贵州省近30a秋风的气候特征分析

利用1981—2010年30 a贵州省78站逐日日平均气温数据和NCEP/NCAR逐日的再分析资料,采用合成、EOF分解、傅立叶滤波等方法,分析了贵州省秋风的气候特征。结果表明:贵州省秋风天气强度有自西向东部或向东南部、东北部递减的分布规律。贵州省异常秋风过程次数的空间分布表现为全省各站呈同位相变化,进入2000年后,秋风过程次数由全省秋风偏弱偏少型转为全省秋风偏多偏强型。在环流场上,纬向西风在不断东移的过程中不断分裂出短波槽引导冷空气南下影响贵州,形成秋风天气过程,因而造成的秋风过程时间较长,强度较大。对秋风过程的环流场进行滤波表明:1波对于秋风过程有着十分显著的影响,而1波、2波在时间上的配合对于秋风过程也非常重要。     

贵州省2002年秋风特点及成因

使用1980到2016年的月平均NCEP再分析资料、贵州省84个国家观测站8月至9月逐日气候态要素值（1981年至2010年的三十年平均）以及贵州省2002年8月至9月气温、降水逐日资料对2002年贵州省出现的特重秋风过程进行分析。结果表明：8月9日至8月23日期间,贵州中西部地区秋风持续时间在9天以上,大部分地区在12天以上,而威宁站长达15天,达特重秋风过程。从春季开始,赤道太平洋地区海表温度自西向东异常偏暖,Nino3.4区持续时间最长,8月份到达最强,导致欧亚大陆中高纬地区经向环流明显且稳定维持,欧洲西海岸、欧亚大陆东北部经贝加尔湖至我国北方地区高度场偏高,欧洲中部明显偏低,我国东北偏低,槽后冷空气较强并南下;孟加拉湾及南海地区的气旋性环流的偏南风与北方南下的冷空气交汇于贵州省,形成静止锋并持续较长时间;8月9日至23日期间的四个台风有利于水汽的输送和环流的维持,使得我省2002年8月低温多雨,秋风灾害严重,尤其造成了8月9日至23日持续时间最长的秋风过程。     

贵州省秋旱时空分布规律研究

依据秋旱标准的有关计算方法,对贵州省78个站1971～2000年秋旱发生规律、类型划分、分布特征及区域性秋旱发生规律和阶段变化等进行系统分析,揭示贵州省秋旱的发生及分布规律.     

贵州省冷(暖)冬年的特点与春季总降水量及温度的关系

利用 1951～ 2 0 0 1年贵州省 32个代表站冬季 (12～ 2月 )温度资料 ,对冷暖冬年进行划分 ,并分析其环流因子 ,发现冷冬年西风带亚洲地区以经向环流为主 ,低纬度西太平洋副热带高压偏弱 ,位置偏东 ,暖冬年则相反。冷暖冬年与来年春季总降水量、温度都有较好的关系 ,对短期气候预测有很好的参考价值。     

贵州省秋季连阴雨时空变化特征及典型过程研究

利用贵州省78个气象站1969—2019年秋季（9月1日—11月30日）的逐日降水量和日照时数资料以及同期NCEP/NCAR再分析资料，分析贵州省秋季无日照连阴雨发生频次、持续时间和时空分布特征，并选取5次典型过程进行环流诊断。结果表明：近51年来，贵州省秋季无日照雨日数10月最多，9月最少，秋季无日照雨日降水量最大的是9—10月，11月降水量最少。秋季累计贵州省平均无日照雨日数为27.3 d/a，贵州省多年平均秋季无日照降水量为183.2mm/a，均呈北多南少的分布型。贵州省东北部发生轻级（5～6 d）无日照连阴雨的频次最多，重级以上（10 d以上）无日照连阴雨过程主要发生在贵州省西北部。厄尔尼诺发生年，印度洋偶极子正位相，高原及其以西地区、印度洋多低值系统发展活动频繁，有利于贵州省出现连阴雨过程。     

云贵高原中部倒春寒特征及其极端类型大气环境场分析

利用1981—2021年云贵高原中部45个气象观测站逐日平均气温资料,以及NCEP2.5°×2.5°再分析日资料，采用倒春寒指数计算、分级以及合成分析等方法，分析云贵高原中部倒春寒天气年际、年代际变化特征，并确定特重级倒春寒年和无倒春寒年为倒春寒极端类型年，对比分析其环流特征，以期找出其预报指标。结果表明：（1）1981—2021年云贵高原中部区域年度倒春寒标准化指数总体呈下降趋势,且在1998年前后具有一个十分明显的突变（α=0.01）。特重级和重级倒春寒年基本发生在20世纪80年代和90年代，进入21世纪后，以轻级倒春寒年和无倒春寒年为主。（2）在特重级倒春寒年，500 hPa极涡偏强，亚洲中高纬呈现出西高东低的异常环流型，有利于东亚地区环流径向度加大，同时50°N以南温度基本呈负距平分布，表明冷空气活动异常活跃，从而造成地面云贵准静止锋偏强。与此同时，700 hPa上，云贵高原受异常气旋式环流东侧的偏东气流控制，与华北异常反气旋式环流底部的偏东气流在云贵高原上空辐合，将南海和东海的水汽向云贵高原上空输送，从而有利于低温和降水天气的形成。在无倒春寒年，上述形势相反。（3）在特重级倒春寒年，前期夏季、秋季、冬季和同期春季中东太平洋海温均表现为东部型厄尔尼诺；而在无倒春寒年，均表现为中部型厄尔尼诺。     

贵州冬季凝冻特征及环流分型研究

利用1983—2013年12月—次年2月贵州省84站凝冻过程观测资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,采用EOF、聚类分析、Lamb-Jenkinson环流分型等方法,分析了贵州省冬季凝冻过程的空间分布特征和冬季环流分型。结果表明:贵州省中部一线的区域凝冻发生频率最高,安顺西部至黔南州西南部区域凝冻持续时间最长,贵州北部及东南部部分地区凝冻发生频率较低且持续时间短,因此受灾程度最轻。全省各站冬季凝冻日数一致偏多或偏少的情况所占比例接近80%。以贵州冬季凝冻过程中凝冻日数为研究对象,可划分为4类,即特重凝冻区、重凝冻区、中凝冻区和轻凝冻区。Lamb-Jenkinson环流分型方法适用于贵州区域,在贵州冬季凝冻过程中W型环流占98.1%。12—次年2月各月W型环流所占百分率依次为92.7%、95.5%和95.0%,Lamb-Jenkinson环流分型结果可以更准确地体现贵州区域冬季各类环流的型态特征。     

西北地区夏季降水异常及其水汽输送和环流特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 1951～2000年共50a的再分析资料及我国西北地区内31个代表站的降水资料,对西北地区近50a来夏季降水异常的时空特征、环流形势及水汽输送进行了研究。分析发现,西北地区夏季降水异常与东部沿海地区的降水呈反位相分布,说明西北地区和东部沿海地区的降水影响系统不同,影响时期不一致。分析结果表明,影响西北地区夏季多、少雨年的相关区域环流特征和水汽输送特征有显著差异。     

贵州省冷（暖）今年的特点与春季总降水量及温度的关系

利用1951－2001年贵州省32个代表站冬季（12－2月）温度资料，对冷暖向前看进行划分，并分析其环流因子，发现冷冬年西风带亚洲地区以经向环流为主，低纬度西太平洋副热带高压偏弱，位置偏东，暖冬年则相反。冷暖冬年与来年春季总降水量、温度都有较好的关系，对短期 气候预测有很好的参考价值。     

基于支持向量机(SVM)方法的冬季温度预测

选取河南省5个代表站,分别代表河南省5个片,将气候预测中常用的74项环流特征量资料进行归一化处理,分别将其与5个代表站的冬季温度进行相关普查,在筛选预测因子的基础上,利用SVM两类分类和回归方法,建立河南各代表站冬季温度预测推理模型,用2000/2001~2004/2005年4年进行试报,结果显示SVM方法是处理非线性分类和回归等问题的有效方法,做分类和回归预测时,各代表站对应的SVM推理模型均具有良好的预报能力,且对温度预测SVM回归优于SVM分类。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.