基于采样方差的卫星钟信号分析

对原子钟频率稳定度分析受到频率漂移的影响进行定性分析，明确了不同类型方差在原子钟频率稳定度分析中的适用范围，首次提出将重叠Hadamard方差应用于卫星钟信号分析。分别利用Allan方差、Hadamard方差和重叠Hadamard方差对铷钟进行了稳定度计算，结果表明Allan方差的计算结果受频率漂移影响很大，而Hadamard系列方差能够有效克服频率漂移的影响，对于卫星钟的性能表征具有良好的效果。     

GNSS星载原子钟性能评估

星载原子钟作为导航卫星上维持时间尺度的关键载荷,其性能会对用户进行导航、定位与授时的精度带来影响。介绍了原子钟评估常用的三个指标（频率准确度、飘移率和稳定度）的定义及计算方法,利用事后卫星精密钟差数据,开展了全球卫星导航系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）星载原子钟性能评估,分析了GNSS星载原子钟特性。结果表明,GPS（global position system）BLOCKIIF星载铷钟与Galileo星载氢钟综合性能最优;北斗系统中地球轨道卫星与倾斜同步轨道卫星星载原子钟天稳定度达到2~4×10-14量级,与BLOCK IIR卫星精度相当;频率准确度达到1~4×10-11量级;频率漂移率达到10-14量级。     

BDS-3卫星钟在轨性能评估与分析

目前,国际主要卫星导航系统搭载的原子钟包含铷钟、氢钟、铯钟3大类。新型国产星载铷原子钟、氢原子钟的应用是BDS-3相对于BDS-2的重要改变之一。BDS-3正式开通运行以来,已经积累了丰富的在轨数据,本文采用2 a的精密钟差数据评估了新型国产原子钟的在轨性能,并与国际主流星载原子钟的性能进行对比,分析了国产原子钟在轨长期演化规律。结果表明,北斗氢钟具有较低的在轨漂移率和较高的稳定度,与Galileo系统星载氢钟为同一精度水平,北斗铷钟在轨性能稳步提高,跻身世界先进行列。     

利用不同时间同步体制钟差评估北斗三号星载原子钟性能

全球卫星导航系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)星载原子钟性能的优劣直接影响GNSS观测信号质量、测距精度、钟差预报与卫星自主导航能力,从而间接影响整个导航系统的服务性能。结合北斗三号系统独特的星间链路(inter-satellite link, ISL)和星地时间双向比对(two-way time transfer,TWTT)体制以及常用的精密轨道与钟差确定(orbit determination and time synchronization,ODTS)体制所估计的精密钟差数据,分析评估了北斗三号在轨原子钟服务性能。结果表明,3种钟差确定体制评估的频率准确度和漂移率结果基本一致,所有卫星频率准确度在(-4～2)×10^-11范围以内,氢钟频率准确度优于铷钟,ISL钟差评估的频率漂移率精度略优于ODTS。在评估原子钟稳定度方面,3种钟差确定体制各有优势,短期稳定度方面,ODTS钟差评估优于ISL钟差,基于ODTS评估的3 000 s稳定度可达3×10^-14,且氢钟的短期稳定性优于铷钟;中长期...     

BDS星载原子钟长期性能分析

北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)于2012年底开始提供区域服务,进行BDS星载原子钟的长期性能分析,对于系统性能的评估、卫星钟差的确定与预报等具有重要的作用。本文基于3年的多星定轨联合解算的BDS精密卫星钟数据,利用改进的中位数方法进行数据预处理,分析了卫星钟差数据的特点,使用卫星钟差二次多项式拟合模型分析了卫星钟的相位、频率、频漂及钟差模型噪声的长期变化特性,根据频谱分析的方法分析了卫星钟差的周期特性,采用重叠哈达玛方差计算并讨论了卫星钟的频率稳定性。综合上述方法及其试验结果较为全面地分析和评估了BDS星载原子钟的长期性能,得到结论:在噪声特性和钟漂特性方面,MEO卫星钟的性能最好,其次是IGSO卫星钟,最差的是GEO卫星钟,所有卫星钟噪声水平和频漂的均值分别为0.677ns和1.922×10~(-18);多星定轨条件下的北斗卫星钟差存在显著的周期项,其主周期分别近似为对应卫星轨道周期的1/2倍或1倍;BDS星载原子钟频率稳定度的平均值为1.484×10~(-13)。     

Galileo/GPS星载原子钟在轨性能评估与分析

从频率准确度、频率漂移率和频率稳定度3个方面,采用分段评估方法,对2016年度Galileo星载原子钟的长期性能指标进行了计算,并引入GPS 3种类型星载原子钟数据进行对比分析。综合3项指标结果序列,发现Galileo的E11、E12和E22卫星钟存在显著在轨卫星钟切换现象,需要在卫星导航系统监测评估中引起重视。     

卫星导航系统监测站铷原子钟频率校准方法分析

铷原子钟能够为卫星导航定位系统地面监测站的稳定运行提供时间标准和频率基准,但其频率漂移特性会对观测数据质量造成影响,因此需要定期对铷原子钟进行校准;目前常用的校准方法包括传统实验室校准、小型测试仪校准和远程在线校准,分析了三种方法的原理和特点,讨论了各种方法的优缺点,为卫星导航系统监测站铷原子钟校准的工程实现提供参考和借鉴。     

BDS-3卫星钟差特性分析

北斗全球导航卫星系统(简称北斗三号系统,BDS-3)载有高精度的国产新型铷钟和被动型氢原子钟,相比于北斗二号系统(BDS-2),其性能得到了极大的提升。为了分析BDS-3卫星钟的性能,首先采用中国矿业大学北斗数据处理与分析中心定轨软件估计了BDS-3的卫星钟差,其重叠弧段标准差精度优于1 ns。然后针对常用卫星钟差异常值探测方法的缺点,改进了Baarda粗差探测法,使其能够有效地处理北斗卫星钟差数据中存在的粗差、钟跳等异常值。最后采用处理后的钟差数据,分析了北斗卫星钟差的周期特性和频率稳定性。结果表明,加入两个周期项后,拟合残差序列更加稳定,拟合精度得到了很大的提升;BDS-3卫星的频率稳定性和BDS-2相比,提升了20.85%～75.09%;北斗中圆地球轨道(medium earth orbit, MEO)卫星的频率稳定性要优于倾斜地球同步轨道(inclined geosynchronous orbit,IGSO)卫星;氢原子钟频率稳定性高于铷原子钟40.16%～65.60%,且氢原子钟的长期稳定性要明显优于铷原子钟。     

GNSS星载原子钟在轨性能评估技术进展

星载原子钟作为全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system, GNSS）的核心载荷,其在轨性能指标决定着GNSS的PNT服务水平。由于太空电磁环境复杂,原子钟实际工作指标不稳定,对星载原子钟开展长期持续性能评估就显得尤为重要。本文综述了目前星载原子钟评估技术现状,对相位、频率、频率漂移率、拟合精度、拟合残差、频率稳定度等性能评估指标进行了分析总结,归纳了基于精密钟差产品进行星载原子钟评估的数据处理方法和流程,统计了现阶段GNSS星载原子钟类型和指标水平,并采集一年的精密卫星钟差数据对GNSS星载原子钟进行了综合评估与对比分析。最后,对现阶段GNSS星载原子钟性能评估技术现状和问题进行了总结及展望。     

北斗在轨卫星钟中长期钟差特性分析

针对北斗在轨卫星Rb原子钟2013年的实测数据,采用二次多项式拟合得到BDS卫星钟差模型,采用哈达玛总方差公式计算了北斗卫星钟的短期频率稳定度指标,进而分析了北斗在轨卫星钟特性指标的变化规律。通过实例计算,揭示了BDS不同在轨卫星钟的相位、频率、频漂及残差指标的变化规律;计算得出BDS卫星钟万秒频率稳定度维持在10-13量级左右,其中GEO卫星钟的稳定度相对较差,4号和8号卫星在运行期间出现跳变,跳变之后稳定性得到提高,其他在轨卫星钟稳定度变化趋势则相对平稳。     

Performance of the BDS3 experimental satellite passive hydrogen maser

Various types of onboard atomic clocks such as rubidium, cesium and hydrogen have different frequency accuracies and frequency drift rate characteristics. A passive hydrogen maser (PHM) has the advantage of low-frequency drift over a long period, which is suitable for long-term autonomous satellite time keeping. The third generation of Beidou Satellite Navigation System (BDS3) is equipped with PHMs which have been independently developed by China for their IGSO and MEO experimental satellites. Including Galileo, it is the second global satellite navigation system that uses PHM as a frequency standard for navigation signals. We briefly introduce the PHM design at the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory (SHAO) and detailed performance evaluation of in-orbit PHMs. Using the high-precision clock values obtained by satellite-ground and inter-satellite measurement and communication systems, we analyze the frequency stability, clock prediction accuracy and clock rate variation characteristics of the BDS3 experimental satellites. The results show that the in-orbit PHM frequency stability of the BDS3 is approximately 6 × 10^?15 at 1-day intervals, which is better than those of other types of onboard atomic clocks. The BDS3 PHM 2-, 10-h and 7-day clock prediction precision values are 0.26, 0.4 and 2.2 ns, respectively, which are better than those of the BDS3 rubidium clock and most of the GPS Block IIF and Galileo clocks. The BDS3 PHM 15-day clock rate variation is ? 1.83 × 10^?14 s/s, which indicates an extremely small frequency drift. The 15-day long-term stability results show that the BDS3 PHM in-orbit stability is roughly the same as the ground performance test. The PHM is expected to provide a highly stable time and frequency standard in the autonomous navigation case.     

星载原子钟稳定性影响分析

以最大限度保持星载原子钟稳定性计算结果的准确、可靠性为目标,分析了原始数据采样间隔、非连续间断时间序列、无数据段、频率漂移等因素对原子钟稳定性计算结果的影响。利用GPS卫星精密钟差数据针对阿仑和哈达玛方差进行了影响量级分析,得出了有益的结论。     

BDS星载原子钟频率稳定性分析

卫星导航系统中星载原子钟作为系统的星上时间基准,其性能直接决定着导航定位的精度。北斗卫星导航系统（BeiDou navigation satellite system,BDS）目前处于全面建设阶段,对系统星载原子钟的性能进行评估非常重要。结合评价星载铷原子钟稳定性的哈达玛（Hadamard）方差、重叠哈达玛方差和哈达玛总方差,分别基于5 min和15 min采样间隔的北斗精密钟差数据,综合三种方差的计算结果对北斗卫星导航系统星载原子钟频率稳定性进行较为全面的评估,得到了一些有益的结论。     

Short-term analysis of GNSS clocks

A characterization of the short-term stability of the atomic frequency standards onboard GNSS satellites is presented. Clock performance is evaluated using two different methods. The first method derives the temporal variation of the satellite’s clock from a polynomial fit through 1-way carrier-phase measurements from a receiver directly connected to a high-precision atomic frequency standard. Alternatively, three-way measurements using inter-station single differences of a second satellite from a neighboring station are used if the receiver’s clock stability at the station tracking the satellite of interest is not sufficient. The second method is a Kalman-filter-based clock estimation based on dual-frequency pseudorange and carrier-phase measurements from a small global or regional tracking network. Both methods are introduced and their respective advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The analysis section presents a characterization of GPS, GLONASS, GIOVE, Galileo IOV, QZSS, and COMPASS clocks based on these two methods. Special focus has been set on the frequency standards of new generation satellites like GPS Block IIF, QZSS, and IOV as well as the Chinese COMPASS/BeiDou-2 system. The analysis shows results for the Allan deviation covering averaging intervals from 1 to 1,000 s, which is of special interest for real-time PPP and other high-rate applications like processing of radio-occultation measurements. The clock interpolation errors for different sampling rates are evaluated for different types of clocks and their effect on PPP is discussed.     

基于频漂校准的氢钟铯钟联合守时研究

在没有外部溯源链路,利用氢钟铯钟联合守时的情况下,针对注重短期稳定度的场合,加权平均算法分配铯钟权重较小,不能充分发挥铯钟长期稳定度的问题,论文提出一种两级卡尔曼滤波算法生成本地原子时:第一级卡尔曼滤波利用铯钟长期稳定度好的特性,计算氢钟的频漂并且对氢钟频漂校准,第二级基于频漂校准后的氢钟和铯钟数据采用单状态变量的卡尔曼滤波算法生成本地原子时. 实验结果表明,算法生成的原子时在保持短期稳定度的前提下,长期稳定度得到一定提升:十天稳的提升在10-15量级,月稳的提升在10-14量级. 说明论文所提出的算法生成的本地原子时长期稳定度更好.      

Apparent clock variations of the Block IIF-1 (SVN62) GPS satellite

The Block IIF satellites feature a new generation of high-quality rubidium clocks for time and frequency keeping and are the first GPS satellites transmitting operational navigation signals on three distinct frequencies. We investigate apparent clock offset variations for the Block IIF-1 (SVN62) spacecraft that have been identified in L1/L2 clock solutions as well as the L1/L5-minus-L1/L2 clock difference. With peak-to-peak amplitudes of 10?C40?cm, these variations are of relevance for future precision point positioning applications and ionospheric analyses. A proper characterization and understanding is required to fully benefit from the quality of the new signals and clocks. The analysis covers a period of 8?months following the routine payload activation and is based on GPS orbit and clock products generated by the CODE analysis center of the International GNSS Service (IGS) as well as triple-frequency observations collected with the CONGO network. Based on a harmonic analysis, empirical models are presented that describe the sub-daily variation of the clock offset and the inter-frequency clock difference. These contribute to a better clock predictability at timescales of several hours and enable a consistent use of L1/L2 clock products in L1/L5-based positioning.