河西走廊干旱区春季沙尘气溶胶对辐射的影响初步研究

利用2008年春季中美沙尘暴联合观测实验中张掖站晴朗少云天正午的地表辐射和太阳光度计资料,计算分析了沙尘气溶胶对太阳辐射和大气逆辐射的影响,结果表明：沙尘对太阳总辐射有一定程度的削弱作用,经估算,大气浑浊度每增加0.1,太阳总辐射平均减少约10.45 W·m^-2;当大气浑浊度一定时,沙尘粒子越小,对太阳总辐射的削弱效率就越高;大气浑浊度小于0.3时,大气逆辐射有随大气浑浊度的增加而增加的趋势,大气浑浊度大于0.3时,大气逆辐射随大气浑浊度增加有减小的趋势。     

内蒙古半干旱草原沙尘天气对近地层微气象学特征影响分析

利用锡林浩特国家气候观象台2011年4-5月近地层微气象、地表辐射和湍流通量观测数据,对比分析了内蒙古典型半干旱草原下垫面在晴天、扬沙和沙尘暴天气下各气象要素、地表辐射分量和能量平衡的变化特征。对于半干旱草原区,地面风速越大沙尘天气越强;沙尘过程开始前地面空气较暖,开始后地面空气转为相对较冷的状态;沙尘气溶胶含量越高,5 cm地温日变化趋势越弱,在沙尘过程中5 cm地温值越小。沙尘气溶胶含量越高,太阳总辐射越弱,大气长波辐射越强;地表反射辐射与总辐射有相同的日变化特征;沙尘气溶胶白天使净辐射值减小,夜间使净辐射值增大。沙尘天气直接辐射衰减非常明显,而且散射辐射在总辐射中占很大的比重。沙尘气溶胶对紫外辐射的削弱很强,并且沙尘含量越高,对紫外辐射的削弱越强。沙尘气溶胶的辐射强迫作用对地表能量平衡产生影响,使向上的感热和潜热输送减弱,使向上的土壤热通量增强或向下的土壤热通量减弱。     

黑碳和有机碳气溶胶对大气温度影响的数值模拟

黑碳气溶胶和有机碳气溶胶是大气气溶胶的重要组成成分,对区域和全球气候有重大影响。利用区域气候模式RegCM3模拟了2000年7月中国黑碳气溶胶和有机碳气溶胶的辐射强迫,分析了这两种气溶胶对大气温度的影响。结果发现,黑碳气溶胶在模式顶层产生正的辐射强迫,而有机碳气溶胶在模式顶层产生的辐射强迫并非全为正值,在地表两种气溶胶都产生负的辐射强迫。黑碳气溶胶和有机碳气溶胶的辐射强迫引起的温度反馈表现在:7月这两种气溶胶的加入使得28°—30° N之间的地区的气温显著升高,35°—36.2° N区域气温降低。黑碳气溶胶的升温效应强于有机碳气溶胶。     

银川市初夏气溶胶粒子谱分布特征

利用美制APS—3310A型激光粒谱仪，在中国西北城市银川对大气气溶胶粒子进行现场观测，结合气象条件，并通过理论计算分析，给出了银川市初夏大气气溶胶的日变化特征、3种不同粒径粒子分布特点及飘尘谱分布特征，以期为银川市大气污染总量控制方案及对策提供科学依据。     

呼伦贝尔沙地紫外辐射和太阳总辐射特征

利用呼伦贝尔沙地鄂温克自治旗2019年观测的辐射资料,对该地区的紫外辐射和总辐射进行了初步分析。结果表明：紫外辐射、总辐射年变化位相基本相同,年曝辐量分别为240.33、5 142.41 MJ·m^-2,年均日曝辐量分别为0.66、14.09 MJ·m^-2,紫外辐射年均日曝辐量小于西藏拉萨地区;紫外辐射辐照度和总辐射辐照度最大值出现在6月,分别为50.09、1 075 W·m^-2,最小值出现在12月;紫外辐射和总辐射皆表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季;沙尘暴对太阳辐射的减弱作用最明显,分别对紫外辐射和总辐射削减78.46%和76.19%,降雨减弱作用较小;紫外辐射日均曝辐量在总辐射中所占比例集中在3.42%—4.95%,年均值为4.64%,大于塔克拉玛干沙漠肖塘地区。     

南极拉斯曼丘陵地区紫外辐射的特征

本文对南极拉斯曼丘陵地区１９９３年２月～１９９４年１２月的紫外辐射和总辐射资料进行了初步分析。结果表明该地区地表接收到的太阳辐射能主要集中在暖季（１０～２月），紫外辐射和总辐射分别占年总量的８７％和８６％。极昼期间辐射通量特别强，紫外辐射和总辐射１１～１月的平均强度超过青藏高原和北极圈附近地区夏季（６～８月）的平均强度。南极春季（９～１０月）臭氧洞期间，臭氧减少不但对紫外辐射Ｂ波段有显著的增加作用，对紫外辐射和总辐射也有一定的作用，紫外辐射和总辐射与斜程柱臭氧总量都呈对数关系。     

东亚沙尘气候效应对地面温度日较差影响的数值模拟

地面温度日较差（DTR）作为重要天气和气候指标,反映昼夜温差极值,比平均气温对地表辐射收支的变化更敏感,对环境变化和气候异常具有重要参考价值。沙尘气溶胶的气候效应是影响岩石圈-大气-海洋系统的重要因子,但目前的研究较少涉及沙尘气溶胶对DTR的影响机制。基于WRF-Chem模式（Weather Research and Forecasting coupled with Chemistry）揭示2002—2005年沙尘气溶胶气候效应对东亚地面温度日较差的影响。结果表明：WRF-Chem模式可以很好体现东亚气象场和沙尘气溶胶的时空分布特征。沙尘气候效应导致东亚大陆大部分地区DTR减小,沙尘直接辐射效应在其中起决定性作用。在白天,沙尘直接辐射强迫加热大气、冷却地表,减小地面总净辐射而降低日最高温度,导致DTR减小。在中国青藏高原和东北部地区,沙尘气溶胶间接效应占主导地位,导致青藏高原地区积雪覆盖减少,东北地区云水含量减小,间接导致DTR增大。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘过渡带紫外辐射和总辐射特征

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘沙漠-绿洲过渡带肖塘地区2011年直接探测的辐射资料,对该地区紫外辐射、总辐射状况进行了初步分析。结果表明:紫外辐射、总辐射年变化位相基本相同,年曝辐量分别为242.62、5441.31 MJ\5m-2,分别比塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地少21%、10%,年平均日曝辐量分别为0.68、15.35 MJ\5m-2。总辐射辐照度最大值为1329.6 W\5m-2,紫外辐射辐照度最大值为62.7 W\5m-2,出现在6月。沙尘暴对紫外辐射的减弱作用最明显,扬沙次之,浮尘减弱作用最小。紫外辐射日平均曝辐量占总辐射日平均曝辐量的3.36%～7.25%,年平均曝辐量占4.45%。     

FY-2C资料进行云顶粒子热力学相态分析应用初探

利用"9210"系统下发的FY-2C图像资料数字化信息,依据高云、中云、低云在可见光波段和红外波段具有不同的光谱特性,结合水汽通道和红外通道对密蔽云系的辐射特性,分析了2008年华南低温雨雪冰冻期间红外、水汽、可见光3个通道云系的辐射特征,发现了有利于识别水云、冰云和冰水混合云的方法。同时指出,对于密蔽云系,当水汽亮温值大于0℃而红外亮温值小于0℃时,云顶粒子的热力学相态为过冷却液态水的可能性大于冰晶结构的可能性。根据上述辐射特性分析制定了云类的识别方法。实例分析结果表明这种方法能较好地分离出易产生冻雨的云体中缺少成冰核的过冷却液态水云。     

沙尘源区与沉降区粒子的理化特征

在沙尘源区,大气气溶胶粒子主要是地面沙尘来源,沙尘暴发生时气溶胶粒子的浓度大增,浓度峰值向粗粒径范围移动;在沙尘沉降区日本,当浮尘期时气溶胶粒子有地面沙尘和工业排放物两个来源,形成双峰型分布,当非浮尘期时气溶胶粒子主要以工业排放来源为主,在＜2.1 um细粒径范围形成一个峰值.水溶性成分也不相同,沙尘源区粒子以Ca2+、SO42-、Na+、Cl-等沙尘来源离子为主,在3.3～4.7 um形成浓度峰值;沙尘沉降区以NH4+、SO42-、NO3-等工业来源离子为主,在0.65～1.01 um形成峰值.在日本即使是当浮尘时期,大气中的气溶胶粒子浓度也远远比不上沙尘源区沙尘暴发生时的大气气溶胶浓度.这说明能够到达日本沉降区的气溶胶粒子只是沙尘源区大气气溶胶中的很少一部分.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

Assessment of GIAHS in Shizuoka: The Traditional Tea-grass Integrated System

<正>1 Introduction In 2013,Chagusaba,which is traditional tea-grass integrated system in Shizuoka,were accepted as new world heritage site of agriculture.Shizuoka prefecture occupies a variety of elevations,from 0 to 3000m or more above sea level.Because of the diversity of land features and climates,this area produces 167 agricultural commodities.In addition,a lot of traditional agriculture and over200 local native varieties of crops have been conserved in Shizuoka     

ERAHS: A New Platform for the Exchange of Regional Information and Experience on Agricultural Heritage Systems

<正>There are more than 10000 years of agricultural development history in the world that has provided very fruitful and ingenious traditional knowledge and experiences reflecting the evolution of humanity and the nature.In2002,the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)initiated an international partnership initiative of"Conservation and Adaptive Management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The City in Cultural Context . John Agnew, John Mercer, David Sopher, eds. Soils and Geomorphology Peter W. Birkeland. Urbanization and Settlement Systems, International Perspectives . L. S. Bourne, R. Sinclair, and K. Dziewoński. eds. An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography . Harold Carter. Overshoot, The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change . William J. Catton, Jr. Rivers of the World . Eberhard Czaya. Jewish Communities in Frontier Societies: Argentina, Australia and South Africa . Daniel J. Elazar with Peter Medding. Color in Public Spaces: Toward a Communication-Based Theory of the Urban Built Environment. Kenneth E. Foote. Spatial Statistics and Models. Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds. Mega-Geomorphology. Rita Gardner and Helen Scoging, eds. Technological Change and Regional Development. Gillespie, ed. The Arid Lands: Their Use and Abuse. R. L. Heathcote. The Location of Industry in Britain. A. G. Hoare. Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent . R. G. LaFleur, ed. Rural Public Services: International Comparisons. Richard E. Lonsdale and Gyorgy Enyedi, eds. Saving Water in a Desert City. William E. Martin, Helen M. Ingram, Nancy K. Laney, and Adrian H. Griffin. Water Resources: Distribution, Use and Management. John R. Mather. Transnationals and the Third World: The Struggle for Culture. Armand Mattelart. South Hadley, MA: USGS Digital Cartographic Data Standards. R. B. McEwen, R. E. Witmer, and B. S. Ramey, eds. The Ecosystem Concept in Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder, CO: Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor. June Nash and Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, eds. Nuclear Power: Assessing and Managing Hazardous Technology. Martin J. Pasqualetti and K. David Pijawka, eds. Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science 1815-1840. Elizabeth Chalmers Patterson. An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. John Pethick. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States , Vol. 1, The Late Pleistocene. Stephen C. Porter, ed. Planning and Ecology. R. D. Roberts and T. M. Roberts, eds. Regionalism and the Pacific Northwest. William G. Robbins, Robert J. Frank, and Richard E. Ross, eds. Environment and Health. Anthony J. Rowland and Paul Cooper. Sunbelt/Snowbelt: Urban Development and Regional Restructuring. Larry Sawers and William K. Tabb, eds. The Bad Earth. Environmental Degradation in China. Vaclav Smil. Armonk, NY: Voyage into Substance: Art, Science, Nature, and the Illustrated Travel Account, 1760–1840. Barbara Maria Stafford. The Institute of British Geographers: The First Fifty Years. Robert W. Steel. Visions of the Past. Christopher Taylor and Richard Muir. Glacial Lake Agassiz. J. T. Teller and Lee Clayton, eds. The Tule Breakers: The Story of the California Dredge. John Thompson and Edward A. Dutra. The Balkan City 1400–1900. Nikolai Todorov. Explanation, Prediction and Planning: the Lowry model. Michael J. Webber. Mercedes Reales: Hispanic Land Grants of the Upper Rio Grande Region. Victor Westphall. The World Atlas of Revolutions. Andrew J. M. Wheatcroft. The West European City, A Social Geography. Paul White. Urban Elites and Mass Transportation. J. Allen Whitt. Princeton, NJ: Urban Life In Contemporary China. Martin King Whyte and William L. Parish. The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. David Wilson. London and Canberra: Rethinking Geographical Inquiry. J. David Wood, ed.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.