从韩日独岛之争看我东海海洋维权

一、韩日独岛之争风云突起从2005年2月至2006年4月在将近一年的时间里,韩国与日本在独岛主权归属问题上,先后发生两次尖锐矛盾和激烈冲突。第一次始于2005年2月,是由日本岛根县议会总务委员会表决通过将2月22日定为“竹岛日”(韩称独岛)条例引起的。据称,日本岛根县于1905年2月     

韩日独岛(竹岛)之争

在最近风风雨雨的一二十年内,全球各个海域存在着无数次随时都可能激化的岛屿之争,韩日在日本海的独岛(竹岛)之争就是十分突出的例子。独岛(日方称竹岛)是位于日本海(韩国称之为东海)中央的火山岛,地理坐标为北纬37度14分18秒,东经131度52分22秒。它是由两个小岛和32块岩礁组成的岛屿,其中东岛(日方称女岛)面积为64698平方米,而西岛(日方称男岛)比东岛略大,面积为91740平方米,两岛之间以一条150米宽的水     

日本海上的悬案:日韩“独岛之争”

日俄“北方领土问题”和中日“钓鱼岛问题”已为众所周知,但日韩“独岛之争”却鲜为人知。最近,韩国海军和海洋警察在独岛海域以“第三国入侵独岛为假想敌”进行联合军事演习。独岛再次成为世界关注热点。独岛(日本称之为竹岛,韩国称之为独岛。因为该岛为韩国控制,故本文使用“独岛”之名。作者注。)位于日本海正中,地理位置重要,军事价值大,主要由东西两个岛组成,总面积0.23平方公里,相当于     

韩日"独岛"之争

1996年初,围绕日本海南部一个小岛——日本称之为"竹岛",韩国称为"独岛",日韩之间,纷争迭起,双方剑拔弩张,都宣布对该岛拥有主权。韩国态度强硬,坚称主权问题无可谈判。     

韩国的水产机构及其沿革

韩国的最高水产行政管理机构为农林水产部。在农林水产部中又下设水产厅。该机构的前身为韩国水产局,组建于1948年。期间,在体制上无多大变化。1961年5月以后,随着渔业生产的现代化,渔业的振兴及韩日渔业协定签署后,韩国的水产政策发生了较大的变化,并于1966年3月改为水产厅至今。现将水产厅及其所属各类机构简述如下:     

韩国“独岛”号两栖舰

韩国"独岛"号两栖舰总长200米、宽32米,超出以前报道中媒体披露的190米长和31米宽的数据,排水量也因此增加了1000吨。它比同类型的意大利"加里波第"级轻型航母和日本登陆舰更长。"加里波第"长180.2米,宽30.40米,而日本"大隅"级直升机登陆舰总长178米,宽25.8米。因此,韩国航母的运载能力是亚洲目前最大的运输舰——日本的"大隅"级(排水量8900吨)的两倍多,将大大增强韩国海军的远程作战能力。     

浅谈涉外海事仲裁协议的认定

仲裁亦称公断，是指争议的当事人在自愿的基础上，将争议提交非司法机构的第三者审理，并做出对争议各方有约束力裁决的一种解决争议的法律制度。以私法方面带有国际因素或涉外因素的争议为对象进行的仲裁，通常称为国际商事仲裁。其在狭义上不同于解决国家之间某一公法上的争端的国际仲裁、不同于为解决国家与企业或私人实体间争议所进行的跨国仲裁、也不同于解决一国范围内自然人、法人和其他组织之间争议包括行政仲裁在内的国内仲裁：广义上国际商事仲裁还包括跨国仲裁。国际商事仲裁主要包括国际贸易和国际海事仲裁。本文仅在狭义上讨论。按照我国现行法律规定，本文称涉外海事仲裁。     

韩国无人岛屿综合管理计划探析

2010年3月,韩国国土海洋部根据韩国《无人岛屿保护与管理法》的要求,发布了《无人岛屿综合管理计划（2010—2019）》。该计划的出台,一方面是韩国海洋产业发展的需要;另一方面更是韩国与周边国家海上划界形势的需要。该计划在岛屿调查的基础上确立并加强管理体系,对无人岛屿进行分类型的系统化管理,加快无人岛屿国有化,强化领海基点无人岛屿管理,建立领海基点无人岛屿防损体系,努力扩大海洋权益。韩国针对无人岛屿的综合管理措施值得我们思考。     

栉孔扇贝不同种群的遗传结构及其杂种优势

采用来自韩国野生的栉孔扇贝和中国养殖的栉孔扇贝以及发病区存活个体作为亲本 ,构建韩国野生×韩国野生、韩国野生×中国养殖、韩国野生×中国养殖发病区存活个体以及中国养殖×中国养殖共 4个交配组合 ,通过对F1 代个体壳宽、壳高和体重的测量 ,比较不同群体的生长情况。同时采用RAPD技术对F1 代不同群体的遗传结构进行比较 ,研究群体内的遗传变异与杂种优势的关系。结果表明 ,杂交后代具有明显的生长优势 ,说明栉孔扇贝种内不同种群之间存在杂种优势。韩国野生种群和中国养殖群体以及发病区存活群体的遗传距离分别为 0 0 3 6 6和 0 0 0 5 7,以上 4个F1 代群体的平均杂合度的理论值分别为 0 2 83、0 2 6 7、0 2 6 8和 0 2 6 6 ;多态位点比例分别为 0 76 5、0 76 0、0 76 0、0 73 5。表明栉孔扇贝不同地理种群之间存在遗传分化 ,其杂种优势与群体的遗传多样性相关     

我国沿海省(自治区)、直辖市海域滩涂划界及岛屿归属问题现状

沿海地区是我国经济发展的龙头,沿海各省、市、区之间海域、滩涂划界,岛屿归属方面的纠纷,严重影响了沿海经济的发展,已造成极大的经济损失,影响了社会安定,地方各级政府和人民群众迫切要求中央有关部门着手解决这类问题。然而海域划界和岛屿归属问题是一项政策性强、涉及面广、因素复杂的工作。首先查清我国沿海各省、市、区之间各种纠纷的现状是必要的。我国沿海从北到南各省、市、区之间每一条边界几乎都有争议,争议的起因、性     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev