植被破坏对黄土高原加速侵蚀及土壤退化过程的影响

如何评价黄土高原自然侵蚀与人为加速侵蚀作用，恢复与重建植被的可能性和必要性等是近年来治理黄河的热点问题。通过定位试验和野外调查，研究了黄土高原子午岭林区植被破坏对土壤理化特性以及土壤侵蚀过程演变的影响；分析了人为破坏植被耕垦后坡面土壤侵蚀特征与土壤退化过程。表明：植被是影响土壤侵蚀最敏感的因子；人为破坏植被造成的加速侵蚀，是导致土壤退化和生态环境恶化的主要原因；恢复和重建植被，应为黄土高原加速治理和减少入黄泥沙的根本措施。     

黄土侵蚀沟稳定性监测与初步分析

黄土侵蚀沟是黄土高原地貌的重要组成部分,是黄土高原侵蚀泥沙的主要来源。对侵蚀沟的稳定性进行监测与分析,对于黄土高原土壤侵蚀及地貌学研究意义重大。该文探讨了黄土侵蚀沟稳定性研究的主要内容与技术手段,并通过对黄土高原6个典型小流域的18条支毛沟进行的两期观测,对侵蚀沟动态监测的技术方法与分析手段进行了初步尝试。监测结果表明,尽管目前黄土高原的植被恢复良好,水土保持工程措施较为完备,但在有利于侵蚀发生的条件下,仍会有侵蚀沟继续发育。根据对监测实验结果的分析,初步认为降水、植被与水保措施、地形因素是侵蚀沟发育的主要影响因素。而黄土侵蚀沟的变化机理是侵蚀沟稳定性研究的关键问题,提高侵蚀沟动态监测精度是稳定性研究的基本保障。     

应用数量方法来研究黄土丘陵地区的侵触地貌——以陕西绥德县韭园沟高舍窠“建设”高级农业生产合作社为例

我国黄河中游的黄土丘陵及黄土高原是世界上土壤侵蚀最严重的地区之一.我国一部分地貌学工作者以研究侵蚀发展的地貌条件及其相互关系这样一个基本任务参加防止侵蚀问题的研究,要完成这样的一个基本任务,必须以数量分析来说明侵蚀地貌的特征,和各种地貌条件对侵蚀发展的关系,只有如此,地貌研究的成果才能更好地为水土保持和土地合理利用规划服务.     

应用数量方法来研究黄土丘陵地区的侵触地貌——以陕西绥德县韭园沟高舍窠“建设”高级农业生产合作社为例

我国黄河中游的黄土丘陵及黄土高原是世界上土壤侵蚀最严重的地区之一.我国一部分地貌学工作者以研究侵蚀发展的地貌条件及其相互关系这样一个基本任务参加防止侵蚀问题的研究,要完成这样的一个基本任务,必须以数量分析来说明侵蚀地貌的特征,和各种地貌条件对侵蚀发展的关系,只有如此,地貌研究的成果才能更好地为水土保持和土地合理利用规划服务.     

寒冷环境土壤侵蚀类型

土壤侵蚀已成为全球性的环境灾害之一,土壤侵蚀分类是认识土壤侵蚀发生发展机理、空间分布特征和规律以及治理措施制定的重要依据.我国经过半个多世纪的研究,建立了较为合理的中国土壤侵蚀分类系统,但是对寒冷地区土壤侵蚀因为研究较少,其土壤侵蚀分类研究深度相对较低.鉴于此,从寒冷地区环境特征,营力分析人手,对寒冷地区以侵蚀营力为依据,将土壤侵蚀划分为冻融侵蚀、寒冻侵蚀和冰川侵蚀三种类型,并提出了划分的标准和范围.     

黄河中游流域地貌形态特征研究

黄河中游流经黄土高原的核心区域,对黄河中游流域地貌形态特征的定量分析可以反映黄河中游流域地貌演化进程以及黄土高原侵蚀地貌形态特征。该文以黄土高原区域30m分辨率的DEM为信息源,首先提取了黄河中游7条典型一级支流及其纵剖面,然后计算了6种量化指标分析其流域地貌形态以及流域地貌演化进程,在此基础上,构建地貌特征综合评价指标反映黄土高原区域侵蚀地貌形态特征。实验结果表明,秃尾河、无定河以及延河发育至深切侵蚀期;窟野河发育至深切侵蚀和均衡调整之间的过渡期;汾河、洛河以及渭河发育至均衡调整期。流域地貌随河流侵蚀循环而相应演化,7条河流所在流域的地貌发育程度从北到南也基本呈现逐渐成熟的趋势。所计算的侵蚀地貌综合评价指标值显示,窟野河、秃尾河、无定河以及延河流域共同构成黄土高原强烈土壤侵蚀区;汾河、洛河以及渭河流域的土壤侵蚀程度较低。     

陕西关中全新世以来黄土塬区土壤侵蚀研究

通过对西安市蓝田县白鹿塬、长安区少陵塬以及宝鸡陵塬的土壤侵蚀调查，得出了关中平原全新世以来塬区土壤侵蚀的一些重要规律。研究表明，塬区土壤侵蚀较弱，侵蚀强弱以土层是否缺失或土层的厚度变化为主要依据。塬区普遍表现出塬边侵蚀强，愈向塬里，侵蚀愈弱，而且进人塬内部，侵蚀以低洼地为强，高平地为弱的规律。强烈的沟谷侵蚀实际是洼地侵蚀的一种演变形式。冷干和温湿气候均会产生土壤侵蚀，且全新世冷干期侵蚀的土层厚度比温湿期大约7倍，但这并不代表温湿气候比冷干气候更有利于黄土高原的发育。     

渭北矿区土壤侵蚀评估及驱动因素分析

陕西省渭北矿区地处黄土高原，受到自然环境和煤炭开采等人类活动的双重影响，该地区土壤侵蚀更为严重，生态环境更加脆弱。以渭北矿区为研究对象，基于RUSLE模型对渭北矿区土壤侵蚀进行了评估，并综合植被覆盖度、多年平均降水量、坡度、土地利用类型和煤炭年产量等影响因子，应用地理探测器方法对渭北矿区土壤侵蚀进行定量归因。研究结果对矿区水土流失防治具有一定参考价值。结果表明：（1）渭北矿区土壤侵蚀以微度和轻度侵蚀为主，土壤侵蚀严重的区域主要位于研究区西南部、中部和东南部。（2）植被覆盖度和多年平均降水量是造成研究区土壤侵蚀的主导因子，坡度介于20°~25°的地区、植被覆盖度小于0.3的区域和裸地是发生土壤侵蚀的高风险区。（3）渭北矿区各因子协同作用对土壤侵蚀的解释力均大于单因子解释力，因此多个因子共同作用会对土壤侵蚀造成显著影响。     

130ka B.P.前后黄土高原东部地区的气候侵蚀事件

通过黄土高原塬区、梁峁区和断陷谷区典型沟谷的阶地堆积、侵蚀面及其与之相邻的黄土－古土壤地层序列研究,并结合古气候特征分析,提出倒数第二次冰期冬季风向末次间冰期夏季风过渡期黄土高原东部地区发生了强烈的气候侵蚀事件。沉积特征研究和古气候复原结果表明,此次侵蚀是一次以暴雨为主要动力的快速侵蚀事件。     

我国主要土壤侵蚀产沙模型研究评述

近年来，我国在土壤侵蚀产沙模型方面进行了大量研究，建立大量的坡面，流域及区域侵蚀产沙模型。由于我国人多地少，地貌条件复杂多样，使得我国的侵蚀产沙有不同于欧美的特点，因此我国的侵蚀产沙模型研究有明显不同于国外土壤侵蚀模型的特点。本文对我国近年来主要的土壤侵蚀经验性模型，理论性模型进行了评述，并讨论了新理论，新技术以及国外一些土壤侵蚀产沙模型在我国土壤侵蚀模型研究中的应用；本文指出了我国土壤侵蚀产沙模型今后研究的发展趋势。     

Capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree

The capacity of soil and water conservation measures, defined as the maximum quantity of suitable soil and water conservation measures contained in a region, were determined for the Loess Plateau based on zones suitable for establishing terraced fields, forestland and grassland with the support of geographic information system (GIS) software. The minimum possible soil erosion modulus and actual soil erosion modulus in 2010 were calculated using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), and the ratio of the minimum possible soil erosion modulus under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures to the actual soil erosion modulus was defined as the soil erosion control degree. The control potential of soil erosion and water loss in the Loess Plateau was studied using this concept. Results showed that the actual soil erosion modulus was 3355 t?km^-2?a^-1, the minimum possible soil erosion modulus was 1921 t?km^-2?a^-1, and the soil erosion control degree was 0.57 (medium level) in the Loess Plateau in 2010. In terms of zoning, the control degree was relatively high in the river valley-plain area, soil-rocky mountainous area, and windy-sandy area, but relatively low in the soil-rocky hilly-forested area, hilly-gully area and plateau-gully area. The rate of erosion areas with a soil erosion modulus of less than 1000 t?km^-2?a^-1 increased from 50.48% to 57.71%, forest and grass coverage rose from 56.74% to 69.15%, rate of terraced fields increased from 4.36% to 19.03%, and per capita grain available rose from 418 kg?a^-1 to 459 kg?a^-1 under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures compared with actual conditions. These research results are of some guiding significance for soil and water loss control in the Loess Plateau.     

Soil erosion and management on the Loess Plateau

1 Introduction The Loess Plateau situated in northern China covers the drainage basins in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. It starts from the western piedmont of Taihang Mountains in the east, reaches the eastern slope of the Wushao and Riyue mountains, connects the northern part of the Qinling Mountains in the south and borders the Great Wall in the north, covering an area of about 380,000 km2 (Figure 1). The region is overlain extensively by Quaternary loess in great thickness, …     

Soil erosion and management on the Loess Plateau

The Loess Plateau is well known to the world for its intense soil erosion. The root cause for river sedimentation of Yellow River (Huanghe) and its resultant "hanging river" in certain section is soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau. The Loess Plateau has a long cultivation history, hence population growth, vegetation degeneration and plugging constitute the chief reason for serious soil and water loss on Loess Plateau. This paper analyses several successful cases and failures in soil conservation, presents practical soil conservation technique and related benefit analysis, and discusses some effective methods adopted in China in soil erosion control, research directions and future perspectives on Loess Plateau.     

Soil erosion and its response to the changes of precipitation and vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau

Soil erosion is a major threat to our terrestrial ecosystems and an important global environmental problem. The Loess Plateau in China is one of the regions that suffered more severe soil erosion and undergoing climate warming and drying in the past decades. The vegetation restoration named Grain-to-Green Program has now been operating for more than 10 years. It is necessary to assess the variation of soil erosion and the response of precipita- tion and vegetation restoration to soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. In the study, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation （RUSLE） was applied to evaluate annual soil loss caused by water erosion. The results showed as follows. The soil erosion on the Loess Plateau between 2000 and 2010 averaged for 15.2 t hm-2 a 1 and was characterized as light for the value less than 25 t hm-2 a-1. The severe soil erosion higher than 25 t hm-2 a-~ was mainly distributed in the gully and hilly regions in the central, southwestern, and some scattered areas of earth-rocky mountainous areas on the Loess Plateau. The soil erosion on the Loess Plateau showed a deceasing trend in recent decade and reduced more at rates more than 1 t hm 2 a 1 in the areas suffering severe soil loss. Benefited from the improved vegetation cover and ecological construction, the soil erosion on the Loess Plateau was significantly declined, es- pecially in the east of Yulin, most parts of Yah＇an prefectures in Shaanxi Province, and the west of Luliang and Linfen prefectures in Shanxi Province in the hilly and gully regions. The variation of vegetation cover responding to soil erosion in these areas showed the relatively higher contribution than the precipitation. However, most areas in Qingyang and Dingxi pre- fectures in Gansu Province and Guyuan in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region were predomi- nantly related to precipitation.     

窟野河流域河岸沙丘地貌格局及变化

风水交互作用是黄土高原北部风蚀水蚀交错带特殊的侵蚀营力，并致该区土壤侵蚀强度加重。以毛乌素沙地窟野河流域作为研究区，基于影像解译及数理统计方法，研究河道与沙丘交互地貌过程。结果表明：（1）窟野河“三河夹沙”区沙地以河流为中心呈现出对称条带状格局分布，距离河流，依次呈现出流动沙丘、固定半固定沙丘、丘陵沟壑区的空间格局；（2）典型河段河道与沙丘空间格局呈现出河道穿越流动沙丘、河道两侧斑块状沙丘镶嵌分布、两河交汇处流动沙丘分布等3种格局；（3）河道弯曲系数与河道两侧沙丘活动性的变化之间呈现出一定的对应关系。     

黄土高原土壤侵蚀规律研究工作回顾

1950年以来,黄土高原土壤侵蚀规律研究工作已建立了完整的分类系统,进行了侵蚀区划,查明了黄河泥沙及其中的粗泥沙来源。定量评价了各自然因子和人为因子与侵蚀量的关系。黄河自古多沙,而近期更加强烈。指出了过去研究工作中的主要问题。     

黄土高原沟道流域产沙过程的初步分析

黄土高原的主要产沙地区是河口镇至龙门黄河干流两侧和泾、洛、渭河中上游,产沙时间集中7—9月或一、二次暴雨期。流域产沙量与河道断面输沙量基本一致。产沙最与降雨量加径流深组合因子成正比相关,并随坡度增大而增加,坡度超过25—28度水流面蚀强度减弱。砂黄土的可蚀性最大,黄土其次,粘黄土最小。灌木林的防蚀效果最好。近三十年来黄土高原的产沙量进一步增加,其中由人类活动而增加的沙量约占黄河平均输沙量的23～35%。沟道流域的产沙过程具有垂直分带规律。沟间地以细沟侵蚀产沙为主,沟谷地是水力、重力和洞穴侵蚀综合作用的场所。黄土丘陵区沟谷地的产沙量此沟间地大59.0%左右;黄土塬区产生的泥沙绝大部来自沟谷地。     

Erosion response to anthropogenic activity and climatic changes during the Holocene: case studies in northwestern China and southern Norway

Soil erosion assessment and prediction play critical roles in addressing problems associated with erosion control or soil conservation. The past dynamics of soil erosion can provide valuable information for us to understand the relations of soil erosion to environmental change and anthropogenic activity. The present paper has compared Holocene climatic changes in northwestern China with those in southern Norway, and investigated the past dynamics of erosion activity during the Holocene. Modern soil erosion on the Loess Plateau is a combination of the intensive natural erosion and human-induced erosion, the latter being four times greater than the former. Because of global warming and increasing human activities, climate on the Loess Plateau is becoming dryer and more unstable, causing an enhanced erosion problem and water scarcity. In the arctic-alpine region of southern Norway, however, the global warming and regional wetting caused expansion of the largest European ice cap. This has accentuated the erosion in that region, with a higher frequency of avalanches and debris flows.     

Erosion response to anthropogenic activity and climatic changes during the Holocene: case studies in northwestern China and southern Norway

Soil erosion assessment and prediction play critical roles in addressing problems associated with erosion control or soil conservation. The past dynamics of soil erosion can provide valuable information for us to understand the relations of soil erosion to environmental change and anthropogenic activity. The present paper has compared Holocene climatic changes in northwestern China with those in southern Norway, and investigated the past dynamics of erosion activity during the Holocene. Modern soil erosion on the Loess Plateau is a combination of the intensive natural erosion and human-induced erosion, the latter being four times greater than the former. Because of global warming and increasing human activities, climate on the Loess Plateau is becoming dryer and more unstable, causing an enhanced erosion problem and water scarcity. In the arctic-alpine region of southern Norway, however, the global warming and regional wetting caused expansion of the largest European ice cap. This has accentuated the erosion in that region, with a higher frequency of avalanches and debris flows.     

黄土高原侵蚀期研究

黄土高原在沉积的同时也存在着侵蚀,主要是流水、重力等因素造成的。这种侵蚀会受到气候、构造运动以及人类活动控制。资料显示,黄土高原存在3种基本的侵蚀期,一是气候侵蚀期,二是构造侵蚀期,三是人为因素侵蚀期。此外还有气候与构造共同作用产生的侵蚀期和构造与人类共同作用产生的侵蚀期。温湿期风尘堆积少,降水量增多,流水动力增强,是黄土高原理论上的侵蚀期。构造抬升引起侵蚀基准面下降,进而导致黄土高原加快侵蚀,出现构造侵蚀期。人类活动破坏了黄土高原的植被和土层结构,导致黄土高原侵蚀加剧,从而出现了人类因素引起的现代侵蚀加速期。在黄土发育的冷干期,由于植被稀疏,侵蚀量大于温湿期,但堆积量远大于侵蚀量。要改变现代侵蚀状况,就应当加强黄土高原生态环境治理。