Desertification Reversion in Relation to Land Use Change and Climate in Naiman County, Inner-Mongolia, China

Analyses of desertified land and land use change in Naiman County of Inner-Mongolia showed that there was a fluctuated in-crease of rain-fed cropland in the period from 1951 to 1960, then decreased until the middle of the 1990＇s, then increased again, while irrigated cropland consistently increased. The woodland and build-up land consistently increased while grassland area de-creased. The area of water body increased from 1975 to 1995 and then decreased while river beach decreased. Wetland change fluctuated with a maximum of 303.53km2 in 1995 and a minimum of 62.08 km2 in 2002. Invasion of cropland into river beach does not only change land coverage on the beach, but also the hydrological process of the river systems and deeply influence wa-ter availability. The correlation between cropland and underground water table is negative and significant. Increase of irrigated cropland is the primary cause of water availability reduction. Water table reduction is negatively correlated to cropland. The total desertified land has decreased since 1975. A rapid increase occurred before 1959, but it is difficult to assess the change of deserti-fication due to lack of data from 1959 to 1975. Changes of different types of desertified lands were different. There is no signifi-cant correlation between land use and different types of desertified land, but there is a significant negative correlation between woodland and total desertified land. The correlation between grassland and total desertified land is positive and significant. There is a significant correlation between different land cover and key factors such as water body and annual precipitation, river beach and runoff, area of shifting dune and annual precipitation, and cropland and underground water table. Desertification reversion in Naiman County is fragile and will be even much more fragile due to population growth, rapid land use and climate change. This will lead to continued invasion of irrigated cropland into more fragile ecosystems and reduction of water availability.     

近10年洞庭湖区土地利用变化时空特征

The research on the land use/cover change is one of the frontiers and the hot spots in the global change research. Based on the Chinese resource and environment spatial-temporal database,and using the Landsat TM and ETM data of 1990 and 2000 respectively, we analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use/cover changes in the Dongting Lake area during the last decade. The result shows that during the last ten years there were three land-use types that had changed remarkably. The cultivated land decreased by 0.57% of the total cultivated land. The built-up land and water area expanded, with an increase of 8.97% and 0.43% respectively. The conversion between land use types mostly happened among these three land-use types, especially frequently between cultivated land and water area. The land-use change speed of land-use type is different. Three cities experienced the greatest degree of land-use change among all the administrative districts, which means that the land use in these cities changed much quickly. The following changed area was the west and south of the Dongting Lake area. The slowest changed area is the north and east area.     

草地改良对陆地生态系统养分的影响--以福建省建瓯市牛坑龙草地生态系统试验站为例

Both land use/land cover change (LUCC) and the effects of nutrients cycles on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity are key environmental problems in the 21st century (Yang etal., 2002; Li, 1996; Bai and Bai, 1998). Land cover change is the accumulated result of land use, which includes three types, i.e., deterioration, transition and amelioration of land cover (Cai, 2001). The nutrient cycle is the main functional process to maintain stability and production of an ecosystem. Land cover …     

基于SWAT模型模拟乌江三岔河生态系统产流服务及其空间变异（英文）

Runoff generation is an important part of water retention service, and also plays an important role on soil and water retention. Under the background of the ecosystem degradation, which was caused by the vulnerable karst ecosystem combined with human activity, it is necessary to understand the spatial pattern and impact factors of runoff generation in the karst region. The typical karst peak-cluster depression basin was selected as the study area. And the calibrated and verified Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was the main techniques to simulate the runoff generation in the typical karst basin. Further, the spatial variability of total/surface/groundwater runoff was analyzed along with the methods of gradient analysis and local regression. Results indicated that the law of spatial difference was obvious, and the total runoff coefficients were 70.0%. The groundwater runoff was rich, about 2–3 times the surface runoff. Terrain is a significant factor contributing to macroscopic control effect on the runoff service, where the total and groundwater runoff increased significantly with the rising elevation and slope. The distribution characteristics of vegetation have great effects on surface runoff. There were spatial differences between the forest land in the upstream and orchard land in the downstream, in turn the surface runoff presented a turning point due to the influence of vegetation. Moreover, the results of spatial overlay analysis showed that the highest value of total and groundwater runoff was distributed in the forest land. It is not only owing to the stronger soil water retention capacity of forest ecosystem, and geologic feature of rapid infiltration in this region, but also reflected the combining effects on the land cover types and topographical features. Overall, this study will promote the development and innovation of ecosystem services fields in the karst region, and further provide a theoretical foundation for ecosystem restoration and reconstruction.     

The effect of environmental factors on spatial variability in land use change in the high-sediment region of China’s Loess Plateau

In areas with topographic heterogeneity, land use change is spatially variable and influenced by climate, soil properties, and topography. To better understand this variability in the high-sediment region of the Loess Plateau in which soil loss is most severe and sediment diameter is larger than in other regions of the plateau, this study builds some indicators to identify the characteristics of land use change and then analyze the spatial variability as it is affected by climate, soil property, and topography. We build two indicators, a land use change intensity index and a vegetation change index, to characterize the intensity of land use change, and the degree of vegetation restoration, respectively. Based on a subsection mean method, the two indicators are then used to assess the spatial variability of land use change affected by climatic, edaphic, and topographic elements. The results indicate that： 1） Land use changed significantly in the period 1998-2010. The total area experiencing land use change was 42,302 km2, accounting for 22.57%of the study area. High-coverage grassland, other woodland, and forest increased significantly, while low-coverage grassland and farmland decreased in 2010 compared with 1998.2） Land use change occurred primarily west of the Yellow River, between 35 and 38 degrees north latitude. The four transformation types, including （a） low-coverage grassland to medium-coverage grassland, （b） medium-coverage grassland to high-coverage grassland, （c） farmland to other woodland, and （d） farmland to medium-coverage grassland, were the primary types of land use change, together constituting 60% of the area experiencing land use change. 3） The spatial variability of land use change was significantly affected by properties of dryness/wetness, soil conditions and slope gradient. In general, land use changed dramatically in semi-arid regions, remained relatively stable in arid regions, changed significantly in clay-rich soil, remained relatively stable in clay-poor soil, changed dramatically in steeper slopes, and remained relatively stable in tablelands and low-lying regions. The increase in vegetation coincided with increasing changes in land use for each physical element. These findings allow for an evaluation of the effect of the Grain to Green Program, and are applicable to the design of soil and water conservation projects on the Loess Plateau of China.     

土地利用和气候变化对森林生态系统地上生物量的影响模拟——以江西省泰和县为例（英文）

Global and regional environmental changes such as land use and climate change have significantly integrated and interactive effects on forest. These integrated effects will undoubtedly alter the distribution, function and succession processes of forest ecosystems. In order to adapt to these changes, it is necessary to understand their individual and integrated effects. In this study, we proposed a framework by using coupling models to gain a better understanding of the complex ecological processes. We combined an agent-based model for land use and land cover change(ABM/LUCC), an ecosystem process model(PnET-Ⅱ), and a forest dynamic landscape model(LANDIS-Ⅱ) to simulate the change of forest aboveground biomass(AGB) which was driven by land use and climate change factors for the period of 2010–2050 in Taihe County of southern China, where subtropical coniferous plantations dominate. We conducted a series of land use and climate change scenarios to compare the differences in forest AGB. The results show that:(1) land use, including town expansion, deforestation and forest conversion and climate change are likely to influence forest AGB in the near future in Taihe County.(2) Though climate change will make a good contribution to an increase in forest AGB, land use change can result in a rapid decrease in the forest AGB and play a vital role in the integrated simulation. The forest AGB under the integrated scenario decreased by 53.7%(RCP2.6 + land use), 57.2%(RCP4.5 + land use), and 56.9%(RCP8.5 + land use) by 2050, which is in comparison to the results under separate RCPs without land use disturbance.(3) The framework can offer a coupled method to better understand the complex and interactive ecological processes, which may provide some supports for adapting to land use and climate change, improving and optimizing plantation structure and function,and developing measures for sustainable forest management.     

1981-2001年青藏公路和铁路沿线土地覆被变化

1 Introduction Land cover change may result in extremely profound influence on regional water circulation, environmental quality, bio-diversity, and the productivity and adaptive capacity of land ecosystem. Meanwhile, it is an important factor affecting r…     

Land use change and its ecological effect in Qian＇an County of Jilin Province

Based on GIS and statistical methods, with the help of searching historical literatures and calculating the landscape indices, the land use changes of Qian‘an County in both spatial and temporal aspects from 1945 to 1996 has been analyzed in this paper. And the driving forces of land use changes and their ecological effects are discussed too. The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) Land use changed greatly in Qian‘an during 1945-1996, characterized by a decrease in grassland, wetland and water bodies, and an increase in cultivated land, saline-alkali land, and the land for housing and other construction purposes. Grassland decreased by 175,828.66 ha, and cultivated land increased by 102,137.23 ha over the half century. Accordingly, the main landscape type changed from a steppe landscape to a managed agricultural ecosystem. (2) Results of correlation analysis show that the land use change in the study area was mainly driven by the socioeconomic factors. (3) The ecological effects of land use change in the area are characterized by serious salinization, degression of soil fertility and the weakening, of landscaoe suitability.     

环京津贫困带土地利用变化多情景模拟与景观格局动态变化——以河北省张家口市为例（英文）

Land use/cover change has been recognized as a key component in global change and has attracted increasing attention in recent decades. Scenario simulation of land use change is an important issue in the study of land use/cover change, and plays a key role in land use prediction and policy decision. Based on the remote sensing data of Landsat TM images in 1989, 2000 and 2010, scenario simulation and landscape pattern analysis of land use change driven by socio-economic development and ecological protection policies were reported in Zhangjiakou city, a representative area of the Poverty Belt around Beijing and Tianjin. Using a CLUE-S model, along with socio-economic and geographic data, the land use simulation of four scenarios–namely, land use planning scenario, natural development scenario, ecological-oriented scenario and farmland protection scenario–were explored according to the actual conditions of Zhangjiakou city, and the landscape pattern characteristics under different land use scenarios were analyzed. The results revealed the following:(1) Farmland, grassland, water body and unused land decreased significantly during 1989–2010, with a decrease of 11.09%, 2.82%, 18.20% and 31.27%, respectively, while garden land, forestland and construction land increased over the same period, with an increase of 5.71%, 20.91% and 38.54%, respectively. The change rate and intensity of land use improved in general from 1989 to 2010. The integrated dynamic degree of land use increased from 2.21% during 1989–2000 to 3.96% during 2000–2010.(2) Land use changed significantly throughout 1989–2010. The total area that underwent land use change was 4759.14 km2, accounting for 12.53% of the study area. Land use transformation was characterized by grassland to forestland, and by farmland to forestland and grassland.(3) Under the land use planning scenario, farmland, grassland, water body and unused land shrank significantly, while garden land, forestland and construction land increased. Under the natural development scenario, construction land and forestland increased in 2020 compared with 2010, while farmland and unused land decreased. Under the ecological-oriented scenario, forestland increased dra-matically, which mainly derived from farmland, grassland and unused land. Under the farmland protection scenario, farmland was well protected and stable, while construction land expansion was restricted.(4) The landscape patterns of the four scenarios in 2020, compared with those in 2010, were more reasonable. Under the land use planning scenario, the landscape pattern tended to be more optimized. The landscape became less fragmented and heterogeneous with the natural development scenarios. However, under the ecological-oriented scenario and farmland protection scenario, landscape was characterized by fragmentation, and spatial heterogeneity of landscape was significant. Spatial differences in landscape patterns in Zhangjiakou city also existed.(5) The spatial distribution of land use could be explained, to a large extent, by the driving factors, and the simulation results tallied with the local situations, which provided useful information for decision-makers and planners to take appropriate land management measures in the area. The application of the combined Markov model, CLUE-S model and landscape metrics in Zhangjiakou city suggests that this methodology has the capacity to reflect the complex changes in land use at a scale of 300 m×300 m and can serve as a useful tool for analyzing complex land use driving factors.     

The influence of land use change on karst water quality of Shuicheng Basin in Guizhou Province

The influence of land use and land cover on ecological environment is a focus of global change research. The paper chooses an industrial city-Shuicheng in Guizhou Province-as a study area because the karst water quality around the city is deteriorating with land use and land cover change. The natural susceptibility of karst water system is an important factor leading to karst water pollution. But land use and land cover change is also a main factor according to the chemical analysis of karst water quality and land use change. So it is a good way to protect karst water through rational planning and managing of land use and land cover.     

土地利用变化对水城盆地岩溶水水质的影响

贵州水城盆地是我国裸露型岩溶分布区的一个新兴的工业城市,几十年来社会经济发展迅速,土地利用状况发生了很大的变化,同时对岩溶地下水产生了很大的负面影响。尽管岩溶水文系统具有天然的脆弱性,很容易遭受地表各种污染物质的进入,但水城盆地20年来水质变化,以及水质污染区分布与土地利用分布的一致性,无疑可以认为由于经济发展所造成的各种土地利用矛盾,引起的土地利用的变化,是本地区水质变化的主要原因。从土地利用/土地覆被的角度研究人类活动对岩溶水的影响对合理规划土地利用,保护岩溶地下水,无疑具有重要的指导意义。     

黄河源区土地利用/覆被变化及其生态环境效应

应用1989年TM影像和2005年ETM+影像提取黄河源区两期土地利用/覆被数据,并利用GIS的空间叠加分析对两期土地利用图进行土地利用动态信息的提取。在建立黄河源区土地利用数据库的基础上,采用生态环境质量指数模型建立各土地利用类型与生态环境质量之间的数量关系,定量的分析土地利用变化对生态环境质量的影响。结果表明:①黄河源区1989-2005年间,土地利用变化缓慢而匀速,存在着生态环境的恶化和改善两种相反的趋势。在大尺度范围内,生态环境质量相对稳定,有轻微的恶化,但是在研究区局部范围内,生态环境质量变化显著;②植被是影响黄河源区生态环境质量的主要因素,其中草地对环境质量的影响处于主导地位;③利用生态环境质量指数模型不仅可以从整体上了解研究区生态环境质量,也可以发现影响区域环境质量的主要驱动力。     

土地利用/覆被变化的环境效应研究进展与动向

土地利用／覆被变化产生的环境问题已引起人类社会的广泛关注,深入研究这些问题具有重要的理论和实践意义。在简要回顾土地利用／覆被变化对大气环境、土壤环境和水环境影响已有研究的基础上,结合中国研究的实际,分析了中国土地利用／覆被变化的环境效应研究中存在的问题,并对今后的研究趋势做了讨论。     

甘肃中部地区景观生态格局与土地利用变化研究

采用1986~2000年TM和ETM+影像数据,计算景观生态指数得出整个地区景观生态空间格局,通过对土地利用/覆盖变化的时空变化分析,实现空间格局和地理时间变化过程的小尺度区域有机结合,对干旱半干旱脆弱生态环境下城镇较为密集地区的人地关系研究具有典型意义。研究表明：低、中覆盖度草地构成本地区基质,沟谷河谷与交通通道是联系乡村和城市的主要廊道,本地区属于人类影响渐强区,在干旱半干旱自然条件下,城镇用地扩张是整个地区土地利用变化主要因素,农业结构调整在空间上改变着空间格局。     

黄河三角洲土地利用与土地覆被的质量变化

土地利用／土地覆被变化（LUCC）在全球环境变化与可持续发展研究中占有重要地位。其质量变化尤能反映人类开发活动的环境效应。运用遥感信息土地分类和植被指数提取、土壤定点采样实测和统计分析相结合的方法，研究了黄河三角洲地区数年至20余年的土地利用／土地覆被的质量变化。其在区域总体上向好的方向发展，但在内部地段间存在着差异和不平衡。盐渍土改造的任务仍然十分艰巨。地力下降的隐患不可忽视。进而分析了变化的驱动力并提出土地持续利用对策。     

基于遥感与GIS的新疆近18 a来LUCC的生态环境效应分析

 基于遥感与GIS技术,以20世纪80年代末、90年代末、2005年、2008年遥感影像为数据源,获取4期新疆土地利用/覆盖信息,采用生态系统服务价值、生态环境质量指数和土地利用/覆盖转变类型生态贡献率,对研究时段内新疆土地利用/覆盖变化的生态环境效应进行了综合分析与评价。结果表明,1990—2008年间,新疆土地利用/覆盖变化显著,生态系统服务价值整体变化较小,总价值先增后减,水域和草地面积的减少是总价值减少的主要原因,耕地和林地面积的增加补偿了总价值的部分损失;生态环境质量指数从1990年的0.157持续下降到2005年的0.153,2008年上升为0.158,说明新疆生态环境存在恶化和改善两种相反趋势,导致生态环境恶化的主要原因是草地向耕地的转变,未利用地向草地的转变则促进生态环境质量的改善。     

南水北调中线水源区土地利用/土地覆被的空间格局

土地利用/土地覆被 (简称LULC) 变化对流域水资源动态具有深刻的影响。这对于我国大规模跨流域的南水北调工程规划尤为重要。本文制定了该工程中线水源区约95 000 km² 面积的LULC分类系统,利用2000年前后的TM影像完成LULC分布现状图,并结合DEM分析了其土地利用/土地覆被的空间格局特征。结果表明：① 研究区域森林覆盖率为50.97%,灌丛25.58%;农田约占15%,其中旱地与水田的比例约10:3;石砾裸地等强烈退化类型合占5.66%;水域约占1%。② 区内秦岭南坡、汉-丹平原丘陵、巴山北坡三部分的LULC结构存在显著差异,强度土地利用类型和退化土地类型主要分布在汉-丹平原丘陵地区;秦岭南坡耕地的水分条件较巴山北坡好,但局部土地退化现象也更严重。③ 地形对LULC具有明显影响。海拔高度控制着自然植被的垂直分异和各种土地利用类型及利用强度的分布;各土地覆被类型的分布显示了坡度对土地开发强度的限制作用;坡向对局部LULC格局的影响并不显著,但在区域尺度上可能对秦岭南坡与巴山北坡的LULC结构差异具有贡献。南水北调中线工程水源区当前的LULC结构和空间格局显示,总体上植被状况良好,高强度的土地利用类型主要集中于海拔1000m以下的平缓地区,而退化土地类型也主要存在于这一区域,是流域水质保护和环境治理的关键区域。     

Impact of land cover types on the soil characteristics in karst area of Chongqing

The 26 plots including natural forestland, secondary forestland, shrub-grassland, sloping cropland, artificial forest and abandoned field, were selected to discuss the impact of land cover on the soil characteristics in the three karst districts of Chongqing. The results showed that: (1) After the vegetation turned into secondary vegetation or artificial vegetation, or reclamation, soil physical properties would be degraded. In the surface-layer soil of sloping cropland, the contents of > 2 mm water-stable aggregates decreased obviously with apparent sandification. (2) The contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen are controlled completely by vegetation type and land use intensity. The increasing trend is rather slow in the early days when over-reclamation is stopped and the land is converted to forest and pasture. (3) Herbaceous species increase and woody plants species decrease with the increase of land use intensity, therefore, the soil seed banks degrade more seriously. (4) The soil degradation index has been set up to describe the relative soil degradation degree under the conditions of different vegetation types. (5) Land cover has a significant effect on karst soil characteristics, land degradation in the karst ecosystem is essentially characterized by the different degradation of soil functions that serve as water banks, nutrient banks and soil seed banks.     

河西地区土地利用/覆盖变化驱动力研究

河西地区的土地利用／覆盖格局2000多年来发生了很大的变化。参考大量的数据与资料分析了河西地区土地利用覆盖变化的驱动力,结果表明,自然机制与人为机制同时改变着该地区的土地利用／覆盖状况,自然机制的驱动是缓慢的,长期的,而人为机制的驱动,尤其到了近现代,则是剧烈的,集中的,人口变化是驱动土地利用／覆盖变化的非常活跃的因素。