岩)接触并有大气降水的加入,使得岩浆及成矿热液快速降温。冷凝的岩浆和热液堵塞了围岩的裂隙,原本开放的环境逐渐变得封闭、高压和还原。后续岩浆在此封闭的环境中降低了冷凝速度,而在还原性条件下,流体中铜元素的溶解度比在氧化性流体中低,更有益于铜元素的沉淀成矿,从而形成羊拉铜矿。     

西藏雄村铜金矿矿集区Ⅰ号矿体磁黄铁矿矿物特征及指示意义

雄村铜金矿是近年来西藏发现的又一大型斑岩铜金矿床,矿体中主要的金属矿物为黄铜矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿。磁黄铁矿在矿石中含量较高,并常与黄铜矿紧密共生,电子探针分析结果表明,磁黄铁矿存在六方和单斜两种晶型,分析结果表明,雄村铜金矿矿物生成顺序为cp＋py＋mag→cp＋py＋pyr→py＋sph＋gal,成矿温度始于360℃,成矿系统温度下降缓慢,成矿时间较长。     

安徽铜陵冬瓜山矿床中磁黄铁矿矿石结构特征及其成因意义

安徽铜陵冬瓜山矿床是长江中下游地区具有代表性的大型层状硫化物矿床,磁黄铁矿为矿床中的主要硫化物矿物.该矿床主要由层状硫化物矿体组成,伴有矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿体.在层状矿体上部,磁黄铁矿主要为块状构造,而层状矿体下部,磁黄铁矿多为层纹状、条带状构造,具有显著的沉积结构构造特征.野外地质观察及室内矿相学研究表明,层状矿体中磁黄铁矿矿石遭受了强烈的变质作用及热液交代作用.进变质过程中形成的结构主要为胶黄铁矿转变为黄铁矿以及进一步变质转变为磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿时形成的交代残留结构.退变质过程则以磁黄铁矿的退火、黄铁矿变斑晶的生长和单纯六方磁黄铁矿的形成为特征.岩浆热液对单纯六方磁黄铁矿的交代作用形成了单斜和六方磁黄铁矿的交生结构.这些结构特征表明层状矿体中的磁黄铁矿并不是岩浆热液成因,而主要为石炭纪同生沉积胶黄铁矿、黄铁矿在燕山期岩浆侵入所引起的热变质作用下脱硫所形成,并在热变质作用之后又受到岩浆热液的叠加交代.磁黄铁矿的结构特征显示冬瓜山矿床的形成经历了同生沉积、热变质、热液交代等多个阶段,支持其为同生沉积-叠加改造型矿床.     

金川铜镍硫化物矿床磁黄铁矿矿物学特征及成因意义

金川铜镍硫化物矿床矿石类型主要为浸染状矿石、海绵陨铁状矿石及块状矿石。采用矿相显微镜观察、磁性胶体浸润与电子探针分析等方法,对3种类型矿石中磁黄铁矿的结构状态、共生组合与成分特征作了研究,探讨了矿石成因及成矿过程。在浸染状矿石与海绵陨铁状矿石中,磁黄铁矿为单纯的六方(NC型)磁黄铁矿,或者六方与单斜(4C型)磁黄铁矿构成的不规则状交生体。这2类矿石中磁黄铁矿的成因很可能是岩(矿)浆中S含量低,且高温结晶后缓慢降温,后期又受到了富硫和/或高氧逸度流体的交代作用。在Ⅱ矿区块状矿石中,单斜与六方磁黄铁矿构成平行叶片状交生体,表明六方磁黄铁矿在高温下结晶后温度曾快速下降,这期间仅出溶了微量的黄铁矿,而当温度下降到254℃以下时,发生了六方磁黄铁矿中单斜磁黄铁矿出溶作用。磁黄铁矿的结晶类型、金属原子(Fe、Ni、Cu、Co)与硫原子比值M/S演化等佐证了块状矿石晚期贯入成因。依据Fe-S系统相图拟合曲线计算得到块状矿石中六方磁黄铁矿结晶温度为743~518℃,且在结晶过程中,硫逸度logf(S2)曾从0.427降至-3.767。     

四川黑牛洞铜矿床磁黄铁矿的标型特征及成矿指示意义

黑牛洞铜矿床是近年来国内发现的富铜矿床之一.磁黄铁矿是该矿床中含量最高的金属矿物,且与该矿床最重要的矿石矿物黄铜矿共生.本文试图通过研究磁黄铁矿的矿物学特征,为揭示黑牛洞铜矿床的成因提供重要参考信息.本文运用电子探针、扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析和矿相显微镜观测等方法,对黑牛洞不同产状磁黄铁矿进行了形貌、化学组成和结构分析.研究表明不同矿石类型的磁黄铁矿均为六方晶系,其Fe原子含量的百分比变化范围是42.43%～45.58%.在Fe-S相图中,黑牛洞矿床的磁黄铁矿位于磁黄铁矿和黄铁矿共生相区.据研究,黑牛洞矿床中磁黄铁矿的成分、结构和矿物组合中罕见黄铁矿等信息寓示磁黄铁矿的峰期变质温度高于450℃.该矿床中磁黄铁矿至少有两种成因,即主要从流体中沉淀并受变质的磁黄铁矿和少量由黄铁矿变质脱硫而成的磁黄铁矿.黑牛洞矿床矿体和蚀变围岩中石墨广泛发育表明,变质过程处于强还原环境,而还原环境中S在流体中的溶解度较小且易于沉淀.矿床中黑色电气石的普遍产出表明中高温热液存在.这与磁黄铁矿的标型特征相对应.中高温流体存在、强还原环境和碳质的催化作用等为黄铁矿变质形成磁黄铁矿提供了有利的条件,也为黑牛洞铜矿床铜元素在韧性剪切带形成的有利客矿空间中沉淀、再富集提供了必要的物理化学条件.     

湿-热条件下Fe-S系列矿物形成过程的实验研究

金属硫化物包括黄铁矿(FeS2)、白铁矿、磁黄铁矿(Fe1-xS)、胶黄铁矿(Fe3S4)等在多金属矿床中大量存在,能够反映矿床的成矿过程及矿体存在的物理化学条件等信息,对分析成矿地质条件和矿床地球化学环境有重要的意义。前人对     

武山铜矿床的地质特征及成因

概述了武山铜矿床的地质特征。按矿体的空间分布、控矿因素、矿体特征,矿区可分为南、北两个矿带、三种矿体。通过对块状硫化物铜、硫矿体,含铜斑岩型矿体、夕卡岩型铜矿体的控矿因素及矿体特征、矿石类型及结构构造、矿石物质成分及变化规律、硫同位素组成、成矿温度及成矿时代、近矿围岩矿化蚀变等的研究,讨论了矿床的成矿作用。认为武山铜矿床有两个成矿期,北矿带的块状硫化物铜、硫矿体是海西期海底火山喷气—喷溢沉积的块状硫化物型矿床;南矿带的含铜斑岩矿体和含铜夕卡岩矿体是燕山期的产物。武山铜矿床是复成因的矿床。     

福建丁家山铅锌矿区磁黄铁矿成因矿物学特征研究

通过野外观察、光学显微镜、矿物场填图、X射线衍射、微区成分分析等手段,针对福建丁家山铅锌矿区磁黄铁矿的成因矿物学特征进行研究。结果表明,丁家山铅锌矿区磁黄铁矿具沿北东向断层串珠状排布,揭示明显的热液成矿特征;矿区内有4类产出形态各异的磁黄铁矿,多为单斜、六方混合相磁黄铁矿,其中单斜磁黄铁矿为六方磁黄铁矿的固溶体分离产物,指示矿区成矿为缓慢的降温过程;六方磁黄铁矿结晶温度在322℃～304℃之间,与同成矿期石英包裹体均一测温结果完全符合。六方磁黄铁矿-黄铁矿-闪锌矿成矿压力计计算结果集中在0.2GPa～0.3GPa之间,与该区燕山期花岗岩成岩压力完全一致。由此认为丁家山铅锌矿为燕山期花岗岩与中-新元古代马面山岩群龙北溪组上段经区域变质的富钙质岩发生接触交代作用而形成的矽卡岩型矿床。     

广东大宝山北部层状矿体硫化物Re-Os测年及指示

广东省大宝山铜多金属矿,近年来在北部新发现层状铜硫矿体,新增铜资源量20.6万吨,与采区内层状铜硫主矿体特征基本一致。为解决层状铜硫矿体的成矿时代问题,采集北部层状矿体的块状硫化物矿石样品,首次直接对黄铜矿和磁黄铁矿开展Re-Os测年,探讨成矿时代,并分析矿床成因。黄铜矿样品的Re-Os等时线年龄为(243±41)Ma(MSWD=3.1),磁黄铁矿样品的Re-Os等时线年龄为(410±16)Ma(MSWD=15),指示黄铜矿的形成可能晚于磁黄铁矿,加里东期是否存在成矿事件仍需进一步研究。黄铜矿与磁黄铁矿的矿石学研究表明,黄铜矿交代磁黄铁矿,前者形成晚于后者,结合采区地质填图结果,认为大宝山矿区及外围属于一个大的岩浆成矿系统,存在多期次岩浆侵位,主体可能属于燕山期与岩浆热液有关的成岩成矿事件。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of