云南天文台激光测距中使用的光电探测器

阐述了云南天文台1．2m望远镜卫星激光测距中所使用的光电探测器，并对它们的性能和使用效果做了比较。结果表明，C—SPAD是目前测距精度最高的单光子探测器。同时还论述了激光测距的工作原理和近几年来云南天文台激光测距的情况。从对GPS35、36卫星的观测结果表明，云南天文台已具备了一定的对远程卫星的测距能力，为今后远程测距、测月打下了良好的基础。     

鹊桥卫星激光测距时间窗口及测距成功概率分析

首先通过对鹊桥卫星任务轨道进行分析,用数值方法模拟出一条近似鹊桥卫星探测任务的轨道,然后计算了2019年下半年云南天文台鹊桥卫星激光测距观测时间窗口,给出了鹊桥卫星到云南天文台的激光测距距离范围和鹊桥卫星运行轨道与月球的最小距离。基于模拟的晕轨道计算了鹊桥卫星激光测距单脉冲理论回波光子数和测距成功概率。根据月球激光测距积累的经验,结合影响测距的因素给出了提高激光测距回波光子数和测距成功率的改善方法。最后设计了等效试验方案,通过实测结果来验证理论计算,为实现鹊桥卫星激光测距提供依据。     

Guidetech GT668SLR-1事件计时器在卫星激光测距中的应用研究

高重频卫星激光测距系统中,激光脉冲飞行时间通过事件计时器分别测量主波和回波时刻获得。为了采用更高重频且高精度的事件计时器,将Guidetech公司的GT668SLR-1事件计时器应用于中国科学院云南天文台的1.2 m望远镜激光测距系统,对其结构原理进行分析,并利用其测量由信号发生器产生的固定信号、地靶测距和卫星测距等试验,采集数据的处理结果达到激光测距精度要求,由此判定GT668SLR-1事件计时器可用做卫星激光测距系统的时间测量单元。     

高重复率卫星激光测距中一种回波实时识别方法

高重复率卫星激光测距(SLR)采用低能量激光,回波率较低且探测器暗噪声数明显增多,尤其在白天测距强背景噪声时,回波信号更是难于识别。该文提出了两次滤波的回波实时识别方法。为验证此方法的可行性,使用了Graz激光站2kHz实际测距数据,模拟了高重复率测距过程。结果表明,此方法在对高重复率激光测距回波识别中是有效的,为开展kHz激光测距打下了技术基础。     

云南天文台人造卫星激光测距系统原理

从光路结构特征和测距控制系统特点出发,研究分析了目前云南天文台人造卫星激光测距系统的原理,详细阐述了测距系统的工作过程,并给出该系统当下的基本测距情况.     

非合作目标分光路激光测距中距离值的确定方法

摘要：卫星激光测距是目前空间大地测量的主要手段之一,在地球动力学和大地测量学等领域有广泛的应用。云南天文台即将开展非合作目标分光路激光测距试验,即激光接收和发射光路系统分别由相邻较近的两台望远镜完成。针对分光路非合作目标激光测距系统,提出了一种非合作目标分光路激光测距中测距值的确定方法,并给出了相应的计算公式,为分光路激光测距数据处理提供参考。     

10赫兹漫反射激光测距控制系统的设计与实现

设计和实现了云南天文台1．2m望远镜10Hz共光路漫反射激光测距控制系统,包括激光器、信号探测器和测时设备等的控制。并将系统应用于实际观测中,使用结果表明系统运行正常,且已成功实现了部分空间碎片的漫反射激光测距。将测时设备换为事件计时器后,该系统可直接用于激光测月试验。     

云南天文台一发多收激光测距系统设计与实现

极微弱信号探测技术对深空激光测距和碎片激光测距具有重要意义。研究并实现了千赫兹一发多收激光测距技术,包括光路设计与实现和计算机控制系统研制等,并将该技术应用于云南天文台激光测距系统中加以验证。结果表明,系统运行正常,且已成功实现了对中高轨卫星的一发两收激光测距。     

激光测距中单光子雪崩二极管的动态范围问题及解决办法

叙述了云南天文台1．2m望远镜激光测距系统中应用多种手段，如：机械快门、发散角调整、距离门、光谱滤波、空间滤波，解决了可门控的雪崩二极管的动态范围问题，实现了远、近卫星的黑夜激光测距和部分近地卫星的白天激光测距。     

1.2m激光测距系统及其噪声抑制技术

介绍了激光测距技术的过去和现状及其科学意义,系统地讨论了激光测距系统的构成及各组成部分的发展,分析了测距过程中各方面的误差来源及其相应的消除或减小误差的方法。对于目前正在调试的云南天文台１２ｍ激光测距系统作了详细的介绍,对该系统的噪声抑制技术也作了具体的讨论。     

A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io

We modified the MAGMA chemical equilibrium code developed by Fegley and Cameron (1987, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207-222) and used it to model vaporization of high temperature silicate lavas on Io. The MAGMA code computes chemical equilibria in a melt, between melt and its equilibrium vapor, and in the gas phase. The good agreement of MAGMA code results with experimental data and with other computer codes is demonstrated. The temperature-dependent pressure and composition of vapor in equilibrium with lava is calculated from 1700 to 2400 K for 109 different silicate lavas in the ONaKFeSiMgCaAlTi system. Results for five lavas (tholeiitic basalt, alkali basalt, Barberton komatiite, dunite, and a molten type B1 Ca, Al-rich inclusion) are discussed in detail. The effects of continuous fractional vaporization on chemistry of these lavas and their equilibrium vapor are presented. The predicted abundances (relative to Na) of K, Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and Ti in the vapor equilibrated with lavas at 1900 K are lower than published upper limits for Io's atmosphere (which do not include Mg). We predict evaporative loss of alkalis, Fe, and Si during volcanic eruptions. Sodium is more volatile than K, and the Na/K ratio in the gas is decreased by fractional vaporization. This process can match Io's atmospheric Na/K ratio of 10±3 reported by Brown (2001, Icarus 151, 190-195). Silicon monoxide is an abundant species in the vapor above lavas. Spectroscopic searches are recommended for SiO at IR and mm wavelengths. Reactions of metallic vapors with S- and Cl-bearing volcanic gases may form other unusual gases including MgCl₂, MgS, MgCl, FeCl₂, FeS, FeCl, and SiS.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

正~~     

Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

Born–Infeld type phantom model in the ω–ω′ plane

In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of Born–Infeld (B–I) phantom model in the ω–ω′ plane, which is defined by the equation of state parameter for the dark energy and its derivative with respect to N (the logarithm of the scale factor a). We find the scalar field equation of motion in ω–ω′ plane, and show mathematically the property of attractor solutions which correspond to ω _φ ∼−1, Ω _φ =1, which avoid the “Big rip” problem and meets the current observations well.      

A Comparison of Several Image Locating Algorithms in Astronomical Instruments

In astronomical observations at optical wavelengths, a fast image tracking system can be adopted to reduce the effects of the atmospheric seeing and telescopic tracking error, and therefore improve the observing efficiency. Aiming at the need of astronomical observations, totally 5 kinds of algorithms in two categories were selected to make a comparative study on their accuracies and stabilities under different noise conditions by both numerical experiment and laboratory test. The results indicate that the normalized cross-correlation method and barycenter method have not only a higher accuracy but also a better reliability against interferences, they will be applied to the high-resolution spectrograph of the Xinglong 2.16 m telescope and the scienti?c instruments of the SONG (Stellar Observations Network Group) project, respectively.     

Shear and vorticity in a combined Einstein-Cartan-Brans-Dicke inflationary lambda-Universe

A combined BCDE (Brans-Dicke and Einstein-Cartan) theory with lambda-term is developed through Raychaudhuri’s equation, for inflationary scenario. It involves a variable cosmological constant, which decreases with time, jointly with energy density, cosmic pressure, shear, vorticity, and Hubble’s parameter, while the scale factor, total spin and scalar field increase exponentially. The post-inflationary fluid resembles a perfect one, though total spin grows, but the angular speed does not (Astrophys. Space Sci. 312: 275, 2007d).