岩溶地区地下水位变动带隧道涌水问题的思考

通过鸡冠山隧道涌水实例及广泛收集岩溶地区隧道涌水案例,总结出岩溶地区隧道季节变动带涌水具有反应时间快、水量大、泥沙重的特点,并综合分析地下水季节变动带隧道的水文地质特征,将其划分为一般山岭隧道及向斜构造地下水位变动带两种类型,且对两种类型涌水机理进行了阐述。岩溶地区隧道前期勘察应重点划分隧道岩溶地下水系统及地下水动力分带,查明岩溶发育特征与规律;施工期和运行期应结合岩溶揭露情况和涌水情况开展针对性的补充勘察,做好降雨、涌水过程和涌水压力监测,判断和预测最大外水压力和涌水量。针对涌水问题,提出封堵和排泄两种处理思路:施工开挖揭露的岩溶现象不可盲目封堵,需尽可能维持原通道的通畅,针对可能涌水的隧道衬砌设计不可仅考虑围岩结构,应充分考虑外水压力,做好围岩固结灌浆;常规隧道“环形排水系统+中心沟”排水系统可靠性差,针对大流量涌水,多采用泄水洞排水。      

特长隧道岩溶涌水量预测方法分析

由于岩溶区隧道穿越空间的复杂性、多变性和特殊性,加之地区差异性和水文循环系统的不确定性,各类预测方法均存在其自身的缺点,致使涌水量预测与实际存在一定差异。从水文机理和岩溶水的运动特征出发,结合岩溶区快速补给与慢速补给的差异与特征,采用水均衡法、地下水径流模数法和隧道涌水专家评判系统3种方法,对金奎地特长隧道岩溶涌水进行预测分析。结果显示,水均衡法计算结果值最大,径流模数法计算结果值最小,专家评判系统计算结果值在二者之间。经验证,专家评判系统更为精确,该方法强调次降雨对隧道岩溶涌水的作用,提高了隧道岩溶涌水量预测的精度。      

岩溶隧道涌水及其专家评判系统

在我国岩溶区许多的铁路、公路隧道及水工隧道的修建中,遇到大量的岩溶涌水、突泥问题,给工程施工和运营带来很大危害。基于岩溶水文地质学的最新理论和国内外工程实践,结合作者多年实践经验,提出隧道岩溶涌水专家评判系统。该系统认为岩溶隧道涌水是隧道与岩溶水系统在四维时空交汇的结果,因此,必须根据隧洞揭露的强岩溶层、岩溶水系统分布、水动力分带、岩溶结构面分析确定涌水的可能性及性质。在此基础上,根据岩溶水动态计算动态涌水量。      

川东南隔挡式构造区隧道空间展布影响下岩溶涌突水特征简析

隔挡式构造区隧道工程涌水特征研究多局限于某个具体隧道工程及对应的特定岩溶水系统,缺乏关于隧道空间展布影响下涌突水问题的系统研究。文章提出以隧道穿越区岩溶发育及岩溶水水平与垂直分带差异作为隧道空间布置类型划分的主要标准,将隧道空间展布区的岩溶水文地质特征分为七类,对不同类型中岩溶含水介质空间结构特征、岩溶发育差异以及岩溶水在此区域流动的特点进行分析,并对八种类型的隧道涌突水的特征进行比较。据此,结合研究区拟建渝万客专铜锣山隧道和明月山隧道案例,分析此两隧道展布区域的岩溶水文地质特征,分别属于补给-垂直入渗型类型及补给径流-水平径流型类型。进一步对此两隧道可能遭遇的岩溶涌突水进行定性评价和涌水量计算,认为铜锣山隧道主要出现雨季涌水现象,水量大小受降雨强度控制,而明月山隧道涌水量较大。      

地下水多元示踪试验在岩溶隧道水害预测中的应用——以张吉怀高铁兰花隧道为例

以张家界—吉首—怀化高速铁路兰花隧道为例,在岩溶水文地质调查基础上结合地下水多元示踪技术,查明了兰花隧道隧址区各岩溶地下水系统以及地下暗河管道的空间展布。结果表明:（1）兰花隧道及其附近区域全部为寒武系碳酸盐岩裸露区,以峰丛洼地为主,地表和地下岩溶极为发育;（2）兰花隧道隧址及其附近区域共发育有呆业洞和兰花洞两个独立的地下暗河系统,其中Ⅰ号、Ⅱ号、Ⅲ号三个岩溶水系统属于兰花洞地下暗河系统的子系统;Ⅳ号岩溶水系统属于呆业洞地下暗河系统;（3）Ⅳ号岩溶地下水系统在平面和剖面上都没有与兰花隧道相交,不会对隧道突涌水构成威胁;（4）兰花洞地下暗河系统以中部兰花洞暗河天窗为界分为上游和下游两段,上游段Ⅰ号和Ⅱ号岩溶水系统在平面和剖面上都没有与兰花隧道相交,不会对兰花隧道突涌水构成威胁;下游段Ⅲ号岩溶水系统在平面上与兰花隧道相交（交点里程为DK60+100）,可能存在隧道突涌水风险;（5）依据高分辨率降雨-水文动态监测数据,采用降雨入渗系数法预测在极端暴雨情况下兰花隧道揭露Ⅲ号岩溶管道的最大涌水量为7.08×104 m3?d-1。      

基于云模型的岩溶隧道涌水灾害危险性评价及其在青岩头隧道

针对当下岩溶隧道涌水灾害评价方法存在的问题和岩溶隧道岩溶涌水灾害危害极大的现状,为防控岩溶隧道施工涌水灾害,提出一种基于云模型的岩溶隧道涌水灾害安全评价方法。选取自然地理、不良地质和工程技术3个方面的27项指标,建立了岩溶隧道涌水灾害风险分级的评价指标体系;通过云模型正向正态云发生器得到综合评价数字特征并生成云滴图,再由最大隶属度计算结果确定评价等级;实际应用表明,评价降低了部分主观因素的影响且无需庞大数据库进行反复运算确认,评价结果与实际基本吻合,为岩溶隧道涌水灾害风险评价提供了一条新途径,可为岩溶隧道涌水防控工程措施决策提供依据。     

基于水化学和氢氧同位素的峡口隧道涌水来源识别

峡口隧道是一条位于岩溶山区的深埋特长型隧道,遭遇了历时近两年来源不明的复杂涌水过程。为查明隧道的涌水来源和充水途径,通过解读隧道区的水文地质条件,分析对比不同涌水点的水化学及氢氧同位素组成差异,查明了隧道右洞北侧涌水主要来源于二叠—三叠系岩溶含水层,其他均来自于侏罗系裂隙含水层,二叠系灰岩与泥盆系石英砂岩接触部位发育的岩溶裂隙带为主要的充水途径。     

沅古坪隧道选线的岩溶水文地质问题

避开突水突泥的高风险区是岩溶隧道选线的基本出发点。沅古坪隧道穿过岩溶强发育区,为典型的岩溶深长隧道。岩溶地下河、向斜蓄水构造、两侧水库以及地下水位与顶板的高差大等是影响其隧道安全建设的重要因素,也是选线要考虑的关键水文地质问题。为更好地进行隧道东、中、西三条设计线的比选,在隧道研究区开展了1:1万的岩溶水文地质专题调查,查清研究区岩溶发育和水文地质特征,划分出岩溶地下水系统,从而比较了3条隧道线所处的岩溶水动力水平分带和垂直分带,分析隧道与地下河、岩溶泉的空间关系,并结合物探资料分析了向斜蓄水构造的影响。结果表明:东线隧道穿过地表分水岭地带,处于岩溶水动力系统的补给区和垂向分布带的季节变动带、浅饱水带,基本不与地下河管道立交,远离了流量较大的岩溶泉,降雨补给面积最小,因此,总体涌水风险最小,为最佳隧道线路。西线纵穿赤溪河上游地下水系统的中部,穿过径流和排泄区,处于岩溶水动力垂向分带的浅饱水带,并与多条岩溶管道立交,且临近西侧高家溪水库,涌水风险最大。东线隧道临近黄鱼溪水库的北段、穿过郭家界向斜储水构造核部的南段是涌水高风险区,需扩大岩溶水文地质补充调查,并在施工中加强超前地质预报研究,最大程度避免岩溶地质灾害。      

隧道岩溶涌水专家评判系统在朱家岩隧道涌水预报中的应用

隧道岩溶涌水预测是个非常复杂的问题。直到目前,在我国铁路、公路、水工等的隧道施工中还经常发生由于岩溶涌水预测错误而引起施工安全问题的事例。预测之所以失误,主要是对隧道岩溶涌水机理缺乏全面认识,和没有一套科学实用的评判系统。本文以朱家岩隧道为例,运用隧道岩溶涌水专家评判系统对沪蓉西高速公路多条长隧道岩溶涌水进行预测评价及施工超前预报,获得了良好的效果。      

岩溶隧道突涌水危险性评价的属性识别模型及其工程应用

岩溶突涌水是岩溶地区隧道建设中的主要地质灾害之一,为有效控制岩溶隧道突水涌泥风险、确保隧道建设安全,基于属性数学理论建立了岩溶隧道突涌水危险性评价的属性识别模型。首先,根据隧址区岩溶水文地质及工程地质条件,选取地层岩性、不良地质、地下水位、地形地貌、岩层产状、可溶岩与非可溶岩接触带及层间与层间裂隙等作为属性评价的一级指标,其中不良地质情况分为含水构造、岩溶水系统和断层破碎带3个二级指标。通过对典型岩溶隧道突涌水实例的系统收集与整理分析,采用频数统计法确定一级评价指标所占权重;采用层次分析法构造判断矩阵确定二级评价指标的权重;其次,对评价指标进行属性测度分析,通过构建各评价指标的属性测度函数以计算单指标属性测度及样本综合属性测度;最后应用置信度准则对隧道突涌水危险性进行属性识别。在工程应用中,采用建立的属性识别模型对三峡翻坝高速公路鸡公岭隧道突涌水危险性进行评价,评价结果与现场施工情况吻合较好,为岩溶隧道突涌水危险性评价提供了一种有效途径。     

广东地区某公路岩溶隧道水害分析及其数值模拟研究

结合岩溶区公路隧道的实际情况,研究隧道涌水量计算的关键因素,并通过降水量、降水强度和入渗强度定量分析隧道涌水量。文章根据大宝山的实际情况,采用降水入渗法和地下径流模数法计算隧道两侧洞口段雨季涌水量,针对强降水过程,分析隧道可能出现的最大涌水量。研究结果表明:隧道排水能力理论上可满足降雨的排水要求,但实际排水能力受工程施工材料、工程的不均匀性以及长期的淤堵等因素影响。文章明确了广东地区公路岩溶隧道水害影响因素,考虑临界状态和破坏状态的水压力建立岩溶隧道涌水模拟模型,水压力临界值随隧道衬砌结构厚度的增加逐渐增大。      

FLAC3D在青岛地铁渗流场中的应用

首先,基于考虑衬砌和注浆圈的解析解,利用MATLAB软件编制了计算与自动绘图程序,研究水头、隧道半径、围岩渗透特性与衬砌渗透系数和隧道涌水量、外水压力的相互关系;其次,基于FLAC3D软件平台,通过数值解与理论解的对比,验证了数值模拟方法在隧道渗流场中应用的正确性。在此基础上,结合青岛地铁典型区间隧道,分析了隧道开挖阶段以及运营期的渗流场,并研究了在不同注浆圈厚度以及注浆圈渗透系数下隧道注浆圈的涌水量和外水压力。结果表明,在隧道周围施作注浆圈的方法来减少隧道的涌水量是可行的。注浆圈厚度越大,其渗透系数越小,隧道涌水量就越小,而外水压力变化规律与涌水量恰恰相反。研究成果为地铁隧道衬砌的设计和注浆圈范围的初步确定提供了参考依据。     

Influence of rock mass properties on tunnel inflow using hydromechanical numerical study

One of the primary geotechnical problems encountered during tunnel construction involves the inflow of groundwater into the tunnel. Heavy inflows make tunnel construction difficult and result in higher costs and delays in construction period. Therefore, it is essential to estimate the volume and rate of water inflow that is likely to appear in the tunnel. In this research, water inflow to the tunnel was calculated using numerical hydromechanical analysis. Effect of rock mass properties including fracture characteristics (normal and shear stiffness, hydraulic aperture, dilation angle, and fracture nonlinear behavior) on inflow was studied using a two-dimensional distinct element method. Results show that fracture properties play important role in inflow to the tunnel and must be considered in prediction of inflow to the tunnel. Based on numerical analysis results, inflow of groundwater into the tunnel increases with the increasing of normal and shear stiffness, dilation angle, and hydraulic aperture of rock mass fractures. The measured inflow with considering nonlinear fracture behavior was more than the calculated inflow with linear constitutive behavior.     

Prediction of water inflow to mechanized tunnels during tunnel-boring-machine advance using numerical simulation

An accurate estimate of the groundwater inflow to a tunnel is one of the most challenging but essential tasks in tunnel design and construction. Most of the numerical or analytical solutions that have been developed ignore tunnel seepage conditions, material properties and hydraulic-head changes along the tunnel route during the excavation process, leading to inaccurate prediction of inflow rates. A method is introduced that uses MODFLOW code of GMS software to predict inflow rate as the tunnel boring machine (TBM) gradually advances. In this method, the tunnel boundary condition is conceptualized and defined using Drain package, which is simulated by dividing the drilling process into a series of successive intervals based on the tunnel excavation rates. In addition, the drain elevations are specified as the respective tunnel elevations, and the conductance parameters are assigned to intervals, depending on the TBM type and the tunnel seepage condition. The Qomroud water conveyance tunnel, located in Lorestan province of Iran, is 36 km in length. Since the Qomroud tunnel involved groundwater inrush during excavating, it is considered as a good case study to evaluate the presented method. The groundwater inflow to this tunnel during the TBM advance is simulated using the proposed method and the predicted rates are compared with observed rates. The results show that the presented method can satisfactorily predict the inflow rates as the TBM advances.     

降水人渗法隧道施工涌水量预测

涌水量一般通过抽水试验取得,但在区域性地质调查或选线中,由于场地条件及费用限制,只能通过野外地质调查,用降水入渗法预测隧道涌水量,可为选线或初步预测隧道施工涌水量。     

Application of fuzzy Delphi AHP method for the estimation and classification of Ghomrud tunnel from groundwater flow hazard

Water inflow and water pressure controls are needed in the design, construction, and exploitation of tunnels. The objective of this paper is to present a new system which can be appropriate for rating tunnel sites to evaluate the potential of groundwater inflow according to the preliminary site investigation data. In this paper, an evaluation model based on combining the analytic hierarchy process and the fuzzy Delphi method has been presented for assessing tunnel site rating from the groundwater hazard point of view. This research treats the tunnel site classification as a group decision problem and applies the fuzzy logic theory as the criterion to calculate the weighting factors. Afterward, the proposed method was successfully applied to determine the amount of groundwater inflow into tunnels. Results of several case studies in various geological conditions roughly show that it can be used to determine the groundwater inflow into tunnels. The introduced method has been examined successfully in Ghomroud tunnel. Results from the proposed method, analytical equations, and observed groundwater inflow into Ghomrud tunnel have been compared. Results show that, because most of parameters regulating groundwater inflow into tunnels have been considered in the method, results from the method are very close to the observed groundwater inflow. Applying this method, according to preliminary investigations conducted by the designers, provides a more suitable design of the drainage system, drilling method, and tunnel support.     

1960—2017年中国降水集中程度特征分析

降水集中程度是反映降水结构的重要指标。基于1960—2017年中国773个气象站日降水资料,运用降水集中程度（Q）,研究中国降水集中程度的时空特征,分析其与降水量、海洋状态之间的关系。结果表明:①中国年平均Q值为0.38,南北较低中间较高;冬季和秋季的降水集中程度相对较高,平均Q值分别为0.53和0.51,夏季和春季相对较低,分别为0.39和0.48。②年降水集中程度变化趋势较小,总体上略有上升,东南升高西北降低;在年和季尺度,Q和降水量均表现出较强的负相关性,年尺度相关系数为-0.71,秋季的相关性最强,相关系数为-0.89,春季的相关性最弱,相关系数为-0.70,降水集中程度和降水量共同影响水旱灾害受灾面积。③Q与NINO3.4指数间的相关性随着滞后时间的延长先增大后减小,当滞后时间为2个月时相关系数最大,平均为0.13,由北向南总体呈"-+-"分布;与PDO指数间的相关系数随着滞后时间的延长先减小后增大再减小,当滞后时间为4个月时相关系数最大,平均为0.12,以负相关为主。     

基于时间序列模型的隧道涌水量反演与预测

鉴于使用确定性模型预测隧道涌水量时存在难以准确获取水文地质参数等诸多不便,本文将地下水系统视为"黑箱"模型,通过提取隧道涌水量历史观测数据本身蕴涵的趋势、周期和随机变化规律,建立了隧道涌水的时间序列预测模型。经用于铜锣山隧道实例,反演系列的平均绝对误差为14.67%,预测序列的平均绝对误差为14.34%,表明模型的整体预测精度较高。     

The impact of groundwater discharge to the Hsueh-Shan tunnel on the water resources in northern Taiwan

The Hsueh-Shan tunnel is the fifth longest road tunnel in the world. During the excavation, the tunnel encountered several events of groundwater inrush, causing serious delay of the construction. Data on groundwater discharge to the tunnel were gathered from the monitoring system and their spatial and temporal variations were analyzed. The results of the integrated analysis of groundwater discharge and local precipitation indicated that the discharge increased rapidly when the cumulative rainfall exceeded 85?mm. The groundwater level recession rate after a rainfall event was found to be independent of rainfall intensity. A hydrogeological conceptual model was developed to simulate the long-term groundwater discharge to the tunnel. Sensitivity analysis was first conducted to identify sensitive parameters, and then the calibration process was accomplished by the automated parameter estimation method. The calibrated model was then used to evaluate the potential impact of tunnel excavation on the Feitsui reservoir; the average percentage loss of inflow to the Feitsui reservoir from 2006 to 2010 is estimated to be 1.74?%. The developed model can provide a tool for evaluating the regional hydrogeologic setting and the influence of tunnel construction on water resources.