北山及邻区晚古生代基性岩墙群几何特征及构造意义——基于遥感影像研究

北山及邻区广泛发育晚古生代基性岩墙群,反映了该地先存裂隙（节理）的区域构造应力场和岩墙群形成后经历的构造活动,对探究岩浆活动、反演构造演化过程及分析岩墙几何特征与构造应力之间的耦合关系具有重要意义。综合遥感和地质方法,在遥感影像中解译提取1777条基性岩墙,通过几何工具计算得到岩墙走向数据,总结岩墙群空间分布规律,同时与其形成时的大陆动力学演化背景相对应。结果表明,北山及邻区岩墙优势走向方位集中于0°～65°与320°～360°,绝大部分岩墙是在伸展作用中张性区域应力场控制下形成的,具张性性质或剪张性性质,部分岩墙受后期碰撞挤压环境影响,具张剪性性质。岩墙群主导成因机制是区域伸展构造作用,兼以地幔柱远程效应及热点作用。     

基于哨兵-2数据的白岗岩型铀矿构造蚀变特征研究——以纳米比亚罗辛矿区为例

白岗岩型铀矿是重要的铀矿资源,但针对该类铀矿典型矿床遥感特征的研究还十分薄弱。文章以纳米比亚罗辛铀矿区为研究对象,获取了该矿区哨兵-2遥感影像,总结了矿区典型蚀变矿物的光谱吸收特征,建立了针对矿区地质体的增强与构造解译方法。在此基础上,对获取的遥感影像进行了大气校正与几何校正,并应用主成分分析、波段比值等方法,提取了铁染、羟基和碳酸盐化蚀变信息。结果表明,罗辛铀矿中碳酸盐化蚀变在空间上与卡里毕比组的分布较为一致。通过选取合理的阈值,识别出与铀成矿相关的含大理岩地层。同时,对图像进行增强,并利用建立的构造解译方法,对罗辛铀矿的构造进行了识别。经野外查证,发现遥感识别构造、蚀变与野外查证结果一致,说明利用哨兵-2数据可以对白岗岩型铀矿的成矿条件与控矿要素进行识别,进而为铀矿勘查提供参考。     

基于GF-1影像的西藏亚东地区构造解译研究

随着地质调查工作精度的提高,中低分辨率的遥感影像已难以满足地质构造深入解译的需求。高分一号(GF-1)影像的应用为提高地质构造解译尺度提供了数据基础,特别是在人车通达性较差的地区,可大大减少野外工作量。为此,以地质构造发育的西藏亚东地区为研究区,利用GF-1影像,在分析已有地质资料基础上,构建了研究区的断裂形成机制模型,并结合地形地貌特征,对研究区的地质构造进行遥感解译。结果显示: ①研究区内解译新增断裂418条; ②受SN向应力挤压机制影响,形成于中新世晚期的EW走向断裂为主要断裂,其性质为逆冲断层,EW向应力的引张作用,形成了研究区SN向、NE向断裂,并具有多期活动特点; ③河流和湖泊受断裂控制明显,河流多成SN向,位于逆冲断层上盘的隆升造成了区内河流和湖泊的水位降低。     

大兴安岭嫩江科洛浅覆盖区断裂构造调查

位于大兴安岭北段东坡的嫩江科洛地区属于典型的浅覆盖区。针对该区特殊的地质地貌特点,尝试利用重力和航磁技术解译和推断,结合野外露头调查和查证的综合研究方法对区域内断裂构造进行识别和应力机制分析。通过基岩出露区的验证,该方法对浅覆盖区断裂构造性质及活动特点的推断解释具有较明显的效果。因此,本文认为重磁、露头观测的综合应用,起到了相互补充、印证的效果,减少了推断结果的多解性,提升了解释成果的可靠性。为浅覆盖区地质填图、区域构造研究及成矿预测等提供了有效的技术方法支撑。     

基于多源遥感影像的吉林敦化塔东铁矿断裂构造解译

采用多源遥感数据对断裂构造信息进行提取,具有更高的准确度和可信度。文章对吉林省敦化市塔东铁矿区及周边区域采用ETM+、资源一号02C和高分一号3种遥感数据对断裂构造进行解译。在利用中-低分辨率的ETM+遥感影像进行地质构造的宏观特征信息提取、解译基础上,利用高分辨率的高分一号遥感影像,读取影像反映出来的微观地质特征。通过野外实地踏勘,验证并修正解译的构造信息。研究工作共解译出5组不同方向的断裂或线性构造,提高了地质调查工作的准确率和可靠性。     

新疆索拉克地区成矿信息要素遥感解译研究及应用

本文采用多源遥感数据,在新疆阿尔金成矿带的索拉克地区开展成矿信息要素遥感解译.通过综合研究成矿信息的遥感地质特征、遥感影像特征、遥感蚀变矿物信息特征,进一步构建遥感解译找矿模型.利用该找矿模型,在索拉克周边区域圈定多金属找矿预测区.通过野外查证,新发现铜、金等多金属矿化线索,取得较好的找矿效果.     

SPOT-6与无人机航测技术在第四纪地质及活动构造填图中的应用——以内蒙古1:50000呼勒斯太苏木等四幅填图试点为例

选择SPOT-6数据,对内蒙古呼勒斯太苏木等四幅图的SPOT-6遥感影像进行正射校正、配准及信息的数字增强处理后,根据不同地质体影像特征、野外实地调查,初步建立了填图区第四纪地层及新构造活动的解译标志,并结合野外地质调查,对研究区沉积物的成因类型和分布范围、地貌特征及分区、活动构造运动等进行了调查验证;利用2015年飞行的无人机航测数据,对区内新构造、活动构造进行了识别及活动性质的初步判断。研究结果表明,高精度遥感技术及无人机技术在平原区第四纪地质填图中具有独特优势,有助于快速识别第四纪沉积成因类型与相对时序及准确厘定区域主要活动断裂空间位置与活动特征,从而有效提升填图工作效率,并弥补地表调查的局限。      

柴达木盆地别勒滩地区断裂构造对深部卤水分布的控制作用研究

我国柴达木盆地蕴藏着丰富的盐湖资源,但随着开发程度的不断提高,浅部易开采的优质资源不断减少,给产业的可持续发展带来极大风险,走向深部成为必然选择.与浅部相比,盐湖深部以卤水矿为主,具有储层质量相对差、富水性弱且不稳定的特点,开采难度极大.本次研究在察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区块以张性断裂破碎带作为深部富水区勘查的突破口,综合利用遥感解译、重力测量、音频大地电磁测深等技术,查明了研究区断裂带的平面分布特征、储层的厚度变化规律和富水性,认识到在重点研究区深部上更新统储层中存在两个富水断裂带.在此基础上利用氡气异常特征定位断裂"集水廊道"的准确位置,并通过钻井和试采工作得到了证实.本研究不仅为别勒滩地区深部卤水矿的勘查和开采提供了重要依据,也丰富和完善了盐湖区深部卤水的断裂破碎带控矿理论.     

可可西里盆地构造特征遥感研究

以Landsat-7 ETM+卫星影像为信息源,采用ERDAS遥感图像处理软件进行系统处理.利用遥感构造分析技术对可可西里盆地构造特征进行全面解译和识别,以MPAGIS为平台进行断裂、褶皱构造信息提取及专题制图.在野外地质调查基础上,查明可可西里盆地断裂、褶皱构造分布及特征,为国土资源调查及油气资源调查评价提供参考.     

基于热红外遥感数据的尕斯库勒盐湖温度异常信息提取及成因探讨

热红外遥感在盐湖地质环境分析和资源评价领域具有良好的应用前景。文章以青海省尕斯库勒盐湖为研究区,基于热红外遥感数据开展了盐湖表面水体温度异常信息提取,在靠近干盐滩的盐湖东部水域识别出了一条低温环状异常带,分析了该低温环状异常带形成的原因,提出了沿低温环状异常带中心线的盐湖深部可能存在一条隐伏断裂的新认识,为热红外遥感识别盐湖水域隐伏断裂提供了一种新思路。     

Hydrochemical Dynamic Characteristics and Evolution of Underground Brine in the Mahai Salt Lake of the Qaidam Basin Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The mineral rock salts present in the Mahai Salt Lake of the Qaidam basin exhibit high solubilities in water. In addition, the multicomponent underground brine exhibits a high salinity and is easily precipitated. In the natural state, brine transport in the brine layer is extremely slow, and the brine is in a relatively stable chemical equilibrium state with the rock salt media. However, during mining, both the seepage and the chemical fields fluctuate significantly, thereby disrupting the equilibrium and leading to variations in the chemical composition and dynamic characteristics of the brine. Therefore, we selected underground brine from the Mahai Salt Lake, collecting a total of 183 brine samples over three stages of mining (i.e., the early stage of underground brine extraction, the initial stage of mining, and the later stage of mining). Using a range of analytical techniques, the chemical dynamics of the underground brine water and its evolution were systematically studied. We found that evaporation and enrichment were the main mechanisms of underground brine evolution in the Mahai Salt Lake, with cation exchange and mineral dissolution/precipitation being key factors in determining the dynamic characteristics and evolution of the brine.     

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖含杂卤石地层高分辨率矿物学研究

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖杂卤石资源丰富,是开展现代内陆盐湖杂卤石成因机制研究的良好载体.精细刻画沉积特征对阐释沉积矿床成因具有重要作用.本研究以昆特依盐湖大盐滩矿区ZK3608钻孔岩芯14.08-25.48 m段碎屑-杂卤石沉积韵律为研究对象,开展高分辨率矿物学研究,结合石盐流体包裹体化学组成和石盐中微量元素分析,尝试从高分辨率沉积学和矿物学的角度探讨杂卤石的成因.研究结果显示,石盐层产出的杂卤石含量低但分布范围广,为原生矿物;碎屑层中的杂卤石主要为次生矿物.石盐层与碎屑层之间存在一个过渡层位,该层位的杂卤石高度富集且矿物组成复杂,推测是由于原生与准同生杂卤石短时间内先后形成导致的.结合石盐流体包裹体化学组成所代表的古卤水变化特征分析表明,Ca-Cl型深部油田卤水的补给对研究区不同时期杂卤石的形成有重要影响.地球化学特征综合分析指示,石盐层的原生杂卤石由富钾镁的浓缩卤水与Ca-Cl型深部油田卤水混合直接生成;而过渡层位的杂卤石受到气候变化与Ca-Cl型深部油田卤水补给的共同作用.     

青海別勒滩试验区低品位固体钾盐液化开采的野外实验研究

我国是一个钾盐资源贫乏的国家,长期依靠进口。在我国,钾盐找矿难度较大,经过50多年的勘查,盐湖找钾已很难有新的大突破。但值得注意的是,在察尔汗盐湖、马海、罗布泊等地有数亿吨低品位固体钾盐,这些资源相当于一个超大型钾矿,对低品位固体钾盐的开发是缓解我国钾盐短缺重要的、可行的方向。本文在青海別勒滩试验区对3米以浅地层进行了野外溶矿实验,研究低品位固体钾盐固液转化过程中的水动力学和水化学变化等问题。研究发现,溶矿过程中试验区内不同时间、不同单元探坑中水位变化差别较大,表明別勒滩地区在地质结构、构造,特别是孔隙度等方面存在较大差异;溶矿过程中试验区内不同时间、不同单元探坑中卤水的KCl含量有差异,溶矿初期,探坑内卤水KCl含量变化与水位埋深呈相反趋势,水位抬升效果最好的区域其卤水品质较差;随着溶剂的不断补充和与固体钾矿反应时间的增加,卤水KCl含量整体趋于平均,但总体上含量较低。经过几个月的溶矿实验,探坑中卤水KCl含量仍较低,溶矿效果不理想。这可能是因为近几年对低品位固体钾盐持续开采,地层中钾盐矿物含量降低导致溶矿后卤水中KCl含量降低。因此,需要对浅部矿床地质特征进行精准评估,精细化分形溶采管理,以避免盲目补给溶剂,造成无效溶解,使得溶采工程低效率运行,生产成本提高。     

Magnetostratigraphy and ~(230)Th dating of a drill core from the southeastern Qaidam Basin:Salt lake evolution and tectonic implications

The Qarhan Salt Lake area is the Quaternary depocenter of the Qaidam Basin, and carries thick lacustrine sediments, as well as rich potassium and magnesium salt deposits. The abundant resources and thick sediments in this lake provide an ideal place for the study of biogas formation and preservation, salt lake evolution, and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we attempt to construct a paleomagnetic and ~(230)Th age model and to obtain information on tectonic activity and salt lake evolution through detailed studies on a 1300-m-long drill core(15DZK01) from the northwestern margin of the Qarhan Salt Lake area(Dongling Lake). Based on gypsum ~(230)Th dating, the age of the uppermost clastic deposit was calculated to be around 0.052 Ma. The polarity sequence consist of 13 pairs of normal and reversed zones,which can be correlated with subchrons C2r.1r-C1n of the geomagnetic polarity timescale(GPTS 2012)(from ~2.070 Ma to ~0.052 Ma). Sedimentary characteristics indicate that Dongling Lake witnessed freshwater environment between ~ 2.070 Ma and 1.546 Ma. During this period, the sedimentary record reflects primarily lakeshore, shallow-water and swamp environments, representing favourable conditions for the formation of hydrocarbon source rocks. Between 1.546 Ma and ~ 0.052 Ma, the Dongling Lake was in sulphate deposition stage, which contrasts with the central Qarhan Salt Lake area, where this stage did not occur in the meantime. During this stage, Dongling Lake was in a shallow saltwater lake environment, but several periods of reduced salinity occurred during this stage. During the late Pleistocene at ~0.052 Ma, the Dongling Lake experienced uplift due to tectonic activity, and saltwater migrated through the Sanhu Fault to the central Qarhan Salt Lake area, resulting in the absence of halite deposition stage. The residual saline water was concentrated into magnesium-rich brine due to the lack of freshwater, and few potassium salt deposits occur in the Dongling Lake area.     

内陆盐湖石盐流体包裹体均一温度指示意义的现代过程研究

Halite precipitation with water and air temperature was observed in detail,and homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions in halite formed in ancient and modem Chaka Salt Lake was studied.Halite precipitates mainly in August every year and largely precipitates between 13 and 15pm at one day when water temperatures reach 20℃but can seldom reach 30℃.Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in halite formed in Chaka Salt Lake range from 14℃to 38℃with an average of 23.7℃.The number of inclusions appears an obvious peak value at homogenization temperatures between 18～25℃,which probably represent the water temperature in which halite mainly precipitates when water temperatures reach 20℃.Therefore,homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in halite formed in Chaka Salt Lake can well reflect the water temperature.     

The Identification and Geological Significance of Fault Buried in the Gasikule Salt Lake in China based on the Multi-source Remote Sensing Data

The salinity of the salt lake is an important factor to evaluate whether it contains some mineral resources or not, the fault buried in the salt lake could control the abundance of the salinity. Therefore, it is of great geological importance to identify the fault buried in the salt lake. Taking the Gasikule Salt Lake in China for example, the paper established a new method to identify the fault buried in the salt lake based on the multi-source remote sensing data including Landsat TM, SPOT-5 and ASTER data. It includes the acquisition and selection of the multi-source remote sensing data, data preprocessing, lake waterfront extraction, spectrum extraction of brine with different salinity, salinity index construction, salinity separation, analysis of the abnormal salinity and identification of the fault buried in salt lake, temperature inversion of brine and the fault verification. As a result, the study identified an important fault buried in the east of the Gasikule Salt Lake that controls the highest salinity abnormal. Because the level of the salinity is positively correlated to the mineral abundance, the result provides the important reference to identify the water body rich in mineral resources in the salt lake.     

核磁共振与水文地质钻探联合技术确定盐湖晶间卤水层富水性

中国西部大型干旱盆地盐湖中,承压卤水含水层因其中所赋存的固--液相钾矿资源储量大而成为主要含矿层。采用地面核磁共振与水文地质钻探相结合的技术方法对柴达木盆地某盐湖进行的承压卤水可采性试验,获取了含水层的相关物理参数,并将其解译为相关的水文地质参数。通过水文地质综合判断,确定了含水率 5. 4% 的富水地段。水文地质钻探验证获取了稳定丰富的涌水量,并使之成为采卤量 1. 5 ×104m3/d、KCl 含量 1. 67% 的工业性开采水源地。结果表明,核磁共振与水文地质钻探联合技术是确定盐湖晶间卤水层富水性的可靠右有效的方法。     

柴达木盆地别勒滩地区深部卤水储层空间分布特征研究

我国柴达木盆地蕴藏着丰富且极具开发潜力的卤水钾锂资源,但随着产能的不断扩大和持续开发,浅部易开采的优质资源不断减少,走向深部开采成为必然选择。与浅部相比,盐湖深部卤水储层质量相对较差,富水性弱且不稳定,开采难度极大。本文以查明察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段深部卤水储层特征为目的,通过分析钻孔岩性和物性数据,研究了别勒滩区段深部卤水储层的平面分布特征和厚度变化规律,结果表明研究区以东南部储层厚度最大且石盐岩储层质量最优。卤水储层三维建模研究显示,富锂卤水主要分布在研究区中北部,南部锂含量相对较低;平面上第Ⅱ含矿层在中部石盐厚度大且粉砂和黏土夹层少,有利于卤水的开采。     

西藏阿里地区泽错大型盐湖锂（硼）矿床的发现及开发利用前景

2016—2018年中国地质调查局天津地质调查中心联合西藏自治区地质矿产勘查开发局第五地质大队组建盐湖调查队伍,针对西藏羌塘盆地西段泽错盐湖开展调查评价工作,探获大型锂(硼)矿产地1处。泽错湖表水体长16.3 km,宽3.3～11.3 km,湖表面积113.8 km2。湖水深度变化较大,四周水较浅,逐渐向中间变深,最深处达44 m,湖水平均深度为24 m,湖面海拔4940 m。泽错盐湖位于藏北羌塘—三江复合板块内,矿区第四纪地层可划分为更新统湖积,全新统现代湖水,全新统冲洪积,全新统冲积和全新统湖积。湖盆可划分基岩裂隙水层、亚砂土孔隙含水层、亚黏土孔隙含水层和湖表卤水4个水文地质单元。经计算直接补充到湖盆表面的大气降水量为1.081×107m3/a,地表水补给湖水量为8.262×107m3/a,地下水补给量为2.052×107m3/a,泽错年补给水量为11.395×107m3/a左右。自然蒸发为泽错湖盆的主要排泄方式,泽错湖水年蒸发量为12.745×107m3/a,年均水量变化值为1.35×107m3/a,地表水补给湖水带入的总盐量为7.8×104t/a。泽错湖盆卤水中主要成盐元素有Cl-、Na+、SO42-、K+、CO32-、HCO3-、B2O3、Mg2+、Li+等,平均矿化度41.57 g/L,pH值为9.31,泽错湖水为高矿化度盐水,水化学类型为硫酸钠亚型。泽错盐湖LiCl平均品位为376.02 mg/L,LiCl资源量为102.68×104t,远景规模达到大型;B2O3平均品位为840 mg/L,B2O3资源量为229.38×104t,远景规模达到大型。在综合分析锂、硼资源需求、提锂技术、盐田建设、气候条件、经济价值等方面的基础上,对泽错盐湖的开发利用前景进行了展望。     

Numerical Modelling of Dissolving and Driving Exploitation of Potash Salt in the Qarhan Piaya——A Coupled Model of Reactive Solute Transport and Chemical Equilibrium in a Multi-component Underground Brine System

Firstly,the macroscopic chemical equilibrium state of a series of chemical reactions between intercrystal brine and its media salt layer (salt deposit) in Qarhan Salt Lake was studied by using the Pitzer theory.The concept of macroscopic solubility product and its relation with accumulated ore dissolving ratio were presented,which are used in the numerical model of dissolving and driving exploitation of potassium salt in Qarhan Salt Lake.And secondly,with a model forming idea of transport model for reacting solutes in the multi-component fresh groundwater system in porous media being a reference,a two-dimensional transport model coupled with a series of chemical reactions in a multi-component brine porous system (salt deposits) was developed by using the Pitzer theory. Meanwhile,the model was applied to model potassium/magnesium transport in Qarban Salt Lake in order to study the transfer law of solid and liquid phases in the dissolving and driving process and to design the optimal injection/abstraction strategy for dissolving and capturing maximum Potassium/ Magnesium in the mining of salt deposits in Qarban Salt Lake.