New progress of research on water cycle in atmosphere in China

1 Precipitation characteristics Since the 1980s, Chinese climatologists have conducted a lot of researches on the law of precipitation variation in recent 100 years. Zhang Xiangong et al. (1982)[1], Tu Qipu (1984)[2], Wang Shaowu (1994)[3], Chen Longxun, et al. (1998)[4] have carried out researches on temperature and precipitation changes of the last 100 years in China, viewing that China has the characteristics of cold-wet and warm-dry alternations. Shi Neng et al. (1983) studied the rel…     

Application of Participatory Development Theory in Wetland Ecotourism Initiatives——A Case Study of Baiyangdian in Anxin of Hebei Province

As one of the few ecological wetlands in North China,Baiyangdian bears multiple important ecological functions,including ①adjusting the ecological balance of North China;②safeguarding the downstream areas,especially Tianjin City,the Beijing-Shanghai Railway and Huabei Oil Field;③serving as the reservoir for the North-to-South Water Diversion Project and the emergent use of water for Beijing;④conserving biodiversity.Wetland ecotourism is a scientific and wise use pattern for wetland resources,through which,a source of financing is provided for wetland conservation,economic alternatives are generated for local people to reduce overexploitation on wetland resources and the public awareness of environmental protection is enhanced.Since wetland ecotourism can benefit the co-existence between human and nature and promote social equity between people,it enjoys broad promise for popularization and implementation.The proactive cooperation and sound interaction between main stakeholders,and the wide participation of the community residents,will guarantee the sustainable development of wetland ecotourism.Based on the analysis of current status of participation and interactive relationships of the main stakeholders in Baiyangdian tourism,this article made an attempt to apply the theory of participatory development to the ecotourism initiatives of Baiyangdian wetland,discussed and brought forward the countermeasures to improve community participation in wetland ecotourism under the guidance of this theory.     

Progress in sandy desertification research of China

Desertification is one of the most serious environmental and socio-economic problems facing the world today. Because the rapid expansion of desertification has resulted in serious environmental deterioration, economic loss, locally unsteadiness political situation and social upheaval, it has become a hot-spot issue of worldwide concern. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, as the catastrophic drought in the west Africa greatly accelerated the development of desertification, the desertificati…     

Recent progress of glaciological studies in China

1IntroductionIn the early 1960s, glaciers in western China were classified into maritime- and continental-types by different glacial environment and physical characteristics (Shi and Xie, 1964). With extensive glaciological investigations in the western regions (Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology of CAS, 1988), Lai and Huang (1990) suggested a new classification of temperate, subpolar and quasipolar glaciers, corresponding to the maritime-, subcontinental- and extremely contin…     

Stochastic modeling of daily precipitation in China

1IntroductionWeather Generator (WG) is a stochastic model that can be used to simulate daily weather based on parameters determined by historic records. Precipitation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, radiation and more can all be simulated by WG. Recently WG has gained renewed attention and has been extensively applied in studying impacts of climate change on a variety of systems including ecosystem and risk assessment. Specifically, it has been used in the following ways. 1) WG …     

The Key Websites of Geography in China

Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR): www.igsnrr.ac.cnThe Geographical Society of China (GSC): www.gsc.org.cnChina Society of Natural Resources (CSNR): www.csnr.orgChina Society on the Tibetan Plateau (CSTP): www.cstp.org.cnInstitute of Remote Sensing Applications (IRSA): www.irsa.ac.cnNanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology (NIGL): www.niglas.ac.cnState Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information …     

Development of land desertification in Bashang area in the past 20 years

1 Physiographic characteristics of Bashang area In broad sense, Bashang area refers to the entire Zhangbei, Kangbao and Guyuan counties, northern part of Shangyi, northern parts of Fengning and Weichang counties of Chengde Prefecture, most part of Duolun county, entire Taipusi Banner (Taipusi County), southern part of Zhenglan and Zhengxiangbai banners (counties) and northeast of Huade in Inner Mongolia, altogether 12 counties or banners covering an area of more than 42,000 km2 with a …     

A Review of “The Tsunami of 2004 in Sri Lanka: Impacts and Policy in the Shadow of Civil War”

Abstract

Zionist geographers in Israel were highly involved in institutionalizing Israel's national identity. In search for interpretative schemes, they were highly committed both to Western paradigms and to Zionist narratives. Until the 1970s, organicist models of regional geography were popular despite contradictions between the use of tragic and comic narratives in Western models and the need to adopt romantic narratives for Zionist purposes. The emergence of historical geography in the 1950s helped to solve these contradictions by adopting a contextual mode of explanation in which the national story has been described in terms of a unique one and as an example for the power of Zionist civilization to transform bewildered nature. During the last two decades, new forms of criticism have emerged that changed the discourse from a particularistic story of nation building to a more general story of colonization and territorial control.     

乡村人口迁出对生态脆弱地区植被覆被的影响——以内蒙古自治区为例

生态脆弱地区的生态环境状况改善和治理一直是各级政府部门和学者关注的焦点问题。过去10余年,中国城镇化进程发展迅速,生态脆弱地区乡村劳动力大量迁出。那么劳动力人口迁出会在多大程度上影响脆弱地区植被覆被状况的变化呢?本研究利用2000-2010年的NDVI数据、气象观测数据和社会经济数据,采用趋势线分析、显著性检验和多元回归分析等方法,对内蒙古地区植被覆被状况的变化进行了分析,并在县级尺度上定量评估了乡村劳动力人口迁移对区域植被覆被状况的影响。结果表明：① 2000-2010年,内蒙古自治区植被覆被总体呈上升趋势,其中超过28%的地区植被覆被状况显著改善,只有约2%的地区存在较强的退化趋势;② 植被覆被显著退化的地区呈条带状分布于内蒙古自治区中部农牧交错带北部边缘;植被覆被显著改善的地区主要位于内蒙古自治区的东南部与西部地区;③ 2000-2010年,农业劳动力对植被覆被状况的影响已经超过了气候等自然因素的作用,农业劳动力迁出对植被覆被状况提高有显著的促进作用。     

基于MODIS/EVI的内蒙古高原西部植被变化

内蒙古高原西部生态环境脆弱,是全球变化的敏感地带.为了解该区域植被覆盖的时空动态变化,根据2000—2012年MODIS/EVI影像,使用趋势分析和标准差分析方法,研究了近13年内蒙古高原西部植被生长状况及其空间格局动态变化.同时,根据《1:100万植被类型图》把研究区分为荒漠区、草原区、草甸区和灌丛区,以研究不同植被类型下的EVI变化情况.结果显示:内蒙古高原西部植被覆盖退化面积大于改善面积;植被退化区主要分布在内蒙古农牧交错带北部边缘,包含乌兰察布、呼和浩特、包头等市及大通河、疏勒河、黑河等河谷地带;植被增加区域分布在河西地区、河套地区和阿巴嘎旗附近;研究区植被稳定性存在明显的地域差异,波动较高的区域位于阴山南部、祁连山南北和阿巴嘎旗,与植被覆盖退化或者增加的区域基本吻合;仅荒漠区植被覆盖水平上升,草甸、草原区植被覆盖退化严重.     

基于NOAA NDVI 的中国植被绿度始期变化

在对1982-1999 年NOAA/AVHRR NDVI 数据集进行缺失处理、平滑处理以及残存误差订正的基础上,利 用基于NDVI 累积频率曲线的Logistic 拟合模型计算生成了各年份全国植被绿度始期数据, 统计了所有气候植被 类型和生物气候区的平均绿度始期,并对不同空间类型植被绿度始期的年际变化趋势与显著性程度、时空变化特 征等做了统计分析。结果表明：①全国大部分地区植被绿度始期呈提前趋势,其中华北平原、贵州东北部、湖南中南 部山地丘陵区、广东西部地区以及内蒙古高原东部典型草原区等明显提前。②植被绿度始期年际波动程度高于10 天的地区主要分布在农业植被区、常绿植被区和草原区,其中河套平原、关中盆地、河南中东部、川西盆地、广东、藏 东南边缘地带以及台湾部分地区超过15 天。③除温带荒漠以外,其它所有植被类型绿度始期均为提前趋势。④从 各生物气候区空间变化来看,随着年积温降低和干旱指数增大,植被绿度始期大致呈推迟趋势;从年际变化来看, 华南、华东、华中、华北、内蒙、东北和青藏区植被绿度始期提前,陕晋和西北区植被绿度始期推迟。⑤受1982～1983 年厄尔尼诺事件影响,各空间类型植被绿度始期分别表现为推迟和提前趋势。     

1981-2010年气候变化和人类活动对内蒙古地区植被动态影响的定量研究

基于GIMMS NDVI以及MODIS NDVI数据,分析内蒙古地区1981-2010年的植被变化趋势,并结合气候、社会经济数据,以旗县为单位定量分析气候变化和人类活动对植被变化的影响,结果表明：①1981-2010年间,内蒙古地区植被变化具有典型的空间异质性,其中植被显著增加区域主要集中在西南部的阿拉善盟、鄂尔多斯市以及东部通辽市等地区,显著减少区域主要集中在北部的锡林郭勒盟以及东北部的呼伦贝尔市的部分地区;②对于植被显著增加区域,人类活动作用的影响面积最大,其次为气候因素,气候与人类活动的耦合作用也对植被增加有一定显著影响;内蒙古西部降雨量的增加、围封禁牧政策的实施以及农作物播种面积的增加为驱动植被增加的主要因素;③对于植被显著减少区域,人类活动的作用略大于气候因素;内蒙古中东部地区降雨减少以及近10年来部分旗县风速的增加是导致植被显著减少的重要气候因素;虽然人工造林、农作物播种面积会增加局部植被盖度,但在县域尺度不足以抵消干旱对植被生长的不利影响,反而会导致区域植被退化。     

地域分异规律与北方农牧交错带的退耕还林还草

简要论述了北方农牧交错带的自然地理特征,评述了农牧交错带历史时期以来北移西进造成与自然地带的错位,过度垦殖不仅导致交错带本身的生态破坏,还对黄河流域下游及华北平原带来严重的负面影响。依据自然界的地域分异规律对交错带及毗邻地区还林还草进行了分区,并在退耕还林还草背景下,对"三北"防护林工程做了评价,指出东北西部、华北北部山地造林完全正确,而内蒙古和西北广大地域不宜造林,当务之急应该是制止植被破坏,保护沙生植被、荒漠草原和典型草原植被。并建议有关决策部门对"三北"防护林工程进行重新审视。     

2001-2010 年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征

基于MODIS-NDVI 遥感数据反演了内蒙古地区2001-2010 年植被覆盖度的空间格局和变化规律, 并结合该地区同期降雨量和温度数据, 分别从不同空间和时间尺度上分析了森林生态区、草原生态区和荒漠生态区植被的年际变化和月际变化对气候变化的响应。结果表明:(1) 内蒙古植被覆盖度在空间上呈现东高西低的分布特征, 自西向东的变化速率为0.2/10°N, 10 年间森林、草原和荒漠生态区的年均植被覆盖度分别为0.57、0.4 和0.16;(2) 2001-2010年, 内蒙古植被覆盖度总体上呈上升趋势, 研究区内植被覆盖度极显著增加和显著增加的面积分别占总面积的11.25%和29.13%, 二者之和大于植被覆盖度极显著减少和显著减少的面积比例之和, 后者分别为7.65%和26.61%;(3) 在年际水平上, 内蒙古植被生长总体上与降雨量的关系更加密切, 而在月际水平上, 降雨量和温度对植被生长的影响作用相当, 说明年内植被生长更依赖于水热组合的共同作用, 而与单一气候因子的相关性降低;(4) 森林生态区植被覆盖度在年/月际水平上均与温度的相关性较强, 荒漠生态区植被覆盖度在年/月际水平上均与降雨量相关性较强, 而草原生态区植被覆盖度在年际水平上主要受降雨影响, 在月际水平上与二者相关性相当;(5) 草原区月植被覆盖度对降雨量的响应存在时滞效应。     

内蒙古草地NPP变化特征及其对气候变化敏感性的CENTURY模拟研究

气候变化及其对植被净初级生产力的影响是全球变化研究的核心内容之一。基于空间化的CENTURY生物过程模型,分析1981-2010年内蒙古草地净初级生产力（NPP）的时空演变规律及其对关键气候因子的敏感性特征。结果表明：近30年内蒙古草地大部分区域NPP呈下降态势但趋势并不显著,全区平均降速约为1.17 g C/m²·a;NPP年代际变化时空差异较大,1980s至1990s约69.65%的区域NPP下降,1990s至2000s NPP下降加剧,下降面积较前者扩大了17.50%;NPP对降水与温度的敏感性特征空间异质性较强,但总体上区域降水减少可能是近30年内蒙古草地NPP下降的主要因素,温度升高同样会导致草地NPP下降,但作用程度较小。     

2001-2015年间我国陆地植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力分析

本文基于MODIS-NDVI遥感数据反演计算了我国陆地2001—2015年地表植被覆盖度的空间分布,讨论了植被覆盖度的时空变化规律,分析了影响植被覆盖度近十几年来动态变化的主要驱动因素。研究结果表明：我国陆地植被覆盖度从2001—2015年,植被覆盖度总体上呈增加趋势,其中淮河流域、华北平原地区、以及黄土高原地区增加趋势显著。根据植被覆盖度在时间序列上的变化特征,可将其变化类型分为持续增长型、先减小后增长等六种类型,其中农业种植区基本为一直增长型,而主要森林覆盖区,特别是西南地区的植被覆盖度在研究时段内表现出波动性的变化特征。降水是驱动华北平原北部,内蒙古,以及西北大部分区域植被覆盖度动态变化的重要因素,东北、青藏高原等地区植被覆盖度受温度的影响较大,而在中国东南沿海地区,光照条件是影响该区域植被覆盖度的主要因素。     

柴达木河都兰区植被覆盖率变化特征

柴达木河都兰区位于青海柴达木盆地东南部,干旱少雨,生态环境脆弱。基于MODIS NDVI数据,应用遥感方法,对都兰区2000—2011年的植被覆盖率进行了计算,并分析了其影响因素。结果表明：研究区内裸土和低覆盖率植被的面积逐年减小,而较低覆盖率、中等覆盖率、较高覆盖率及高覆盖率植被的面积均逐年增加;研究区植被覆盖率与降水及相对湿度呈正相关关系,区域植被生长与地下水埋深的关系较为密切;宗加-诺木洪植被区的地下水埋深范围为0.7～3.5 m,在水埋深为1.7 m的地方,植被长势最好;当研究区的地下水水质矿化度小于3 g·L^-1时,植被发育较好。     

甘宁蒙陕农牧交错区不宜大规模开垦

通过对甘宁蒙陕农牧交错区的自然特征和生态功能、人类活动对该区环境的影响、水资源状况、国内外开垦草原的教训等方面的分析、论证,说明该区不宜大规模开垦,并提出该区生态保护与建设的对策。