三维可视化技术在碳酸盐岩储层预测中的应用

近几年,我们充分利用先进的地震技术特别是三维可视化技术、二维和三维交会图分析技术,分析各种三维地震数据的异常特征,从研究古岩溶发育的控制因素(古构造即古地貌、古水系)入手[1],在塔河油田碳酸盐岩储层预测中做了有益的初步尝试,取得了阶段性成果,成果应用于油田勘探开发中获得了很好的效果. 1 基本工作方法 准备数据体 基本数据需有三维地震保幅数据体、偏移数据体、地质层位解释数据体.利用地震处理解释软件从三维地震保幅数据体中提取相干参数数据体,并进行波阻抗反演,得到三维波阻抗数据体. 解释判断标志层 结合区域地质、钻井…     

煤矿地震数据三维可视化研究

根据煤矿地震数据二维解释中存在的问题,以及三维可视化在三维地震解释中的优势,将三维可视化技术应用到煤矿地震数据解释中。结合煤矿地震数据特点,研究了OpenGL和VC 6.0联合编程,利用适合地震数据三维显示算法,研制了基于Windows的煤矿地震数据三维可视化系统Sgy3D。Sgy3D系统基本功能包括数据体、Inline剖面、Crossline剖面、层位、等值线、任意测线等要素的三维立体显示;实现了对数据体的动态放大、缩小、平移等交互操作。将Sgy3D应用于实际地震资料解释,取得了良好的地质效果。     

C1相干算法及其在三维地震勘探解释中的应用

作者在文中详细讨论了二维和三维C1相干算法，根据三维C1相干算法的特点，结合二维地震数据体的特点，考虑到三维地震勘探在各大矿区的全面普及，针对三维地震资料开发出了一套实用的应用程序进行相干处理和解释，通过对实际三维地震资料的处理，分析结果表明，C1相干技术对三维地震资料的构造，岩性解释有明显的效果。     

基于体绘制技术的三维地震数据可视化

针对三维地震数据体显示需求,在分析直接体绘制三维可视化方法及技术的基础上,结合三维地震数据的特点,对其进行了一定地改进。并实现了三维地震数据体可视化方法和软件,经对三维地震波振幅特征透视显示,可揭示三维地震振幅强弱变化的空间分布。     

三维地震数据体任意剖面抽取算法及C语言程序实现

在分析SEGY格式地震数据文件的结构及其读写方法的基础上,介绍了三维地震数据体的任意剖面抽取算法及C语言程序代码。该算法及程序既可单独使用,为二维地震数据处理解释工作准备剖面数据,也可以作为数据准备模块,集成到大型地震数据处理解释系统。     

多井约束三维地震伽玛波阻抗反演在新场气田砂体描述中的运用

多井约束三维地震反演是岩性勘探常采用的处理手段，三维地震数据体在井的约束下，通过反演可获取具有岩层物属性特征（如岩性，孔隙度，伽玛值）含意和测气意义的数据体，在此基础上建立地质解释模型，可以较准确地获取岩层相应参数体空间展布，运用Jason反演技术，生成伽玛岩性数据体和波阻抗数据体，清理出了新场气田沙溪庙组厚度≥5m，展布面积≥0.3km^2的13层次砂体，并从沉积微相，储层物性波阻抗级别等方面对砂体的含气性进行了研究。     

利用Java-X3D实现地震层位三维可视化

地震层位三维可视化可以提供形象化的地震层位三维特征,便于地震资料的后期解释.在叙述地震层位三维可视化技术原理、目标、方法的基础上,尝试利用Java-X3D技术实现地震层位三维可视化,并利用实际坐标数据,实现了在Internet上跨平台的地震层位及地质构造三维可视化模拟,取得了良好的效果.     

基于CUDA的地震相干体并行算法

相干体技术在地震勘探资料解释方面得到了广泛的应用,由于相干体技术处理的对象是三维地震数据体,所以算法运算时间较长。为了缩短解释周期,本文充分发挥GPU并行计算优势,对C3相干体算法进行并行化分析。从硬盘读取数据到GPU上计算相干值并写入硬盘的整个过程进行分析,剔除了冗余数据的读取,完成了C3相干体算法的并行化设计与实现。最后分别对串行算法与并行算法进行性能测试,结果表明本文设计的并行算法在保证精度的前提下达到了16倍左右的加速比,对加快地震资料解释具有重要意义。     

方差体技术在地震勘探中的应用

三维地震数据体反映了地下一个规则网格的反射情况。当遇到地下有断层或某个局部区域地层不连续变化时，一些地震道的反射特征就会与附近地震道出现差异而导致地震首局部的不连续性。三维方差体技术就是求取三维数据体所有样点的方差值来反映这种不连续性信息。通过该技术在济宁2号井某采区的实际应用，可看出，方差体技术在三维地震信息的自动拾取以及提高地震资料解释成果精度等方面有明显优势，对断层、陷落柱有良好的自动识别能力。     

地震波形分类技术在地质异常体解释中的应用

地震波形分类技术具有统计地震信号总体变化和反映这种变化分布规律的特点,是地震属性分析技术的重要延伸,在地质异常体解释方面具有良好的应用效果。高密度三维地震资料具有高信噪比,高分辨率和高保真度的特点,尝试利用波形分类技术对高密度三维地震资料反映的煤层赋存状态、岩浆岩侵入区进行预测,并对陷落柱解释方法进行了研究。井下巷道实际揭露和钻孔验证结果表明:波形分类方法解释的地质异常体精度高、圈定范围准确,可以为煤矿安全开采提供精准的地质资料。      

Parallel visualization of seismic wave propagation

Today parallel visualization of massive datasets from observation and numerical simulation of seismic waves is one of the major goals of geoscience community. A majority of these datasets are time-varying volume data (TVVD), also known as 4D field data. The difficulty of visualizing them on distributed parallel system mainly lies in the algorithm designing for distributed preprocessing of raw datasets, hierarchical point-to-point or collective communication implementation based on distributed data allocation, synchronous volume rendering techniques. In this work we present viable solutions for preprocessing of raw data sets, novel algorithms of parallel rendering and display matrix. Our main objective is focused on the parallel visualization of results coming from full 4D seismic wave propagation simulations.     

Data Assimilation and Three-dimensional Visualization of Lithospheric Structures of the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau

Various three-dimensional (3D) geophysical and geological data are increasingly available with the advanced technology in the recent years. New challenges emerge frequently in visualizing 3D data due to data variety and the specific display requirement. In this study, we presented a solution of the data assimilation and visualization of lithospheric structures in the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Three typical datasets were assimilated in the model: ①seismic velocity to the depth of 100 km, ②fault geometry in the upper-and mid-crust and ③topographical data on the surface. The S and P wave velocities in the study area obtained from a high-density portable seismic array were interpolated into regular blocks of the size of 1 km×1 km×2 km and written in RAW format. The major active faults were digitalized and their 3D geometry was generalized by using striking and trending angles, and then organized into unstructured VTK format. The surface topographical DEM data were also converted into unstructured VTK format. In order to integrate and visualize the data, an open source multi-platform software package Paraview was used. It offered various visualization schemes; in particular, volume rendering technique provided stunning static/dynamic images of the structures and highlighted the anomalies in the 3D space. This solution can be applied to other types of 3D geophysical and geological data.     

WEB-IS (integrated system): an overall view

WEB-IS, Web-based Integrated System, allows remote, interactive visualization of large-scale 3-D data over the Internet, along with data analysis and data mining. In this paper, we discuss the overall structure of WEB-IS. Up until now we have developed three sub-modules geared towards geophysical problems. WEB-IS1 allows geoscientists to navigate through their 3-D geophysical data, such as seismic structures or numerical simulations, and interactively analyze the statistics or apply data-mining techniques, such as cluster analysis. WEB-IS2 lets a user control Amira (a powerful 3-D visualization package) remotely and analyze, render and view large datasets across the Internet. WEB-IS3 is an imaging service that enables the user to control the scale of features to view through interactive zooming. In the near future, we propose to integrate the three components together through a middleware framework called NaradaBrokering (iNtegrated Asynchronous Real-time Adaptive Distributed Architecture, a distributed messaging infrastructure that can be used to intelligently route data between the originators and registered consumers) without regard for time or location. As a result, WEB-IS will improve its scalability and acquire properties of fault-tolerance. WEB-IS uses a combination of Java, C++, and through the use of NaradaBrokering will seamlessly integrate the server-side processing and user interaction utilities on the client. The server takes care of the processor intensive tasks, such as visualization and data mining, and sends either the resulting bitmap image or statistical results to the middleware across the Internet for viewing. WEB-IS is an easy-to-use service, which will eventually help geoscientists collaborate from different sites in a natural manner. It will be very useful in the next 10 years because of the increasing number of space missions and geophysical campaigns.     

基于立方体元的Shear - warp体绘制加速算法

大规模三维地震数据的直接体绘制,是一个计算和数据双重密集型问题.为了提高三维图像的重建效率,提出了一种基于立方体元的Shear- warp地震数据体绘制算法.该算法通过构建立方体元在相邻的体素点之间建立联系;然后根据地震数据的特征对体元进行分类,在绘制过程中通过二叉树索引,快速定位分类结果.通过索引结果,避免了对等值体...     

基于体素模型的三维显示技术

针对矿产资源勘探数据的特点,研究了适合地质体信息三维可视化的体绘制模型和空间插值算法。基于IDL软件平台,开发了三维数据可视化软件;该软件能够快速、准确地将地质体的物性特征展示出来。最后,以内蒙古某金属矿床钻孔资料为例,对建立的三维可视化方法技术进行了应用检验,取得了较好的应用效果。     

Clustering and visualization of earthquake data in a grid environment

We present a web client-server service WEB-IS, which we have developed for remote analysis and visualization of seismic data consisting of both small magnitude events and large earthquakes. We show that the problem-solving environment (PSE) intended for prediction of large magnitude earthquakes can be based on this WEB-IS idea. The clustering schemes, feature generation, feature extraction techniques and rendering algorithms form a computational framework of this environment. On the other hand, easy and fast access both to the seismic data distributed among distant computing resources and to computational and visualization resources can be realized in a GRID framework. We discuss the usefulness of NaradaBrokering (iNtegrated Asynchronous Real-time Adaptive Distributed Architecture) as a middleware, allowing for flexibility and high throughput for remote visualization of geophysical data. The WEB-IS functionality was tested both on synthetic and the actual earthquake catalogs. We consider the application of similar methodology for tsunami alerts.     

墨西哥湾海上泄压和压力封存箱化的四维地震监控

在油藏开发和油藏工程方面，三维地震勘探技术正在起着越来越重要的作用，每年都可发现三维地震在这些方面的应用，特别是时间延续的三维地震即四维地震技术使得用计算机来监测油田开发的日子已为期不远。也许这种监测技术不久将成为石油工业的标准。野外生产监测仪可以源源不断、近真时地把地层压力、温度和流体的变化送到控制中心。在控制中心，油藏模拟、弹性波和声波的正反演将告诉我们有关这些变化的答案，进而通过先进的计算机视像显示来控制油藏的开发。文中我们应用在哥伦比亚大学Ｌａｍｏｎｔ－ＤｏｈｅｒｔｙＥａｒｔｈＯｂｓｅｒｖａｔｏ－ｒｙ发展的四维地震振幅分析技术分析了墨西哥湾ＥｕｇｅｎｅＩｓｌａｎｄ３３０／３３８块中的沙岩油气藏ＬＦ。初步结果显示，在类似北墨西哥湾的盆地中，连续三维地震反射振幅的变化可以直接显示第三系盆地中的碎屑岩油气藏的存在。井Ａ－８ＳＴ的成功钻探也证明了四维地震振幅的变化可以有效地帮助寻找油气藏。目前，我们正利用现有的测井资料结合地震正反演技术进一步分析振幅的变化。我们相信这种应用重复三维地震勘探的四雏地震技术将在油藏开发和生产中起着越来越大的作用。     

地震勘探中的数据保真问题综述

保真度是指输出结果对研究对象的描述所能保持的真实性程度,它在采集和处理过程中包含空间域、时间域和频率域三个方面的意义。对数据采集的保真要求是从早期的地震勘探就开始的,但对数据处理的保真却是现代地震勘探的要求。地震勘探的发展史就是数据的量纲级增长史。从早期的1D 勘探,到目前的3D、4D 勘探,还有3分量、9分量接收,地震数据是按量纲级增加的。这种海量的数据是精细结构和岩性信息的地震描述所需要的,在采集和处理中如果不精确考虑其保真度,确保质量,将会付出惊人的代价。从采集和处理两方面分析了作为一个系统工程的高保真问题及对现代开发地震的意义。认为数据保真应该同高分辨率勘探一样成为一个系统工程,从采集到处理成为一个连续化的整体。