Patterns in groundwater chemistry resulting from groundwater flow

 Groundwater flow influences hydrochemical patterns because flow reduces mixing by diffusion, carries the chemical imprints of biological and anthropogenic changes in the recharge area, and leaches the aquifer system. Global patterns are mainly dictated by differences in the flux of meteoric water passing through the subsoil. Within individual hydrosomes (water bodies with a specific origin), the following prograde evolution lines (facies sequence) normally develop in the direction of groundwater flow: from strong to no fluctuations in water quality, from polluted to unpolluted, from acidic to basic, from oxic to anoxic–methanogenic, from no to significant base exchange, and from fresh to brackish. This is demonstrated for fresh coastal-dune groundwater in the Netherlands. In this hydrosome, the leaching of calcium carbonate as much as 15 m and of adsorbed marine cations (Na⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺) as much as 2500 m in the flow direction is shown to correspond with about 5000 yr of flushing since the beach barrier with dunes developed. Recharge focus areas in the dunes are evidenced by groundwater displaying a lower prograde quality evolution than the surrounding dune groundwater. Artificially recharged Rhine River water in the dunes provides distinct hydrochemical patterns, which display groundwater flow, mixing, and groundwater ages. Received, May 1998 · Revised, August 1998 · Accepted, October 1998     

地下水可持续开采量与地下水功能评价的关系

针对中国北方地下水评价中偏重资源而对地下水的生态功能和地质环境功能重视不足的问题,立足于流域尺度的地下水循环系统和地下水的自然属性,突出协调综合发挥地下水的资源功能、生态功能和地质环境功能的目标,从地下水可持续开采量与地下水功能的理念基础、评价原则和评价机理3个方面探讨二者的内在关联性,认为它们同源于人与自然和谐的理念,都以流域尺度的地下水循环系统为研究主体,以保护生态与地质环境为目标,彼此相互促进和相互支撑.地下水功能评价是合理确定地下水可持续开采量的充分条件,地下水可持续开采量的合理确定是实现地下水功能评价目标的必要条件;如果二者缺一,则地下水的生态功能或地质环境功能难以得到有针对性的保护.     

地下水分层勘查技术在地下水流系统研究中的应用

地下水流是一种运动流体,空间上分布连续且能传递压力,在能量(势)差驱使下发生从水头高处向低处的运动.通常在补给(势源)区,地下水垂向上由上向下运动,而在排泄(势汇)区地下水由下向上运动,即地下水整个生命过程中总是由源到汇、向着能量减小的方向做径流运动,无论是在单个或多个透水岩层中都是如此.地下水分层勘查技术使在垂向上分...     

基于地下水开发的岩溶地下水系统类型划分方案探讨

岩溶山区多年的地下水开发利用实践证明,传统的岩溶地下水系统划分不利于指导岩溶山区勘查找水和地下水资源的开发。为了更好地指导岩溶山区地下水资源的勘查和开发,文章从有利指导岩溶山区地下水勘查和开发利用的角度,在继承传统划分方法的基础上,提出了一种新的以地下水的赋存条件、富集条件,以及开发条件三个层次组合的地下水系统综合划分方法:根据岩溶地下水系统与供水目标在空间上的关系划分为“高位”和“低位”两种类型,根据控制地下水富集的水文地质结构划分为“开放”和“封闭”两个亚类,根据地下水的水动力和排泄特点划分为集中（地下河、岩溶泉）和分散排泄三类系统,并给出了“高位”型地下水系统开发成本低、“封闭型”地下水系统资源丰富,“封闭型地下水系统”是缺水区勘查找水的主要目标,合理的岩溶水系统的开发利用应按照“高位封闭型”、“高位开放型”、“低位封闭型”的顺序进行规划部署,“低位开放型”地下水系统则因富水性差、开发利用成本高可作为储备水源地的建议。      

Estimation of unrecorded groundwater abstractions in Jordan through regional groundwater modelling

Jordan suffers from water scarcity and groundwater covers the majority of Jordan’s water supply. Therefore, there is an urgent need to manage this resource conscientiously. A regional numerical groundwater flow model, developed as part of a decision support system for the country of Jordan, allows for quantification of the overexploitation of groundwater resources and enables determination of the extent of unrecorded agricultural groundwater abstraction. Groundwater in Jordan is abstracted from three main aquifers partly separated by aquitards. With updated geological, structural, and hydrogeological data available in the country, a regional numerical groundwater flow model for the whole of Jordan and the southernmost part of Syria was developed using MODFLOW. It was first calibrated for a steady-state condition using data from the 1960s, when groundwater abstraction was negligible. After transient calibration using groundwater level measurements from all aquifers, model results reproduce the large groundwater-level declines experienced in the last decades, which have led to the drying out of numerous springs. They show a reversal of groundwater flow directions in some regions, due to over-abstraction, and demonstrate that documented abstractions are not sufficient to cause the observed groundwater-level decline. Only after considering irrigation water demand derived from remote sensing data, the model is able to simulate these declines. Illegal abstractions can be quantified and predictive scenarios show the potential impact of different management strategies on future groundwater resources.

     

福建厦门市地下水质量及开发利用建议

地下水质量和污染问题已成为制约城市发展的重要因素.该文对厦门市平原区地下水的有机和无机化学组分进行了系统全面的分析,根据"地下水标准"和"矿泉水标准"对地下水质量进行了综合评价.研究表明:厦门市地下水质量总体一般,可以直接饮用的水占22.9％,经过适当处理可以饮用的水占59.8％,不能饮用的占17.3％.有益人体健康的...     

Delineation of groundwater potential zones and electrical resistivity studies for groundwater exploration

The electrical resistivity method is widely used in groundwater exploration studies. The method is particularly well suited to carry out groundwater studies in hard-rock terrains. The popular Schlumberger method of electrode configuration was applied in the study area. In all, 112 vertical electrical soundings (VESs) were carried out at different locations in the study area. VES interpretations were used to generate a top-layer contour map and a depth-to-basement map. Finally, a groundwater quality/potential map for the study area was generated using the depth-to-bedrock map, a water-level fluctuation map, and the second-layer thickness. Furthermore, this groundwater potential map was classified into three sectors, i.e. poor, moderate and good zones with respect to the prospects of finding groundwater in the study area. This map has a practical value, as it provides guidance to farmers in selecting favourable well sites, thereby avoiding unnecessary financial losses.     

地下水的自动化监测过程

本文详细介绍地下水位自动监测系统的基本构成、工作方式,以推动地下水动态监测工作的开展。     

A methodology for making initial estimates of groundwater recharge from groundwater vulnerability mapping

Recharge to an aquifer can be estimated by first calculating the effective rainfall using a soil moisture budgeting technique, and then by applying a recharge coefficient to indicate the proportion of this effective rainfall that contributes to groundwater recharge. In the Republic of Ireland, the recharge coefficient is determined mainly by the permeability and thickness of the superficial deposits (subsoils) that overlie the country’s aquifers. The properties of these subsoils also influence groundwater vulnerability, and a methodology has been developed for determining the recharge coefficient using the groundwater vulnerability classification. The results of four case studies have been used to develop a quantified link between subsoil permeability, aquifer vulnerability, recharge and runoff. Recharge and runoff coefficients are each classed into three groupings: high, intermediate and low. A high recharge coefficient equates to a low runoff coefficient, and vice versa. A GIS-based tool enables preliminary estimates of recharge to be made using these recharge coefficient groupings. Potential recharge is calculated as the product of effective rainfall and recharge coefficient. The actual recharge is then calculated taking account of the ability of the aquifer to accept the available recharge. The methodology could be applied to other temperate climate zones where the main aquifers have a substantial covering of superficial deposits.     

石家庄市地下水脆弱性评价

采用DRASTIC评价模型,不考虑地形与土壤两个因素,将人类活动（抽取地下水）与其他5个因素作为评价指标,对石家庄地区的地下水进行评价,由结果可以看出在人类活动频繁地区,人类活动是地下水脆弱性重要影响因素.     

区域地下水动态数值模拟

在系统综述区域地下水数值模拟的基础上,运用有限差分和有限体积法,结合济南泉域裂隙岩溶地下水含水介质系统,采用二维非稳定流数学模型进行了数值模拟,对泉域地下水动态变化进行了评价,为泉域地下水资源评价与管理提供了一种有效的分析手段,为区域地下水资源的科学管理提供了有意义的参考。     

河南某大型裂隙岩溶水源地地下水位动态分析

青多水源地岩溶地下水是济源市的主要供水水源,研究其地下水位动态变化特征及影响因素对地下水资源合理开发及生态环境保护意义重大,探明蟒河口水库是否补给水源地对城市安全供水具有重要意义。依托河南某大型裂隙岩溶水源地多年逐月（1994年6月—2019年12月）地下水位动态监测资料,对不同阶段、不同时段的地下水位动态进行分析,采用逐步回归分析方法定量确定水源地地下水位动态的影响因素,建立水位动态预测的逐步回归方程。结果表明:①第一阶段（蟒河口水库蓄水前）,水源地地下水位主要受降水和开采影响。其中,第1时段（1994年6月—2005年12月）,水源地开采量约2×104 m3/d,地下水位主要受降水量影响,开采量影响较小;第2时段（2006年1月—2014年8月）,水源地开采量由2.2×104 m3/d逐渐增大到约6.5×104 m3/d,地下水位受开采和降水双重因素影响,总体呈现下降趋势。②第二阶段（蟒河口水库蓄水后）,水源地开采量由2014年8月的6.5×104 m3/d增大到2019年6月的8.8×104 m3/d,岩溶地下水位不降反升,其水位主要受蟒河口水库蓄水和降水影响,开采量影响甚微。在不考虑蟒河口水库蓄水影响的情况下,应用建立的逐步回归方程对水源地地下水位进行预测,蟒河口水库蓄水后实测的水源地地下水位高于预测水位,并从水源地水文地质条件、蟒河口水库蓄水水位、水质特征等方面论证了蟒河口水库的补给效果。本研究可为水源地地下水资源评价、水资源可持续利用和管理提供科学依据,也可为类似地区地下水动态研究提供参考。     

降水和开采变化对石家庄地下水流场影响强度

为能精确识别降水和开采对石家庄地下水流场影响强度,应用小波变换和相关分析等研究方法,对区域平均地下水位、地下水降落漏斗面积及中心水位与降水和开采变化之间的互动特征进行了研究。结果表明:① 1961—1973年期间,平均地下水位随降水量增大呈幂函数递减趋势;1974—2010年期间,降水量每减小100 mm,漏斗中心水位下降速率增大7.35 m,平均地下水位下降速率增大2.15 m;② 1961—1973年期间,开采量每增加1亿m3,平均地下水位下降0.28 m,漏斗面积扩大11.74 km2,中心水位下降0.52 m,1974年以来累计超采量每增加1亿m3,漏斗面积增幅1.52 km2,中心水位降幅0.18 m;③ 降水量每减小100 mm,降水贡献度减弱3.0%,人类开采影响强度增大2.76%。     

石家庄市地下水污染特征及其与超量开采的关系

石家庄市地下水污染以常量组分的含量和指标升高为主要特征，污染源主要来自城市污水，这在我国城市地区地下水污染问题中极具代表性。本在分析污染特征的基础上，对地下水污染与超量开采的关系进行了研究和探讨，揭示了超量开采加剧地下水污染进程的机理，进而提出，超量开采地下水是导致地下水污染的重要诱导因素。     

A graphic expression of salinization and pollution of groundwater The case of Israel's groundwater

 Anthropogenic activities create various contaminated leachate, which can migrate downward from the vadose zone to groundwater, transferring contaminants, including some hazardous ones. When these various sources of contamination influence the groundwater aquifer simultaneously, the effects of contamination are enhanced. The major concern of this study has been to determine whether the shape of a groundwater chlorograph might be the result of such deterministic effects as accumulation of one or more particular processes of groundwater contamination, and how this might relate to specific hydrological situations. This study proposes a classification of groundwater contamination on the basis of properties of the main components of groundwater quality graphs and the corresponding hydrogeological/environmental situation. The study further suggests that contamination of groundwater in any hydrogeological situation (e.g. sea water) may be graphically expressed. A variety of chlorographs and nitrographs, representative of various groundwater aquifers sampled from a number of wells throughout Israel attest to this. The study thus indicates that groundwater quality graphs may be considered as a complementary tool for groundwater quality control and better understanding aquifer situations.     

Confined groundwater system in Tokyo

The Musashino Terrace and the Shitamachi Lowland, the main urban areas in the Tokyo metropolis, are in the eastern part of Tokyo and are underlain by thick Quaternary sediments. The geologic structrue of these sediments has a general strike of WNW—ESE, with a gentle dip to the east in the western part of the Musashino Terrace, and strikes generally to the E—W with a gentle dip to the north in the eastern part of the terrace and strikes WNW—ESE to N—S with a very gentle dip to the east in the Shitamachi Lowland. The basal sediments in this area consist chiefly of massive thick silty layers, whereas the sediments overlying them consist of alternating layers of silt, sand, and gravel, which act as confined aquifers throughout the Musashino Terrace and the Shitamachi Lowland. Confined groundwater systems are being developed in the Tama District, the western part of the terrace, and are mainly recharged with river water from the Tama River. The unconfined groundwater system is being developed in the surface layers such as terrace sand and gravel formations and the Kanto Loam Formation. These confined aquifers that are being developed throughout the terrace and the lowland have been exploited for household water supplies and industrial and air-conditioning use for nearly seven decades. The heavy utilization of the confined groundwater, however, has caused a major lowering of groundwater levels. As a result of the lowering of groundwater levels, land subsidence has occurred all over the Lowland and the terrace. At this time the national government and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government restricted groundwater withdrawals for industrial, air-conditioning use and the others except for household supply. Owing to these restrictions, not only have the water levels recovered, but land subsidence has rapidly declined since around 1973.     

Promoting local management in groundwater

There is a strong case for making greater effort to promote local groundwater management—in addition to other measures that regulate groundwater use. Though scattered, there are several examples—from India, Pakistan, Yemen and Egypt—where groundwater users effectively self-imposed restrictions on the use of groundwater. There are a number of recurrent themes in such spontaneously-developed examples of local regulation: the importance of not excluding potential users; the importance of simple, low transaction cost rules; the power of correct and accessible hydrogeological information; the possibility of making more use of demand and supply management strategies; and the important supportive role of local governments. The case is made, using examples, for actively promoting local groundwater management as an important element in balancing groundwater uses. Two programmes for promoting local groundwater management in South India are described—one focussing on participatory hydrological monitoring, and one focussing on micro-resource planning and training. In both cases the response was very positive and the conclusion is that promoting local groundwater regulation is not difficult, costly or sensitive and can reach the necessary scale quickly.