江汉盆地潜江凹陷王场地区深层卤水水化学特征及成因研究

沉积盆地油田卤水中蕴藏着锂、铷、铯等战略性关键矿产资源, 其成因研究具有重要意义。本次研究采集了江汉盆地潜江凹陷王场地区地下卤水样品18件, 测试了其化学组成, 分析了卤水的水化学特征、元素相关性和特征系数, 探讨了该地区深层卤水成因。研究区卤水赋存于古近系潜江组砂岩中, 矿化度(TDS)平均值为260.04 g/L, 水化学类型为Cl-Na型, pH值在7.03~8.01之间。与往年相比, 潜江凹陷卤水矿化度呈逐年下降趋势, 可能与油田的开采注水有关。Na、Cl含量与TDS呈现了明显的正相关性, Li、K、B和Br含量随着TDS增加而升高, 而Ca含量随着TDS增加呈下降趋势, 可能揭示了原生沉积卤水蒸发浓缩的过程。高的钠氯系数(1.09~1.21)和氯溴系数(480~1547.60)以及低的钾氯系数(3.75~14.82)表明了来自石盐溶解的贡献, 波动的钙镁系数和脱硫系数反映了不均一的封闭性和变质程度, 从潜一段至潜四段封闭性变好、变质程度变高。研究区地下卤水为陆相盐湖原生蒸发沉积, 有明显石盐淋滤的物源补给, 储集空间整体封闭性较差, 变质程度较低。     

蒸发岩序列中氯化物盐的氯同位素分馏效应及应用——兼论塔里木盆地、柴达木盆地古代岩盐的沉积阶段

卤水蒸发析盐到晚期阶段,才有可能析出溶解度极大的钾盐类矿物,因此在一个成盐盆地要找到钾盐矿床,除判断物源特征外,还必须找到最晚沉积阶段的区域和层位。本文通过对实验室配制溶液和盐湖卤水蒸发析出的不同氯化物矿物、钾盐矿床沉积序列不同阶段盐类矿物对比分析,讨论了氯同位素的分馏规律。结果表明,不同蒸发浓缩阶段的氯化物盐,氯同位素发生显著分馏。一般钾盐沉积层位的石盐δ³⁷Cl值小于0,钾石盐及其以后沉积的氯化物δ³⁷Cl值小于-0.5‰,特别是钾石盐以后析出的氯化物更为偏负,光卤石一般小于-1.00‰,而钾盐沉积阶段之前早期沉积石盐的δ³⁷Cl值显著偏正。因此,δ³⁷Cl值是判断岩盐沉积阶段的有效指标。基于此,对塔里木库车盆地第三纪、莎车盆地白垩-第三纪部分代表性盐矿点以及柴达木盆地西部不同构造单元、不同层位第三纪岩盐沉积做了氯同位素分析。初步结果表明塔里木莎车盆地晚白垩世岩盐的沉积阶段明显晚于库车盆地第三纪沉积,特别是莎车盆地喀什次级凹陷δ³⁷Cl值最低,大部分样品小于-0.5‰,推测该区成盐古卤水已浓缩到晚期或接近晚期钾盐沉积阶段,应是今后一重点开展钾盐找矿的区域。柴达木盆地油墩子、南翼山地区中新统、上新统蒸发岩沉积序列δ³⁷Cl值普遍偏正,推测当时卤水浓缩演化可能只达到石盐沉积阶段,浓缩到后期阶段的富K⁺、Mg²⁺盐溶液随西部隆起迁移到柴达木盆地南部地区,因此认为第三纪地层虽然石盐沉积层位多,厚度大,但找到大规模钾盐矿床的可能性不大。     

罗布泊盐湖富钾卤水成因再探讨——碎屑层卤水蒸发实验分析

罗布泊盐湖钙芒硝岩孔隙中蕴藏有超大型规模的卤水钾矿,富钾卤水成因一直备受关注。罗北凹地从统一的罗布泊大湖区中分隔出来后,成盐过程中其湖水仍以南部大湖的补给为主,罗北凹地卤水化学演化与"大耳朵"湖水密切相关。"大耳朵"湖区含石膏碎屑层普遍储藏有卤水,应该是罗北凹地盐湖的"源卤水",钾离子(ρ(K~+)为3.12 g/L左右)已初步富集,平均矿化度为198.83 g/L。为了查明该卤水的化学演化趋势及析盐序列,笔者于2009年、2010年两次采集了大量卤水样品,分别进行室内等温蒸发和自然蒸发实验。蒸发实验结果表明:随着卤水浓缩首先析出(硬)石膏,随后析出大量石盐,最后出现少量钾石盐和光卤石,与EQL/EVP卤水蒸发模型模拟结果相似。将碎屑层卤水蒸发过程中化学组成变化与罗北凹地卤水进行对比,结果显示罗布泊古湖水蒸发至石膏沉积之后,在罗北凹地水化学组成明显发生变化,没有大量石盐沉积,而以钙芒硝沉积为主。推测应是受到深部"富钙水"的持续补给,而"大耳朵"湖起到"预备盆地"的作用,罗布泊古湖水经"大耳朵"湖蒸发浓缩后,钾离子得到初步富集,在流入罗北凹地后与深部"富钙"水混合,强烈蒸发浓缩,大量钙芒硝矿物析出,最后形成富钾卤水。     

川东北中—下三叠统流体动力场及成藏成钾耦合机理

川东北地区是近年来的找钾重点区。本文研究了三叠系嘉陵江组和雷口坡组的卤水储层特征、卤水化学特征和地下流体动力场,结果表明:川东北地区嘉陵江组和雷口坡组卤水储层主要为裂缝-溶孔型和白云岩型,属低孔低渗储层;宣汉—达州—开县—开江一带为中上扬子区的一个咸化凹陷,发育巨厚蒸发岩层,并且正好为流体越流浓缩成藏成矿区;该地区的卤水矿化度和钾离子含量较高,K+、Br+等离子含量达到卤水工业开采指标。综合分析川东北地区地下流体(气、水)的动力学特征,揭示地下流体动力场是二次富钾成矿的主要机制,在这一机制下,地层中封存的通过海水浓缩初始富钾形成的原始沉积水进一步浓缩富钾,并运聚至合适的构造-地层圈闭中,造就了该地区具备上气下水的耦合成藏成钾条件,有望成为"气钾兼探"的重要耙区。     

四川盆地东部高褶带三叠系地层卤水和温泉的地球化学特征及成因

四川盆地是我国著名的大型沉积盆地,地下卤水资源丰富,在川东宣汉地区的川25井曾发现富钾卤水。本文对川东高陡褶皱带三叠系碳酸盐岩地下水的分布和富集进行分析,对川25井和卧57井深层卤水以及仙女山温泉和统景温泉的水化学特征进行总结并探讨其成因。认为当背斜核部的三叠系地层埋藏较深、封闭性较好时,有利于深层卤水的富集;在半开启-开启型背斜中,背斜核部受到强烈的风化侵蚀作用,三叠系地层裸露地表,接受大气降水入渗淋滤,不利于高TDS卤水保存。深层卤水的水化学类型均为Cl-Na型,富集Br-、Li-、Sr2-、I-、B3+等微量元素,是同生沉积卤水。其中川25井是少见的高TDS富钾卤水,其TDS达352.693g/L,已达到泻利盐沉积阶段,K+异常富集,达25.955g/L。仙女山温泉和统景温泉地下热水为SO4-Ca型,富集Sr2+、F-、偏硅酸等。稳定性同位素δ2 H、δ18 O数据显示川东深层卤水均起源于古海水,仙女山温泉和统景温泉地下热水补给来源为大气降水。地下水在背斜核部三叠系裸露区接受大气降水的入渗补给,经历深循环获得加热后在地形较低的河谷处呈温泉出露。地下(热)水为溶滤围岩形成TDS不高(2~3g/L)的地下水,其总体趋势是朝着淡化的方向发展。     

四川省盐源县盐泉的特征与形成

研究天然盐泉的形成有助于揭示陆地水文循环过程中的物质迁移。采用水文地球化学的方法,分析四川省盐源县的9个泉水和卤水水样的水化学特征和同位素特征,探讨盐泉的溶质来源,总结盐泉的成因模式。水样可以分为TDS为311.69 g/L的Cl-Na型卤水、TDS为55.77~89.43 g/L的Cl-Na型盐泉、TDS为1.17 g/L的Cl-Na型微咸泉和TDS为0.26~0.56 g/L的以HCO₃-Ca、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型为主的淡水泉。泉水和卤水的氢氧同位素显示其来源于大气降水;水样的特征系数显示盐泉和卤水都属于溶滤型,且指示研究区基本不具有找钾前景。泉水的盐分主要来源于石盐、方解石、石膏和白云石等矿物的溶滤。盐泉的形成模式可以概括为:在山区获得大气降水入渗补给后,地下水经历较浅和较深的地下径流并且溶滤含盐地层或者盐矿,使其矿化度升高,在地形较低处汇集出露地表成泉。     

四川盆地中三叠统成都盐盆富钾卤水地球化学特征及其勘查开发前景研究

成都盐盆富钾卤水以深层卤水形式赋存于地下4600m左右的中三叠统雷口坡组第四段（T2l4）含盐系的碳酸盐岩储层中。富钾卤水与海水蒸发系列各浓缩阶段相比,K+、B3+含量异常高,分别达53.27g/L和4994mg/L,超过海水钾盐沉积阶段,也超过综合利用和单独开采工业品位,成为当今世界上罕见的液态钾硼资源。富钾卤水尚富含Br、T、Sr2+、Li+、Rb+等多种有用成分,品质优异,构成优质化工原料水,经济价值极高。卤水具高承压、自溢特点,弹性储量大,具勘查开发前景。富钾卤水为沉积变质卤水和固态钾盐溶滤的复合成因。     

柴达木盆地西部卤水特征及成因探讨

柴达木盆地自中生代末-新生代初以来,四周山体不断抬升,形成"高山深盆"的沉积环境,为盆地带来了大量盐类物质,再加上新近纪干旱封闭的气候环境,使得其西部沉积了广阔而厚层的岩盐.在对柴达木盆地西部新近系、第四系地层出露盐矿点实地考察的过程中,采集、分析了18件卤水样品的水化学组成.结果表明,卤水矿化度高,油田卤水富B3 、Li 、Sr2 和Br-等有益组分,其前缘第四纪形成的盐湖也有大量K 资源分布.通过离子含量及水化学特征系数,查明了卤水的水化学类型主要为氯化物型和硫酸镁亚型,地表浅层卤水富Mg2 、SO24-贫Ca2 ,而油田卤水富Ca2 ,贫Mg2 、SO24-.反映了油田卤水具有深部CaCl2型水体的特征,这种富Ca2 的卤水可能与白云岩化作用使卤水中的Ca2 增加而Mg2 减少,以及硫酸盐的还原作用使SO24-减少有关;地表浅层卤水接近青海湖湖水蒸发线,说明盆地卤水主要是由大气降水汇聚蒸发形成.通过卤水氢氧同位素的分析,发现卤水明显偏离于大气降水线,发生了明显的"氧同位素正漂移"现象,且卤水演化趋势线和当地大气降水线的交点与周围山体前缘的盐泉水的氢氧同位素值相近,地表浅层卤水主要分布在大气降水线附近,而油田卤水集中分布在变质水的范围内.说明地表浅层卤水主要是由大气降水汇聚而形成的;而深部油田卤水推测基本上来源于冰雪融水或雨水补给,这些冰雪融水或雨水沿着断裂带下渗,在迁移的途中发生了变质作用和深部地热水体掺杂作用,形成了深部油田卤水.     

刚果盆地西南部白垩纪蒸发岩矿物与古环境特征

刚果(布)西南部布谷马西地区属于热带雨林气候,拥有非洲大陆西部边缘重要的白垩纪钾盐矿床,属于典型的裂谷成钾盆地。经矿物学研究表明,主要的蒸发岩矿物类型为石盐、光卤石、钾石盐、水氯镁石、溢晶石、石膏、硬石膏等。蒸发岩矿物沉积序列为石膏、硬石膏(多数旋回缺失)→石盐→光卤石→钾石盐(次生)→溢晶石或水氯镁石。通过蒸发岩矿物沉积特征和微量元素的分析认为,在白垩纪时期布谷马西地区处于长期的高温干旱环境,有利于卤水蒸发、浓缩而形成盐类矿物沉积。     

湖北江陵凹陷深层高温富钾卤水特征及其成因探讨

江汉盆地江陵凹陷深处赋存高温富钾卤水,含卤地层主要是古新统沙市组。富钾卤水的分布受持续的继承性沉降中心(洼陷)、沙市组含盐系、石盐-硫酸盐沉积相的控制,聚集在砂岩、玄武岩、辉绿岩和白云岩等孔隙-裂隙内,裂隙的发育又与局部构造(背斜、盐构造等)枢纽部共轭裂隙带有关。古新世,盐湖已经蒸发浓缩到钙芒硝-石盐阶段,可能短暂达到硫酸镁盐和硫酸钾镁盐阶段。以后,原生的晶间卤水在成岩后期受到玄武岩侵入和高温流体影响,发生变质作用、去镁和去硫酸根作用,同时带入丰富的钾、铷、铯等元素,最后形成了高温富钾卤水。这种成矿过程可称为地下热事件激发成矿机制,值得进一步探讨。     

柴达木黑北凹地早更新世新型砂砾层卤水水化学特征与成因

柴达木黑北凹地深部砂砾石层内的承压水是近期在柴达木西部新发现的规模巨大的孔隙卤水,水位埋深8~24 m,接近地表;富水性中等偏强;矿化度较高,KCl含量达到可开发利用的要求,井采时不易结盐,可作为后续开发钾盐的备选区域.离子统计分析结果显示,TDS、Cl-、Na+、Cs+、B₂O₃、Ca2+、Mg2+、Sr+、NO₃-、Rb+在卤水中的浓度变化幅度小,分布较均匀;SO₄2-的变化幅度大,分布极不均匀;Br-、I-、Li+、K+变化幅度和均匀程度介于二者之间;Na+、Cl-、Ca2+、Sr2+、TDS呈正态负偏高峰态,K+、SO₄2-、Li+呈非正态正偏高峰态.成分聚类分析图中,K+、SO₄2-、Li+首先聚为一亚类,Cl-、TDS、Na+聚为一亚类.从离子含量变化曲线图中可以看到,该孔隙卤水从东至西,Na+、Cl-含量和变化趋势相同,且它们与TDS、B₂O₃的变化趋势相同.K+、SO₄2-、Mg2+三种组分含量较一致,变化趋势相同,且同时与Li+的变化趋势相同.孔隙卤水钠氯系数C_Na/C_Cl值为0.85~0.96,溴氯系数为0.01~0.34,与盐岩溶滤卤水接近.在Na+、K+、Mg2+//Cl--H₂O四元体系和Na+、K+、Mg2+//Cl-、SO₄2--H₂O五元体系25 ℃介稳相图中反映出2种析盐规律,一种为硫酸镁亚型,另一种是氯化物型.其形成可能与化学沉积层中高矿化度晶间卤水与砂砾石层中原始孔隙(淡)水相互作用有关.      

Evaluation of boron isotopes in halite as an indicator of the salinity of Qarhan paleolake water in the eastern Qaidam Basin,western China

In this study, nineteen brine samples from the Qarhan Salt Lake (QSL) in western China were collected and analyzed for boron (B) and chlorine (Cl) concentrations, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH values and stable B isotopic compositions. The B concentrations and δ¹¹B values of brines in the QSL range from 51.6 mg/L to 138.4 mg/L, and from +9.32‰ to +13.08‰, respectively. By comparison of B concentrations and TDS of brines in QSL with evaporation paths of brackish water, we found that B enrichment of brines primarily results from strong evaporation and concentration of Qarhan lake water. Combining with comparisons of B concentrations, TDS, pH values and δ¹¹B values of brines, previously elemental ratios (K/Cl, Mg/Cl, Ca/Cl, B/Cl) and δ¹¹B values of halite from a sediment core (ISL1A), we observe good correlations between B concentrations and TDS, TDS and pH values, pH and δ¹¹B values of brines, which demonstrate that higher B concentrations and more positive δ¹¹B values of halite indicate higher salinity of the Qarhan paleolake water as well as drier paleoclimatic conditions. Based on this interpretation of the δ¹¹B values of halite in core ISL1A, higher salinity of the Qarhan paleolake occurred during two intervals, around 46–34 ka and 26–9 ka, which are almost coincident with the upper and lower halite-dominated salt layers in core ISL1A, drier climate phases documented from the δ¹⁸O record of carbonate in core ISL1A and the paleomoisture record in monsoonal central Asia, and a higher solar insolation at 30°N. These results demonstrate that the δ¹¹B values of halite in the arid Qaidam Basin could be regarded as a new proxy for reconstructing the salinity record of paleolake water as well as paleoclimate conditions.     

柴达木盆地西部卤水水化学特征与找钾研究

柴达木盆地自中生代末-新生代初以来,四周山体不断抬升,形成"高山深盆"的沉积环境,为盆地带来了大量盐类物质,再加上晚第三纪干旱封闭的气候环境,使其西部沉积了广阔而厚层的盐岩.在对柴达木盆地西部第三系、第四系地层出露盐矿点实地考察的过程中,采集、分析了22件水样品的水化学组成,通过K+含量及一些水化学系数变化特征的研究,查明了卤水的水化学类型主要为氯化物型和硫酸镁亚型,其成因基本属溶滤岩盐卤水、深部循环水以及二者的混合水体,Br-、B3+、Sr2+、Li+等微量离子含量较高,区域差异性较大,出现显著水化学系数异常;相比之下,柴达木盆地西部南翼山坳陷Br-、B3、Sr2+、Li+含量值明显高于昆特依、察汗斯拉图、油砂山、开特米里克、油泉子、油墩子等坳陷区.Br×103/Cl、K×103/Cl等具找钾意义的水化学系数比其他地区高1～2倍,Br-、K+出现相对的富积,推测该坳陷成盐原始卤水曾浓缩达到较高析盐阶段或可能有大量深部富钾水体的补给,可作为寻找钾盐矿(富钾卤水)重点区域之一.     

柴达木盆地西部中更新世气候转型期的古水温:来自SG-1钻孔石盐流体包裹体的证据

中更新世气候转型事件(MPT)是全球性冷气候事件,在柴达木盆地也有记录,但关于该事件形成时的古温度数据较少。石盐原生流体包裹体形成于浅水环境,其均一温度可直接反映晶体形成时的卤水温度,是恢复古温度常用的指标之一。本文选择柴达木盆地西部钻孔SG-1中1.22~0.88 Ma期间的石盐晶体进行流体包裹体均一温度测试,共获得390个石盐流体包裹体数据。其均一温度最高为50 ℃,最低为6.8 ℃,90%以上温差值在10 ℃以内,且石盐流体包裹体大小与温度没有明显线性相关关系,这说明SG-1钻孔石盐流体包裹体被捕获后没有受到后期热液的改造。均一温度数据反映了石盐沉积时的古水温特征。石盐晶体主要在暖季析出,原生流体包裹体恢复的古水温可能是暖季节的温度。均一温度的最高值可能受到热液和气候的共同作用。MPT时期,石盐流体包裹体均一温度(中位值T_h,med)接近于现代盆地7月份大气温度的平均值,高于盆地的全年温度及MPT时期的全球气温,与MPT时期地中海的海水表面温度相当,均一温度的平均值(T_h,avg)高于以上温度。SG-1钻孔记录的柴达木盆地MPT事件最冷期出现在约1.165~1.0 Ma。     

The tempo-spatial characteristics and forming mechanism of Lithium-rich brines in China

With the technological development of exploitation and separation, the primary sources of lithium have gradually changed from ore to brine, which has become the main raw material, accounting for more than 80% of the total production. Resources of lithium-bearing brine are abundant in China. This paper has summarized the spatial and temporal distribution, characteristics, and formation mechanism of the lithium-rich brine in China, aiming to provide a comprehensive set of guidelines for future lithium exploitation from brines. Lithium-rich brines usually exist in modern saline lakes and deep underground sedimentary rocks as subsurface brines. The metallogenic epoch of China’s lithium-rich brine spans from the Triassic to the Quaternary, and these brines exhibit obvious regional distribution characteristics. Modern lithium-rich saline lakes are predominately located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In comparison, the subsurface lithium-rich brines are mainly distributed in the sedimentary basins of Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangxi provinces and so on in south Block of China, and some are in the western part of the Qaidam Basin in Qinghai province in northwestern China. Lithium-rich saline lakes are belonging to chloride-enriched, sulfate-enriched, and carbonate-enriched, while the deep lithium-rich brines are mainly chloride-enriched in classification. On the whole, the value of Mg/Li in deep brine is generally lower than that of brine in saline lakes. The genesis of lithium-rich brines in China is not uniform, generally there are two processes, which are respectively suitable for salt lakes and deep brine.     

云南兰坪-思茅盆地和老挝钾盐矿床物质来源新认识

云南兰坪-思茅盆地勐野井钾盐矿与泰国—老挝的钾盐矿的成矿关系被认为可能具有同源性,尤其深部热液可能是其重要的物质来源之一。针对该观点氢氧同位素证据缺乏、且深部热液到底是哪种热液尚不清楚的问题,文中根据老挝钻孔ZK2893中石盐包裹体水的氢氧同位素分析结果:δ~(18)O为-2.3‰~9.5‰,平均值为2.9‰,δD的范围为-78‰~-150‰,平均值为-108.6‰,大部分小于-90‰;在δD-δ~(18)O关系图上,数据点均在交代热液范围内,因此推断,老挝钾盐成矿的深部热液为大气降水与围岩形成的交代热液,围岩提供了重要的成矿物质。此项分析还表明老挝的交代热液温度主要集中在150℃左右,即包裹体形成的温度可能也在150℃左右,云南兰坪—思茅石盐包裹体的捕获温度为145℃左右,最高达170℃,二者比较接近,这为两地钾盐矿同源的可能性提供了新的证据。     

The evolution of marine evaporitic brines in inland basins: The Jordan-Dead Sea Rift valley

Marine-evaporitic brines frequently display Na, Cl and Br concentrations that significantly deviate from seawater evaporation paths, yielding markedly conflicting degrees of evaporation calculated for a specific brine. Here we present 493 new and 33 previously reported analyses of Ca-chloridic waters of Neogene age from the Dead Sea Rift (DSR) valley to explain such offsets. The DSR brines plot along an almost perfect mixing line (R² = 0.990) on a Br/Cl-Na/Cl diagram, extending between two end members A and B. Points A and B are located at Na/Cl = 0.804 and Br/Cl = 0.00193, and at Na/Cl = 0.00773 and Br/Cl = 0.0155, respectively, within the halite and bischofite stability fields.Brines A and B originated in a dual-mode evaporation basin. Brine A formed under the classic lagoon scenario (mode A), with seawater inflow and brine outflow at steady state. Occasional drops in water level, imposed by climatic or tectonic causes, resulted in outflow cutoff and in rapid concentration buildup. The second mode (B) initiated upon equilibration of the activity of water in the brine with the overlying relative humidity, resulting in composition and salinity approaching that of brine B, sustaining it until the next reversal to mode A.Thick evaporite deposits inhibited infiltration of brines A and B into the subsurface terrain, a process that was enabled only when the brine reached the permeable carbonate rock rim and border faults of the basin. Hence, brines that formed during the relatively short shifts from mode A to mode B could not penetrate into the deep subsurface, and bittern minerals that were formed during the frequent mode shifts were dissolved and flushed out into the sea upon the next resumption of outflow.The proposed model accounts for the deviations of brines from the marine evaporitic evolution curve by brine mixing, rather than due to a change in ocean chemistry. It also explains the absence of bittern minerals in the thick halite and gypsum/anhydrite succession, and the compositional gap between the widely different end member hypersaline fluids. This model applies directly to the studied DSR brines and evaporites, but it may be relevant to other inland evaporitic basins.     

The hydrochemistry of a semi-arid pan basin case study: Sua Pan,Makgadikgadi, Botswana

This study presents results on the fluid and salt chemistry for the Makgadikgadi, a substantial continental basin in the semi-arid Kalahari. The aims of the study are to improve understanding of the hydrology of such a system and to identify the sources of the solutes and the controls on their cycling within pans. Sampling took place against the backdrop of unusually severe flooding as well as significant anthropogenic extraction of subsurface brines. This paper examines in particular the relationship between the chemistry of soil leachates, fresh stream water, salty lake water, surface salts and subsurface brines at Sua Pan, Botswana with the aim of improving the understanding of the system’s hydrology. Occasionally during the short wet season (December–March) surface water enters the saline environment and precipitates mostly calcite and halite, as well as dolomite and traces of other salts associated with the desiccation of the lake. The hypersaline subsurface brine (up to TDS 190,000 mg/L) is homogenous with minor variations due to pumping by BotAsh mine (Botswana Ash (Pty) Ltd.), which extracts 2400 m³ of brine/h from a depth of 38 m. Notable is the decrease in TDS as the pumping rate increases which may be indicative of subsurface recharge by less saline water. Isotope chemistry for Sr (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr average 0.722087) and S (δ³⁴S average 34.35) suggests subsurface brines have been subject to a lithological contribution of undetermined origin. Recharge of the subsurface brine from surface water including the Nata River appears to be negligible.     

柴达木盆地西部古近系和新近系油田卤水资源水化学特征及化学演化

在柴达木盆地西部一些背斜构造单元的古近系-新近系中,赋存储量巨大的油田卤水，有望成为第四系盐湖卤水的后续利用资源。通过对小梁山、南翼山、油泉子、开特米里克、油墩子、油砂山等典型构造区石油钻孔自喷的油田卤水以及地表盐湖卤水、晶间卤水取样分析，讨论了其水化学特征及资源分布，重点通过与海水、青海湖水蒸发曲线对比，分析了油田卤水的化学演化特征。结果表明，油田卤水中K、B、Li资源远超工业开采品位，Br、Sr等也达到工业开采品位，有优越的高品位综合开发利用前景；油田卤水资源元素富集规律表现为平面上以中部南翼山背斜最为富集，向北、向南相对降低，垂向上深部油田卤水比浅层晶间卤水、湖表卤水资源元素相对更为富集；油田卤水的化学演化主要受控于水岩反应、深部水的混合以及蒸发浓缩和盐岩的溶解作用，这些作用为卤水分异演化、富集成矿提供了良好的地球化学条件。     

The use of bromide and chloride mass ratios to differentiate salt-dissolution and formation brines in shallow groundwaters of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

In the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, the petroleum industry handles two geochemically distinctive brines that are traceable in the environment: formation brines extracted along with hydrocarbons from the basin, and salt-dissolution brines, produced by dissolving deep halite formations to create caverns for petroleum product storage. The concentrations of the conservative ions chloride (Cl) and bromide (Br) in many formation brines plot closely to the seawater evaporation trajectory of previous studies. These brines contain Cl/Br mass ratios of around 300, while salt-dissolution brines are relatively Br depleted, having Cl/Br mass ratios in excess of 20,000. An oilfield site in central Alberta had experienced nearby releases of both salt-dissolution and formation brines. Geochemical mixing trends were defined by theoretically mixing samples of local salt-dissolution and formation brine sources with background shallow groundwater. Most site monitoring wells and local surface water samples plotted directly on a salt-dissolution brine dilution trend, while results from four monitoring wells, all located directly downgradient of formation brine spills, suggested the mixing of formation brines into shallow groundwater. This work indicates that there is a large-scale salt-dissolution brine plume beneath the site and reinforces the use of Cl and Br concentrations and mass ratios as environmental tracers.