Influence of the NAO on Wintertime Surface Air Temperature over East Asia: Multidecadal Variability and Decadal Prediction

In this paper,we investigate the influence of the winter NAO on the multidecadal variability of winter East Asian surface air temperature(EASAT)and EASAT decadal prediction.The observational analysis shows that the winter EASAT and East Asian minimum SAT(EAmSAT)display strong in-phase fluctuations and a significant 60-80-year multidecadal variability,apart from a long-term warming trend.The winter EASAT experienced a decreasing trend in the last two decades,which is consistent with the occurrence of extremely cold events in East Asia winters in recent years.The winter NAO leads the detrended winter EASAT by 12-18 years with the greatest significant positive correlation at the lead time of 15 years.Further analysis shows that ENSO may affect winter EASAT interannual variability,but does not affect the robust lead relationship between the winter NAO and EASAT.We present the coupled oceanic-atmospheric bridge(COAB)mechanism of the NAO influences on winter EASAT multidecadal variability through its accumulated delayed effect of~15 years on the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO)and Africa-Asia multidecadal teleconnection(AAMT)pattern.An NAO-based linear model for predicting winter decadal EASAT is constructed on the principle of the COAB mechanism,with good hindcast performance.The winter EASAT for 2020-34 is predicted to keep on fluctuating downward until~2025,implying a high probability of occurrence of extremely cold events in coming winters in East Asia,followed by a sudden turn towards sharp warming.The predicted 2020/21 winter EASAT is almost the same as the 2019/20 winter.     

Extreme Cold Events from East Asia to North America in Winter 2020/21: Comparisons,Causes, and Future Implications

Three striking and impactful extreme cold weather events successively occurred across East Asia and North America during the mid-winter of 2020/21.These events open a new window to detect possible underlying physical processes.The analysis here indicates that the occurrences of the three events resulted from integrated effects of a concurrence of anomalous thermal conditions in three oceans and interactive Arctic-lower latitude atmospheric circulation processes,which were linked and influenced by one major sudden stratospheric warming(SSW).The North Atlantic warm blob initiated an increased poleward transient eddy heat flux,reducing the Barents-Kara seas sea ice over a warmed ocean and disrupting the stratospheric polar vortex(SPV)to induce the major SSW.The Rossby wave trains excited by the North Atlantic warm blob and the tropical Pacific La Nina interacted with the Arctic tropospheric circulation anomalies or the tropospheric polar vortex to provide dynamic settings,steering cold polar air outbreaks.The long memory of the retreated sea ice with the underlying warm ocean and the amplified tropospheric blocking highs from the midlatitudes to the Arctic intermittently fueled the increased transient eddy heat flux to sustain the SSW over a long time period.The displaced or split SPV centers associated with the SSW played crucial roles in substantially intensifying the tropospheric circulation anomalies and moving the jet stream to the far south to cause cold air outbreaks to a rarely observed extreme state.The results have significant implications for increasing prediction skill and improving policy decision making to enhance resilience in“One Health,One Future”.     

自动气象站出现故障编发报文的几种方法

1引言伊春自动气象站是国家基本站(现改为一级站),每天担负8次天气报,资料参加全球交换。当计算机出现故障时,天气报是否能在规定的时间内准确的编发出是至关重要的。出现故障时,在短时间内准确的手工编发出报文难度很大,容易出现错情或造成迟报等重大错情。为了避免这种情况的发生,总结了以下几种方法进行编发报,降低了出错的几率。     

The Sensitive Regions Identified by CNOPs of Three Typhoon Events

In this paper, several sets of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) were designed for three typhoon cases to determine whether or not the additional observation data in the sensitive regions identified by conditional nonlinear optimal perturbations (CNOPs) could improve the short-range forecast of typhoons. The results show that the CNOPs capture the sensitive regions for typhoon forecasts, which implies that conducting additional observation in these specific regions and eliminating initial errors could reduce forecast errors. It is inferred from the results that dropping sondes in the CNOP sensitive regions could lead to improvements in typhoon forecasts.     

秋天

风就那么轻轻地扇了一下,整个荒原就着了火,不停奔忙的救火人却面带微笑。站在垄上,我的心在随着他们的韵律激动地博跳。金黄色玉米,黄金样水稻,所有的稼禾都积极地     

精细农业研究进展

精细农业是随着全球定位系统、遥感技术和农业新技术、地理信息系统、计算机技术的发展而兴起的现代农业管理方法,它将给农业生产带来深刻的变革.从农业资源的利用现状出发,分析了精细农业概念产生的必然性及其核心指导思想,并阐述了精细农业的技术组成、形成过程、国内外现状、发展趋势和成功应用.     

INVESTIGATION OF THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF EXTREME HIGH TEMPERATURE IN CHINA WITH DETRENDED FLUCTUATION AND PERMUTATION ENTROPY

With temperatures increasing as a result of global warming,extreme high temperatures are becoming more intense and more frequent on larger scale during summer in China.In recent years,a variety of researches have examined the high temperature distribution in China.However,it hardly considers the variation of temperature data and systems when defining the threshold of extreme high temperature.In order to discern the spatio-temporal distribution of extreme heat in China,we examined the daily maximum temperature data of 83 observation stations in China from 1950 to 2008.The objective of this study was to understand the distribution characteristics of extreme high temperature events defined by Detrended Fluctuation Analysis(DFA).The statistical methods of Permutation Entropy(PE)were also used in this study to analyze the temporal distribution.The results showed that the frequency of extreme high temperature events in China presented 3 periods of 7,10—13 and 16—20 years,respectively.The abrupt changes generally happened in the 1960s,the end of 1970s and early 1980s.It was also found that the maximum frequency occurred in the early 1950s,and the frequency decreased sharply until the late 1980s when an evidently increasing trend emerged.Furthermore,the annual averaged frequency of extreme high temperature events reveals a decreasing-increasing-decreasing trend from southwest to northeast China,but an increasing-decreasing trend from southeast to northwest China.And the frequency was higher in southern region than that in northern region.Besides,the maximum and minimum of frequencies were relatively concentrated spatially.Our results also shed light on the reasons for the periods and abrupt changes of the frequency of extreme high temperature events in China.     

自动站大风报警程序设计

1引言在自动站投入使用前绝大多数气象站使用的是EL型风向风速计,其瞬间风速是通过风速指示计人工测得的,人为因素大,精度不够,但人工测量给大风重要天气报、大风危险和解除报提供了依据,不会出现大风记录和报文之间的矛盾现象,而自动站的大风记录却不一样,其记录的大风的起止时间,极大风速及出现的时间是非常精确的,要求值班员实时注意查看自动站的大风记录,避免漏报、错报。由于自动站采集控制软件SAWSS在处理大风记录时存在不足,当大风达到不同的发报标准时不能及时报警,以提醒值班人员作出相应的处理,所以极易造成过时报,甚至漏报。     

气象水文灾害的防灾减灾教育培训新进展

简要综述了第十届世界气象组织教育与培训大会的主题报告内容.本次大会主要讨论防灾减灾的气象水文教育与培训等问题,集中讨论了"备灾-预防和早期预警"、"减灾-应急、救援和重建"和"跨学科培训"等3个主题,强调集合数值预报系统对于估计出现极端天气事件的风险非常重要,同时必须培训气象、水文工作者使用集合预报中的概率预报信息.中国气象灾害监测、预测和预警已经从单纯提供一般意义上的气象灾害信息提升到有利于社会经济发展的气象灾害服务,既考虑自然因子也考虑经济发展的影响.在跨学科培训方面,将管理知识和气象知识结合起来,可以取得非常好的效果.大会建议提高世界气象组织区域培训中心以及各国气象水文部门培训单位的培训能力,主要通过提供防灾减灾的专门培训单元,对自然灾害风险管理短期课程进行指导,重视各国气象水文部门对于管理和传播领域培训的需求.     

降雨强度对激光雷达测风精度的影响研究

多普勒激光雷达在大气、环境以及风能等领域得到越来越广泛的应用，但对于复杂天气下多普勒激光雷达的适用性仍然有待深入研究。为此本研究采用2020年8—10月期间位于福建三沙的地基多普勒激光雷达与边界层高塔所搭载的超声风温仪观测的风场数据进行对比，发现多普勒激光雷达在水平风速、风向方面具有稳定的高精度探测性能，与超声风温仪之间相关系数达到了0.948和0.984。相比之下，激光雷达垂直风速的探测误差较大，与超声风温仪之间相关系数仅有0.353。研究发现，降雨强度与激光雷达垂直风速误差呈正相关关系，强降雨下垂直风速偏差最大可达到9 m/s。     

有关副热带太平洋对ENSO影响研究的综述

ENSO（El Niño-Southern Oscillation）的发生发展既受到来自热带西太平洋纬向海气过程的影响,也受到来自副热带太平洋经向海气过程的影响。本文概述了副热带太平洋海气异常影响ENSO研究方面的科学背景及研究进展,综述了前人提出的副热带太平洋大气海洋异常通过经向风应力以及北太平洋/南太平洋经向模态,影响ENSO发展演变的途径及相关物理机制,总结了近些年观测资料分析及数值模拟研究工作所提出的新观点,并讨论了相关研究中的学术分歧及有待进一步研究的问题。     

关于台风麦莎影响北京预报失误的思考

2005年第9号台风麦莎在浙江台州登陆后北上,北京市气象台于8月6日发布预报,认为受台风影响北京将出现暴雨天气过程。实况是北京城区只出现了小到中雨,郊区为中到大雨,只有东北部地区出现了暴雨。为了加深对华北台风暴雨的认识,应用常规气象资料、卫星云图对这次预报不理想的原因进行了分析。总结出的原因主要是（1）关于台风路径的数值预报误差较大,预报路径比实况偏西200km以上。（2）台风麦莎的结构不对称,云系和强降雨主要分布在台风的东部和北部,而北京处于台风的西北部。（3）台风外围的东南急流只出现在120°E以东,强度较弱。（4）华北高压的存在阻挡了河套西部冷空气东移,因而不能形成中低纬度系统相互作用的形势。针对上述分析提出了预报着眼点和改进预报服务的建议。     

气候变化对人体健康影响的研究进展

从高温热浪、极端气候事件、空气污染、海平面上升等角度综述了气候变化对人类健康的影响,就气候变化对媒介传播性、水源性、食源性、呼吸道传染病以及部分慢性非传染病的影响进行了阐述,并提出了该领域亟待解决的科学问题和研究重点,包括法律体系的建立、机理的研究、疾病负担的测量以及成本效益分析等。     

气侯变化对人体健康影响的研究进展

从高温热浪、极端气候事件、空气污染、海平面上升等角度综述了气候变化对人类健康的影响,就气候变化对媒介传播性、水源性、食源性、呼吸道传染病以及部分慢性非传染病的影响进行了阐述,并提出了该领域亟待解决的科学问题和研究重点,包括法律体系的建立、机理的研究、疾病负担的测量以及成本效益分析等.     

基于ERP库存管理系统的实施评价方法

研究基于ERP库存管理系统实施评价指标权重的层次分析法与其信息的模糊处理,建立库存管理系统模糊综合评价的数学模型,并通过应用实例验证层次分析法与模糊综合评价相结合的库存系统实施评价方法的合理性和可靠性.     

水体对气温观测影响的试验分析

2011年项目组设计了浙江省大型水体观测试验方案,选择较大水体,在其上、下风方向特定距离处布设自动气象站,同步观测各站气温,研究气温受水体影响的量化规律。结果表明,水体对周边陆地有白天降温、夜间增温效应,且离水体越近,这种效应越明显;夜间升温效应比白天降温效应显著,3—5月白天降温效应比1—2月明显;在一天中正午的降温影响最大;2km2的水域对下风向100m范围内温度观测有明显影响,100m以远影响不明显。该研究对量化水体影响的范围和量值进行了有益的探索,为气象站科学选址提供了依据。     

气候波动对典型草原区潜在蒸散的影响

根据FAO推荐的彭曼—孟蒂斯方程,利用典型草原区1961—2008年25个地面气象站资料,分析了典型草原区潜在蒸散量的变化趋势以及与气候波动间的关系。结果表明,1）典型草原区四季与年潜在蒸散量均呈现出一致的减少趋势,且春季潜在蒸散量减少趋势最为显著,减少率为3.71mm/（10a）,其次为夏季和秋季,冬季最少。典型草原区年潜在蒸散量的80%以上集中在牧草返青、生长关键期,且此时又是潜在蒸散量变幅最大的季节,由此可能引发典型草原区干旱事件频发、地上生物量减少、草场的退化。2）对典型草原区潜在蒸散量影响最为密切的因子为：相对湿度、降水量、日照时数和平均风速,气温影响不显著。究其原因从能量平衡原理分析,典型草原区近50a平均风速减少影响了空气动力学对蒸散的影响,日照时数减少和湿度的略增是太阳辐射减少的原因,从而导致了潜在蒸散量的降低。3）21世纪典型草原区潜在蒸散量处于低的平均态和变率增大时期,极有可能引发干旱灾害,这与目前该地区气候变暖后生态耗水加大、干旱化加剧、生态退化严重等结论是一致的     

基于有效降水干旱指数的改进研究

基于加权平均降水量(WAP)这一有效降水指数,从两个方面对其进行改进:确定WAP指数中的两个参数以及去除区域性和季节性差异,从而发展了改进的WAP指数,即IWAP.在此基础上,将IWAP指数与多因素气象综合干旱指数Ci做了对比分析,结果显示:在全国大部地区特别是中东部地区,IWAP指数与Ci指数具有良好的相关性,其中在华中大部、贵州大部、云南南部和新疆南部的部分地区两者的相关系数超过0.7;IWAP指数对区域性气象干旱事件的识别在起止时间、影响范围和干旱中心等方面均与Ci指数十分一致.IWAP指数、Ci指数和单因素气象干旱指数降水距平百分率Pa对比分析显示,对于单站干旱过程的监测,在干旱开始时间上IWAP指数与Ci指数接近,但Pa指数则明显偏晚;对干旱结束时间的判断三个指数有较好的一致性;在干旱过程演变的判别效果上,IWAP指数表现出良好的稳定性,而Ci指数和Pa指数可能由于自身算法中的因素影响容易出现不合理的波动乃至中断现象.IWAP指数的适用也存在一定局限性,年平均降水量小于300 mm的西北地区大部至内蒙古西部这些常年干旱地区和青藏高原大部地区不适宜使用该指数.IWAP指数具有计算方法简洁、物理意义明确的特点.考虑到它基于单一降水因子这一特性,该指数不仅便于业务应用,而且在研究中,特别是在现有气候模式输出要素有限的情况下,对干旱的模拟和预估具有更加明显的优势.     

雾对公路运输影响的初步研究

通过雾对公路运输影响的大量事例 ,归纳总结了公路运输的雾害指标 ,分析了雾对公路运输的影响过程 ,给出了影响评估的统计模型